中国沙漠与治理研究50年

2009年3月是中国科学院治沙队成立50周年.回顾科学院治沙队成立以来,我国沙漠与治理研究的历程,从沙漠综合考察,风沙运动,风成地貌,沙漠形成和演变,农田、牧场和工矿交通等沙害防治,水土和生物资源等合理开发利用,以及现代科学技术在沙漠研究中的应用等,较详细地论述了中国沙漠与治理研究取得的新进展.     

巴丹吉林沙漠第四纪研究评述与讨论

近20年来巴丹吉林沙漠第四纪研究倍受地学界的关注,取得了较大的进展,但在一些主要问题的认识和结论上,分歧和争论极大。在综合分析大量研究成果的基础上,对第四纪研究进行了系统的评述和讨论,指出了这些研究中存在的问题、以及出现分歧和相互矛盾的原因。在沙漠形成的时代上,现有的研究主要是对沙漠部分地区的地层断代和沙丘浅部的测年,尚没有系统的工作,为此这里特别对影响沙漠时代研究的几个主要因素进行了详细的讨论。关于高大沙山和其间湖泊的形成机制,前者有多因素理论和地下水理论,后者有沙山间负地形理论说和断裂构造理论。尽管这些理论的依据和手段主要是运用不同的地球化学元素来示踪水源,但得出的结论迥异。通过对这些结果的分析,认为彼此的适用性还需进一步的证实。湖泊水源争论的原因主要是缺乏对沙漠地貌、下部地质、沙山钙结层和植物根套的综合研究所致,沙漠下部地质的进一步研究是解决这些问题的关键。在沙漠气候及其演化的研究上,西风环流和东亚季风对沙漠的形成和演化的影响程度还不清楚。最后对巴丹吉林沙漠的未来研究进行了展望。     

最近10年来新疆风沙地貌研究进展

最新研究表明,塔克拉玛干沙漠风沙活动与气温变化呈现"风热同步"现象,虽然其风况类型多样,但整个沙漠处于低风能环境。不同沙丘部位上风沙流输沙量的对数与高度之间表现为线性关系。当气流与沙丘走向斜交时,两侧相同部位输沙率的差异不大,这是线形沙丘保持其动力形态平衡的主要原因之一。古尔班通古特沙漠也处于复合型低能风环境之中,冬季积雪和冻土对沙漠地表形成有利的保护,有效植被覆盖和生物结皮是沙面整体处于稳定状态的重要因素,风沙活动仅存在于沙垄顶部和两坡上部。沙漠中生物结皮发育、种类丰富,其类型和分布具有明显的景观异质性特征。天山北坡和昆仑山北坡的黄土研究揭示,新疆两大沙漠从中更新世以来出现明显的干旱化,沙漠逐步扩大至今天规模。此外,塔里木沙漠公路和古尔班通古特沙漠输水明渠沿线的风沙危害具有明显的时空分异特点。因此,根据工程设施所处地形与地貌部位,可定性判断风沙危害类型与强度,进而确定防治方案和措施。今后新疆风沙地貌学研究应注重研究领域的拓展、研究方法的突破和实验手段的创新3个方面。     

鄂尔多斯高原中部5.8～4.5 Cal kaBP气候旋回的地层记录

通过对鄂尔多斯高原现代风成砂与PJHZ剖面沉积物粒度特征的对比分析,确定了剖面中4个层位(290~210,190~160,153.5~123.5,50~40 cm)基本属于风成砂沉积。结合粒度参数、碳酸钙含量、总有机碳含量及年代序列,认为此区域在5.8~4.5 Cal kaBP存在以下沉积旋回:~5 749 Cal aBP,沉积风成砂,反映该时期风砂活动强烈,气候干燥,冬季风强盛;5 749 Cal aBP前后,沉积物为灰绿色湖相层,表明这一时期存在短暂的湖面扩展,沙漠退缩;5 749~5 370 Cal aBP,沉积风成砂,反映了湖泊的退缩和沙漠的扩展;5 370~4 895 Cal aBP,湖相沉积物,反映了流域降水量的增多;4 895~4 580 Cal aBP沉积风成砂后,4 580 Cal aBP前后又出现了短暂的湖相沉积,之后又是风砂沉积。     

