干涸湖床不同类型盐土地表净风吹蚀实验研究

以内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗及浑善达克沙地区域干涸湖床3种不同形态的盐土原状土为对象,通过风洞模拟实验,研究了干涸湖床不同类型盐土地表的净风吹蚀速率。对比风洞实验测定结果发现,3种盐土净风吹蚀速率依次是:蓬松盐霜盐土(14.44 g·m^-2·min^-1)>普通盐土(1.00 g·m^-2·min^-1)>结皮盐土(0.42 g·m^-2·min^-1)。风蚀过程中,不同类型盐土的近地表物质输移主要集中分布在0~10 cm的高度范围内,初始运动中,实验盐土风蚀颗粒物质以就地滚动和近距离跃移为主。实验观测发现,随着风速的增大,更多、更大的表面物质会受到更强烈的撞击与磨蚀作用,形成较细小的粉尘物质释放于空中,因此,干旱区盐土地表是形成区域盐碱浮尘或含盐沙尘天气的重要物源。不同类型盐土近地表物质输移总量从大到小依次是:蓬松盐霜盐土(3.17 g)、结皮盐土(0.42 g)、普通盐土(0.35 g)。     

Transformation of vegetative cover on the Ustyurt Plateau of Central Asia as a consequence of the Aral Sea shrinkage

The gradual shrinkage of the Aral Sea has led to not only the degradation of the unique environments of the Aral Sea,but also numerous and fast developing succession processes in the neighborhood habitats surrounding the sea.In this study,we investigated the vegetative succession processes related to the Aral Sea shrinkage in the Eastern Cliff of the Ustyurt Plateau in Republic of Uzbekistan,Central Asia.We compared the results of our current investigation(2010–2017)on vegetative communities with the geobotany data collected during the 1970s(1970–1980).The results showed great changes in the mesophytic plant communities and habitat aridization as a result of the drop in the underground water level,which decreased atmospheric humidity and increased the salt content of the soil caused by the shrinkage of the Aral Sea.In the vegetative communities,we observed a decrease in the Margalef index(DMg),which had a positive correlation with the poly-dominance index(I-D).The main indications of the plant communities'transformation were the loss of the weak species,the appearance of new communities with low species diversity,the stabilization of the projective cover of former resistant communities,as well as the appearance of a new competitive species,which occupy new habitats.     

秸秆覆盖对农田黑土春季地温的影响

通过黑土区田间长期定位试验,研究了秸秆覆盖度对太阳反射和土壤含水量的影响,进而探讨了其对土壤温度的调控作用。在作物出苗前,秸秆覆盖度免耕(覆盖度70%)>少耕(覆盖度10%)>旋松(覆盖度0%)。研究结果表明:免耕、少耕和旋松的累计反射强度依次递减,反射辐射强度越大土壤温度越低;免耕具有较高的质量含水量,质量含水量均与地温存在显著的负相关关系。     

新疆阿拉尔垦区土壤发生特性及系统分类研究

通过样地调查和土壤理化性质分析对新疆阿拉尔垦区荒漠植被下的土壤特性进行了研究,结果表明:研究区土壤颗粒组成以砂粒为主,有机质在表层积聚现象明显,土壤氮、磷含量偏低,土壤钾素含量较高.供试土壤的pH呈碱性反应.依照<中国土壤系统分类检索(第三版)>,研究区的土壤类型在系统分类中可归属为3个土纲、3个亚纲、3个土类和4个亚类,其中剖面T-01属于暗沃简育湿润雏形土,剖面T-02属于石灰干旱正常新成土,剖面T-03属于斑纹简育湿润雏形土,剖面T-04属于暗瘠简育正常潜育土.     

绿洲化过程中阿拉尔垦区土壤粒径分形变化特征

通过对绿洲化过程中阿拉尔垦区的7种典型土地利用类型样地的取样,以不同土地利用方式下,不同土层深度的土壤粒径分布PSD(soil particle size distribution)数据为基础,利用单重分形方法,分析土壤粒级与分维值D(fractal dimension valus)的关系以及绿洲化过程中土壤粒级分维值[WTBX]D[WTBZ]的变化特征及机理。结果表明：研究区土壤属于砂质壤土。不同深度的分维值D介于1.88~2.41。D与<0.05 mm 和0.05~1 mm范围的颗粒体积百分含量分别存在明显的正相关和负相关。0.05 mm粒径是决定绿洲化过程中土壤粒级与分维值D关系的临界粒径。绿洲腹地的土壤粒级主要集中于0.01~0.05 mm的细粉砂粒级,沙漠边缘土壤粒级主要集中于0.05~0.25 mm的细砂粒级。绿洲化过程中土壤细粒物质增多,粗粒物质减少,分形维数呈现逐渐增大趋势。     

Seeding and Mulching Treatments as Conservation Measures of Two Burned Soils in the Central Ebro Valley,NE Spain

The effectiveness of seeding introduced species, with or without straw mulching, was tested as a measure of post-fire erosion control in gypsiferous (Xeric Haplogypsid) and calcareous soils (Xeric Torriorthent) in Central Ebro Valley (NE-Spain). Paired control, seeding, and combined seeding and mulching plots were established in four replicated plots for each soil tested. Seeding rate was 30 g m -2 and straw mulch was applied at 100 g m -2 in each plot. Plant projective cover (total and specific), plant biomass, bare soil cover and sediment yield were determined over a 2-year period. During the first year of sampling, species introduced by seeding increased plant cover (about 30%) without significant differences observed between soils. Plant cover was similar in seeding-only and seeding-mulching treatments, although the latter treatment significantly enhanced plant weight. During the second year these differences disappeared because species introduced by seeding practically did not survive. So, the introduced herbs did not interfere with native plants. Bare soil cover remained significantly lower in treated plots than on the control plots for both soils during both years of sampling. In the second year, the reduction of bare soil was attributed to both the straw mulch and litter from the seeding species. Soil protection was significantly higher in calcareous soils than in gypsiferous soils which is related to their physical and chemical properties. Cumulative sediment yield decreased significantly over time with both treatments on both soils. Soil losses from control plots were three times higher than seeding plots and 3.3 times higher than from seeding and mulching plots in gypsiferous soils. Soil losses from control plots were two times higher than from seeding plots and 2.7 times higher than the combined seeding and mulching plots in the calcareous soils. Cumulative soil loss was higher from the gypsiferous soils than from the calcareous soils due to the lower plant cover.     

毒死蜱和氰戊菊酯在土壤中的吸附与迁移

为评估被用作白蚁预防药剂的毒死蜱和氰戊菊酯在土壤中的移动性,采用平衡吸附法和薄层层析法分别测定了两种农药在浙江宁波地区的东钱湖土(粉砂质壤土)、青岭土(粉砂质壤土)和象山土(粉砂质黏壤土)3种土壤中的吸附常数(Kd)和迁移率(Rf)。结果表明,两种供试药剂在东钱湖土中的吸附等温线线性化程度均较高,而在青岭土和象山土中的吸附等温线均近似于 "L"型。从Kd和有机质吸附常数Koc的数值看,氰戊菊酯在土壤中的吸附作用主要受土壤有机质因素影响,而毒死蜱的吸附并非只受土壤有机质因素的影响。毒死蜱在3种供试土壤中的Kd和Rf值均高于氰戊菊酯。这表明由Kd值推测不同农药在土壤中的相对移动性可能会存在一定偏差。毒死蜱和氰戊菊酯在3种土壤中的Rf值由大到小的顺序为:东钱湖土>青岭土>象山土;而Kd值由大到小顺序为象山土>青岭土>东钱湖土。对Kd和Rf值与土壤理化性质的多元线性回归分析表明:1)土壤有机质含量和阳离子代换量在决定Kd和Rf值中所起的作用相互重叠;2)土壤有机质含量(或土壤阳离子代换量)和土壤黏粒含量是影响Kd和Rf值的关键因素,而土壤pH值对于Kd和Rf值无决定性影响。     

新疆阿拉尔垦区棉花种植气候生产潜力分析

:采用作物生长动态统计模型,对阿拉尔垦区棉花种植的光合、光温、光温水、光温土、光温水土生产潜力进行计算和分析.结果表明:该垦区棉花种植的光温生产潜力远大于现实生产力,现实了生产力的224.09%,光热资源丰富;光温土生产潜力与现实生产力接近,现实了生产力的116.33%,土壤肥力限制因子很大;光温水、光温水土生产潜力都远小于现实生产力,分别只有现实生产力的22.26%和11.10%,水是最重要的制约和影响棉花气候生产潜力的关键因子.垦区光热条件是棉花气候生产潜力最突出的优势,土壤水肥条件是限制气候生产潜力的主要可控因子.     