新疆两大沙漠风沙土土壤理化特性对比分析

本文对塔克拉玛干沙漠和古尔班通古特沙漠的风沙土土壤理化特性进行了对比分析，结果表明：两大沙漠风沙土土壤肥力无明显差异，土壤有机质很低；塔克拉玛干沙漠风沙土在全盐、ＣａＣＯ３含量上高于古尔班通古特沙漠；塔克拉玛干沙漠风沙土分选好，颗粒组成以细沙为主，而古尔班通古特沙漠风沙土分选较差；两大沙漠风沙土在２４种化学元素含量上多数存在明显差异。     

Optically stimulated luminescence dating of sandy deposits from Gulang county at the southern margin of the Tengger Desert,China

Aeolian deposits from the deserts in northern China have been used for palaeoenvironmental research to understand aeolian sedimentology and its dynamic connection to past climate conditions. The Tengger Desert in China is sensitive to the waxing and waning of the monsoonal system. In response to past climate change, the southern margin of the Tengger Desert has evolved significantly since the last glacial period. However, previous attempts to date aeolian deposits in this region were mainly based on radiocarbon dating, which has problems when applied to aeolian deposits. Moreover, sedimentary records are limited. Accordingly, past aeolian activity in this desert remains poorly understood. In the present study, we dated sand samples from Gulang county at the southern margin of the Tengger Desert using optically stimulated luminescence(OSL) to understand the history of aeolian activity in this region. Our samples represented well-sorted aeolian sands and sandy loess. Aeolian sands are evidence of dune field buildup and sparse vegetation cover whereas sandy loess is evidence of improved stabilization of sand dunes resulting from ameliorated vegetation cover. Certain samples showed a decline in the equivalent dose(De) values when successive integration intervals were applied, which resulted from unstable OSL signals from non-fast components in the initial part of the decay curve. In order to obtain reliable De estimates, we investigated component-resolved and different background subtraction approaches, and compared the resultant De estimates. We adopted the early background subtraction method to derive De values. Luminescence chronologies and sedimentary records indicated that sand dunes accumulation occurred before 10 ka, and sandy loess developed between 9.5 and 7.6 ka when sand dunes were stabilized as a result of increased effective moisture levels. The transition between sand dune mobilization and stabilization emphasizes the significance of an effective moisture threshold in controlling aeolian activity. Mobilization of sand dunes at ~2.3 ka might be related to an increased aridity during the Late Holocene.     

Morphological characteristics and dynamic changes of seif dunes in the eastern margin of the Kumtagh Desert,China

The seif dune field over the gravel desert surface in the eastern margin of the Kumtagh Desert is a valuable experimental site for the observation of dune formation and dynamics. We used high-resolution remote sensing and station observation approaches, combined with wind and grain size data, to study the characteristics of the aeolian environment and the morphologies of and dynamic changes in seif dunes. We observed the ratio of the resultant drift potential (RDP) to the drift potential (DP), which was 0.37, associated with an obtuse bimodal wind regime. The drift potentials in the west-northwest (WNW) and east-northeast (ENE) directions were dominant, and the angle between the two primary DP directions was 135.00°. The dune orientations ranged from 168.75°-213.75°, which were parallel to the resultant drift direction (186.15°). The dune lengths ranged from 51.68 to 1932.11 m with a mean value of 344.91 m. The spacings of the dunes ranged from 32.34 to 319.77 m with a mean value of 93.39 m. The mean grain size of the sediments became finer, and the sorting became better from upwind tail to downwind tip, which indicated that the sediment of the seif dunes in the study region may be transported from northward to southward. The rate of increase in the length, the mean longitudinal migration rate of the dune tail, and the mean longitudinal extension rate of the dune tip (also called elongation rate) were 4.93, 4.63, and 9.55 m/a, respectively. The mean lateral migration vector of the seif dunes was approximately 0.11 m/a towards the west (-0.11 m/a), while the mean amplitude of lateral migration was 0.53 m/a, ignoring the direction of lateral migration. We found that the seif dune field formed first beside seasonal rivers, which can provide sediment, and then expanded downwind.     