Spatial distribution of soil moisture,salinity and organic matter in Manas River watershed,Xinjiang,China

With the classical statistical and geostatistical methods,the study of the spatial distribution and its influence factors of soil water,salinity and organic matter was carried out for 0-70 cm soil layers in Manas River watershed.The results showed that the soil moisture data from all soil layers exhibited a normal distribution,with average values of 14.08%-21.55%.Geostatistical analysis revealed that the content of soil moisture had a moderate spatial autocorrelation with the ratios of nugget/sill ranging from 0.500 to 0.718,which implies that the spatial pattern of soil moisture is influenced by the combined effects of structural factors and random factors.Remarkable spatial distributions with stripped and mottled features were found for soil moisture in all different soil layers.The landform and crop planting had a relatively big influence on the spatial distribution of soil moisture;total soil salinity was high in east but low in west,and non-salinized soil and lightly salinized soil appeared at the northwest and southwest of the study area.Under the effect of reservoir leakage,the heavily salinized soils are widely distributed in the middle of the study area.The areas of the non-salinized and lightly salinized soils decreased gradually with soil depth increment,which is contrary to the case for saline soils that reached a maximum of 245.67 km2 at the layer of 50-70 cm.The types of soil salinization in Manas River watershed were classified into four classes:the sulfate,chloride-sulfate,sulfate-chloride and chloride.The sulfate salinized soil is most widely distributed in the surface layer.The areas of chloride-sulfate,sulfate-chloride,and chloride salinized soils increased gradually along with the increment of soil depth;the variation range of the average values of soil organic matter content was between 7.48%-11.33%.The ratios of nugget/sill reduced gradually from 0.698 to 0.299 with soil depth increment,which shows that the content of soil organic matter has a moderate spatial autocorrelation.The soil organic matter in all soil layers met normal distribution after logarithmic transformation.The spatial distribution patterns of soil organic matter and soil moisture were similar;the areas with high organic matter contents were mainly distributed in the south of the study area,with the lowest contents in the middle.     

Effects of fencing on vegetation and soil restoration in a degraded alkaline grassland in northeast China

In order to restore a degraded alkaline grassland, the local government implemented a large restoration project using fences in Changling county, Jilin province, China, in 2000. Grazing was excluded from the protected area, whereas the grazed area was continuously grazed at 8.5 dry sheep equivalent（DSE）/hm2. In the current research, soil and plant samples were taken from grazed and fenced areas to examine changes in vegetation and soil properties in 2005, 2006 and 2008. Results showed that vegetation characteristics and soil properties improved significantly in the fenced area compared with the grazed area. In the protected area the vegetation cover, height and above- and belowground biomass increased significantly. Soil pH, electrical conductivity and bulk density decreased significantly, but soil organic carbon and total nitrogen concentration increased greatly in the protected area. By comparing the vegetation and soil characteristics with pre-degraded grassland, we found that vegetation can recover 6 years after fencing, and soil pH can be restored 8 years after fencing. However, the restoration of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations needed 16, 30 and 19 years, respectively. It is recommended that the stocking rate should be reduced to 1/3 of the current carrying capacity, or that a grazing regime of 1-year of grazing followed by a 2-year rest is adopted to sustain the current status of vegetation and soil resources. However, if N fertilizer is applied, the rest period could be shortened, depending on the rate of application.     

阜康地区土壤粘粒矿物组成特性的研究

在干旱地区土壤听粘粒矿物组成是影响土壤物理和化学特性的重要因素之一。本文应用Ｘ－射线分析和差热分析等测试手段对阜康的几种主要土壤类型的土壤类型的土壤粘矿物组成进行了鉴定，同时对影响粘粒矿物形成和转化的土壤环境条件进行了分析和研究。研究结果表明：康地区三种土壤粘粒的矿物成份主要由２：１型的层状硅酸盐矿物如伊利石、蒙皂石、绿泥石、蛭石以及石－绿泥石过渡性矿物和１：１型层状硅酸盐矿物如高岭石等矿物组成。     

Soil characteristics and plant distribution in saline wetlands of Oued Righ,northeastern Algeria

Saline wetlands are rare ecosystems in Saharan areas,which are important for conservation of many endemic and rare plant species.In this study,we investigated five saline wetland sites of the Oued Righ region,located in the northeastern Algeria,to determine the environmental factors controlling the composition and distribution of plant communities.We established a total of 20 transects to measure the vegetation parameters(density and cover) and soil characteristics(electrical conductivity,moisture,pH,CaSO_4,CaCO_3,organic matter,Na~+,K~+,Mg~(2+),Ca~(2+),SO_4~(2–),Cl~–,NO_3~– and HCO_3~–).A total of 17 plant species belonging to seven families were identified.The natural vegetation was composed of halophytic and hydro-halophytic plant communities,presented specially by the species of Amaranthaceae family.Soils in the studied wetlands were moist,gypsiferous,alkaline,salty to very salty with dominance of chloride and calcium.Results of the Canonical Correspondence Analysis(CCA) showed that community structure and species distribution patterns of vegetation were mainly dependent on soil characteristics,mainly being soil salinity(CaSO_4,K~+,Ca~(2+) and Cl~–) and moisture.The distribution of plant species was found to follow a specific zonal pattern.Halocnemum strobilaceum was observed to grow in highly salt-affected soils,thus being the more salt-tolerant species.Phragmites communis plants were widely distributed in the study area with a high density at the edges of accumulated water body.Juncus maritimus,Tamarix gallica and Salicornia fructicosa grew in soils that are partially or completely flooded in winter.Suaeda fructicosa,Traganum nudatum,Arthrocnemum glaucum,Aeluropus littoralis,Cressa cretica and Cynodon dactylon were distributed in salty and moist soils away from the open water body.Plants of Zygophyllum album,Limonastrirum guyonianum,Cornulaca monacantha,Cistanche tinctoria,Mollugo nudicaulis and Sonchus maritimus were found in soils with less salty and moisture.They constituted the outermost belt of vegetation in the studied wetlands.This study will provide a reference on introducing the salt-tolerant plant species as a fodder resource in saline habitats and regenerating the degraded saline wetlands.     

Development of a large-scale remote sensing ecological index in arid areas and its application in the Aral Sea Basin

The Aral Sea Basin in Central Asia is an important geographical environment unit in the center of Eurasia.It is of great significance to the ecological protection and sustainable development of Central Asia to carry out dynamic monitoring and effective evaluation of the eco-environmental quality of the Aral Sea Basin.In this study,the arid remote sensing ecological index(ARSEI)for large-scale arid areas was developed,which coupled the information of the greenness index,the salinity index,the humidity index,the heat index,and the land degradation index of arid areas.The ARSEI was used to monitor and evaluate the eco-environmental quality of the Aral Sea Basin from 2000 to 2019.The results show that the greenness index,the humidity index and the land degradation index had a positive impact on the quality of the ecological environment in the Aral Sea Basin,while the salinity index and the heat index exerted a negative impact on the quality of the ecological environment.The eco-environmental quality of the Aral Sea Basin demonstrated a trend of initial improvement,followed by deterioration,and finally further improvement.The spatial variation of these changes was significant.From 2000 to 2019,grassland and wasteland(saline alkali land and sandy land)in the central and western parts of the basin had the worst ecological environment quality.The areas with poor ecological environment quality are mainly distributed in rivers,wetlands,and cultivated land around lakes.During the period from 2000 to 2019,except for the surrounding areas of the Aral Sea,the ecological environment quality in other areas of the Aral Sea Basin has been improved in general.The correlation coefficients between the change in the eco-environmental quality and the heat index and between the change in the eco-environmental quality and the humidity index were–0.593 and 0.524,respectively.Climate conditions and human activities have led to different combinations of heat and humidity changes in the eco-environmental quality of the Aral Sea Basin.However,human activities had a greater impact.The ARSEI can quantitatively and intuitively reflect the scale and causes of large-scale and long-time period changes of the eco-environmental quality in arid areas;it is very suitable for the study of the eco-environmental quality in arid areas.     