吉兰泰盐湖环境演化及沙害成因

吉兰泰盐湖位于内蒙古自治区阿拉善盟境内，乌兰布和沙漠西南边缘。属典型温带荒漠。本文主要论述盐湖形成过程，环境演化及沙害成因。介绍盐湖目前的沙害状况。     

古尔班通古特沙漠风沙土水分垂直分布与受损植被的恢复

古尔班通古特沙漠中大规模、高强度的人类活动严重干扰和损坏了荒漠植被。在该沙漠特有的生境下 ,受损植被具有一定的自然恢复和更新能力。但要加速恢复过程 ,则需辅以积极有效的措施。本文经过跟踪监测人工种植荒漠植物的出苗、生长以及风沙土水分垂直分布特征 ,查明了植物出苗、存活率和风沙土中水分垂直分布的动态关系。     

MIS 3阶段吉兰泰古湖演化的初步研究

本文采用遥感影像分析和差分GPS方法精确测量各级湖岸堤高程,通过OSL定年技术对湖滨沉积物进行年代测定,重建湖泊演化的时空分布格局和环境变化历史。通过大范围的野外调查和测试,结果表明:在吉兰泰盐湖周围存在海拔高度1080~1070m,1060m,1050m,1044m和1035m的5级湖岸堤。在吉兰泰东北70km处乌兰布和沙漠腹地贺日木西尼也存在1080m的古湖岸堤和海拔高度1052m到1035m的长达11km的古沙嘴。各级湖岸堤沉积物由湖滨砂或湖滨砂砾石组成,含有蓝蚬等贝壳体,这些证据是吉兰泰古湖存在和湖面波动的重要标志。通过1080m湖岸堤沉积物的OSL年代测定,确认在MIS 3阶段的60ka B.P.前后发育吉兰泰古大湖,此时湖水向东延伸至乌兰布和沙漠腹地,水深达到60m。根据贺日木西尼湖岸堤高程和分布特征来推断,此时的吉兰泰古湖可能与河套古湖产生水源联系。吉兰泰古大湖形成和演化过程,受到区域气候、黄河(内蒙古段)演化和河套古湖的演变以及区域构造运动等诸多因素的影响,需要进一步研究。     

柴达木盆地东部环境演化对古文化的影响

研究表明晚全新世柴达木盆地气候进一步向干旱化方向发展,气候的干旱化以及由此导致的环境变化对盆地古文化产生了深刻的影响,全新世气候与环境的变化深刻地影响着柴达木盆地古人类文化的出现、发展与衰亡。地层剖面测年与分析表明,柴达木盆地诺木洪文化兴盛于约3300aB.P.,衰亡于约2900aB.P.,诺木洪文化在这发展过程中受气候波动的影响曾出现一次文化断层,由此可将诺木洪文化分为前后两期。环境变化是柴达木盆地史前古人类文明兴衰重要决定因素。     

Estimation of the quantity of aeolian saltation sediments blown into the Yellow River from the Ulanbuh Desert,China

The Ulanbuh Desert borders the upper reach of the Yellow River.Every year,a mass of aeolian sand is blown into the Yellow River by the prevailing wind and the coarse aeolian sand results in serious silting in the Yellow River.To estimate the quantity of aeolian sediments from the Ulanbuh Desert blown into the Yellow River,we simulated the saltation processes of aeolian sediments in the Ulanbuh Desert.Then we used a saltation submodel of the IWEMS(Integrated Wind-Erosion Modeling System)and its accompanying RS(Remote Sensing)and GIS(Geographic Information System)modules to estimate the quantity of saltation sediments blown into the Yellow River from the Ulanbuh Desert.We calibrated the saltation submodel by the synchronous observation to wind velocity and saltation sediments on several points with different vegetation cover.The vegetation cover,frontal area of vegetation,roughness length,and threshold friction velocity in various regions of the Ulanbuh Desert were obtained using NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)data,measured sand-particle sizes,and empirical relationships among vegetation cover,sand-particle diameters,and wind velocity.Using these variables along with the observed wind velocities and saltation sediments for the observed points,the saltation model was validated.The model results were shown to be satisfactory(RMSE less than 0.05 and|Re|less than 17%).In this study,a subdaily wind-velocity program,WINDGEN,was developed using this model to simulate hourly wind velocities around the Ulanbuh Desert.By incorporating simulated hourly wind-velocity and wind-direction data,the quantity of saltation sediments blown into the Yellow River was calculated with the saltation submodel.The annual quantity of aeolian sediments blown into the Yellow River from the Ulanbuh Desert was 5.56×106t from 2001 to 2010,most of which occurred in spring(from March to May);for example,6.54×105tons of aeolian sand were blown into the Yellow River on 25 April,2010.However,in summer and winter,the saltation process occasionally occurred.This research has supplied some references to prevent blown sand hazards and silting in the Yellow River.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地复合纵向沙垄间地沙丘空间分形及稳定性

塔克拉玛干沙漠的大地貌格局是高大复合沙垄和宽广垄间地相间分布,而垄间地是研究简单沙丘发育过程的良好试验场地。基于Google Earth影像,以分形理论为基础,对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地复合纵向沙垄区垄间地上覆沙丘在主导风方向上的分形特征进行了分析,结果表明：① 垄间地沙丘形状指数（面积-周长关系）的标度-频度双对数关系非常显著,分形关系客观存在,并且不受统计时所用标度的影响;② 垄间地各类沙丘的分维值存在差异,其中,饼状沙堆和沙片分维值最大（1.337）,新月形沙丘次之（1.170）,简单线性沙丘最小（1.087）;③ 垄间地沙丘分维值的空间差异较大,在1.187~1.656,其分维数：背风坡脚（1.24）＜垄间地中部（1.40）＜迎风坡脚（1.50）,变异系数为0.106;④ 垄间地沙丘稳定性指数与分维值的空间分布相反,即背风坡脚（0.26）＞垄间地中部（0.16）＞迎风坡脚（0.10）;⑤ 垄间地沙丘分维值空间差异主要与沙丘发育程度有关,其中,风信是动力基础,沙源是物质基础。在流动沙漠,沙丘分形维数可以作为反映其风沙环境特征的定量指标。     

罗布泊南部野双峰驼的分布与环境

在１９９５－１９９６年两年调查的基础上,我们又利用家驼队深入荒漠腹地,考察了罗布泊南部野双峰驼的分布和栖息环境,结果表明在罗布泊南部的湖岸区,阿尔金山北麓及山前丘陵地带均有野驼分布,库姆塔沙漠中部无野驼进入,但其西侧戈壁及丘间谷地为野驼南北迁徒的通道,冬季野驼主要集中活动在科什兰孜等罗布泊南岸及阿奇克谷地;夏季主要在山区北麓活动,所以应将该区域与上述分布区同归于一个分布区整体,即南北配置的景观复合     

塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘生态环境的特点及治理问题

本文根据实地考察，概述了新疆维吾尔自治区南部的塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘生态环境问题。塔克拉玛干沙漠属极旱荒漠地区，生态环境十分严酷，干旱和风沙为害是最主要的生态环境问题。防止和减少有害物质侵入人工绿洲，关键是有效地保护和恢复绿洲及其外围的植被，进一步加强防沙生物工程的建设。     

Damage by wind-blown sand and its control measures along the Taklimakan Desert Highway in China

Desertification is one of the most serious environmental problems in the world,especially in the arid desert regions.Combating desertification,therefore,is an urgent task on a regional or even global scale.The Taklimakan Desert in China is the second largest mobile desert in the world and has been called the'Dead Sea'due to few organisms can exist in such a harsh environment.The Taklimakan Desert Highway,the longest desert highway(a total length of 446 km)across the mobile desert in the world,was built in the 1990s within the Taklimakan Desert.It has an important strategic significance regarding oil and gas resources exploration and plays a vital role in the socio-economic development of southern Xinjiang,China.However,wind-blow sand seriously damages the smoothness of the desert highway and,in this case,mechanical sand control system(including sand barrier fences and straw checkerboards)was used early in the life of the desert highway to protect the road.Unfortunately,more than 70%of the sand barrier fences and straw checkerboards have lost their functions,and the desert highway has often been buried and frequently blocked since 1999.To solve this problem,a long artificial shelterbelt with the length of 437 km was built along the desert highway since 2000.However,some potential problems still exist for the sustainable development of the desert highway,such as water shortage,strong sandstorms,extreme environmental characteristics and large maintenance costs.The study aims to provide an overview of the damages caused by wind-blown sand and the effects of sand control measures along the Taklimakan Desert Highway.Ultimately,we provide some suggestions for the biological sand control system to ensure the sustainable development of the Taklimakan Desert Highway,such as screening drought-resistant species to reduce the irrigation requirement and ensure the sound development of groundwater,screening halophytes to restore vegetation in the case of soil salinization,and planting cash crops,such as Cistanche,Wolfberry,Apocynum and other cash crops to decrease the high cost of maintenance on highways and shelterbelts.     

不同技术措施对梭梭免灌造林成活率的影响

分别于2009年、2010年春季,在新疆古尔班通古特沙漠南缘选取了迎风坡、丘间平地、背风坡作为研究样地,采用不同的技术措施(保水剂、生根粉和液体地膜)进行梭梭免灌造林试验,以确定这些技术措施是否能有效提高古尔班通古特沙漠地区免灌造林成活率。结果表明:实施这些措施后,不同立地条件之间梭梭免灌造林成活率存在显著差异;水分是限制古尔班通古特沙漠梭梭免灌造林成活的关键因子,土壤理化性质对梭梭免灌造林成活率影响不显著;三种造林措施对梭梭免灌造林成活率有一定作用,但效果不显著。     

Nd-Sr同位素对沉积物源的制约——以滴哨沟湾剖面为例

萨拉乌苏流域位于黄土高原与鄂尔多斯沙漠之间,是北方黄土与沙漠过渡带的重要组成部分,对气候环境变化相当敏感。选择该流域典型沉积剖面（滴哨沟湾剖面）,研究剖面Nd-Sr同位素组成变化特征,揭示沙漠-黄土过渡带物质来源变化规律。结果表明：① 风成粗颗粒（>75 μm）由鄂尔多斯中西部高地风蚀所致,河湖相粗颗粒主要由下覆风成沉积物水蚀改造而来;② [WTBX]∣ΔεNd(0)∣≤1[WTBZ]的风成细颗粒（<75 μm）基本上来自鄂尔多斯中西部高地的风化剥蚀和粗颗粒的就地改造,而[WTBX]∣ΔεNd(0)∣＞1[WTBZ]的风成细颗粒有更复杂的物质来源;③ 城川组和中下部萨拉乌苏组的河湖相细颗粒由黄土高原的水土侵蚀提供,而萨拉乌苏组上部遭受了来自鄂尔多斯沙漠中东部风成细颗粒的干扰。这项研究对正确理解沙漠-黄土过渡带的演化有重要意义。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠及周围地区直接太阳辐射研究

本文根据１９８８年至１９９０年塔克拉玛干沙漠综合科学考察期间获得的太阳辐射观测资料及其周围台站多年日射资料，分析了塔克拉玛干沙漠及周围地区直接太阳辐射的日变化，年变化和地理分布状况，同时还分析了沙漠及周围地区的大气透明度状况和云、沙尘等因子对直接太阳辐射的影响。     

防护林下草本植物层片物种多样性与环境因子的关系

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