咸海的过去、现在与未来

咸海曾经是世界第四大湖,如今缩小到原来面积的约1/10。咸海究竟如何形成,又经历了怎样的演变过程及其形成机制等,一直是人们关注的问题。咸海水系(阿姆河和锡尔河流域)是青藏高原的隆升,新特提斯海的退却以及新生代全球气候变冷与海平面下降等区域和全球要素共同作用下,构成的一个完整的以青藏高原为中心的亚洲水塔体系的主要组成部分。咸海水系,从形成至大约20世纪中叶,湖泊面积与水文格局大致保持一个相对稳定的状态,只是20世纪下半叶以来,经历了大规模掠夺式的水资源开发和利用,造成了咸海危机。     

Survival of Ralstonia solanacearum Biovar 2, the Causative Agent of Potato Brown Rot, in Field and Microcosm Soils in Temperate Climates

ABSTRACT After outbreaks of potato brown rot in three different fields in the Netherlands, the fate of the brown rot pathogen, Ralstonia solanacearum biovar 2, was monitored in soil by immunofluorescence colony staining (IFC) supported by R. solanacearum division-2 specific polymerase chain reaction. In selected areas of all fields, the R. solanacearum population densities were initially on the order 10(4) to 10(6) per g of topsoil. These population densities then declined progressively over time. In two fields, however, the pathogen persisted for periods of 10 to 12 months. The survival of a selected R. solanacearum biovar 2 isolate, strain 1609, in three soils, a loamy sand and two different silt loam soils, was further studied in soil microcosm experiments. The effects of temperature and soil moisture content were assessed. At 12 or 15 and 20 degrees C, a gradual decline of the population densities was observed in all three soils, from the established 10(5) to 10(6) CFU g(-1) of dry soil to significantly reduced levels, occasionally bordering the limit of detection (10(2) CFU g(-1)of dry soil), in periods of approximately 90 to 210 days. Soil type affected the rate of population decline at 20 degrees C, with the greatest decline occurring in loamy sand soil. In all three soils, the survival of IFC-detectable R. solanacearum 1609 cells at 4 degrees C was severely impaired, reflected in an accelerated decline of CFU counts, to undetectable numbers. Moreover, indications were found for the occurrence of viable but nonculturable strain 1609 cells in the loamy sand as well as in one silt loam soil under these conditions. In addition, a single freezing-thawing cycle caused a significant additional reduction of the culturable R. solanacearum 1609 populations in the three soils, though detectable populations remained. Moderate soil moisture fluctuations of approximately pF 2 did not affect the survival of R. solanacearum 1609 in soil. Severe drought, however, drastically reduced the populations of strain 1609 CFU in all three soils.     

基于10年MODIS数据的锡林郭勒盟草原植被覆盖度变化监测

以MODIS长时间序列的植被指数产品为数据源,利用像元二分模型研究了2000～2009年8月锡林郭勒盟草原的植被覆盖度及其时空变化特征。并采用转移矩阵的方法,分析了年份间覆盖度高低变化的方向。结果表明:从2000至2008年锡林郭勒草原植被覆盖度总体呈上升趋势;在2000～2004年和2004～2008年两段时期内,均有较低植被覆盖度向较高植被覆盖度转化的趋势,后一时期覆盖度较低的植被恢复比前一时期好;低覆盖度区植被好转趋势明显,但高植被覆盖区存在轻微的退化现象;与往年相比,2009年因汛期干旱天气植被覆盖度明显降低。     

Monitoring pesticides in agricultural and urban soils of the United States.

Organochlorine pesticides were monitored annually in the major agricultural areas of the United States from 1968 to 1973. Results show that agricultural soils are widely contaminated with low levels of organochlorine residues. Residue concentrations are decreasing as applications of the compounds decrease. Annual monitoring of urban areas since 1969 has demonstrated that urban soils generally have higher pesticide residue concentrations than do agricultural soils in the same locations. High concentrations of mercury, cadmium, and lead have also been observed in urban soils.     

Growth and sustainability of Suaeda salsa in the Lop Nur,China

Extremely saline soils are very harsh environments for the growth and survival of most plant species, however, halophytes can grow well. The underlying mechanism of halophyte to resist high saline is not well understood by us. This study was conducted at the potash mine near the Lop Nur, China, where the effects of the halophyte Suaeda salsa L. on the saline-alkaline soils and its growth and sustainability were investigated. Four plots(in which the salt encrustation layers were removed), with different soil treatments were evaluated:(1) undisturbed soil, with no additional treatment(T1);(2) the slag soil zone, in which a 40-cm layer of slag was placed on the undisturbed soil surface(T2);(3) slag+sandy soil, in which a 20-cm layer of slag was placed in the lower layer and 20 cm of sandy soil, taken from an area about 70 km away from Lop Nur potash mine, where Tamarix species were growing, was placed in the upper layer(T3); and(4) a 40-cm sandy soil layer taken from the area where Tamarix species were growing was placed on undisturbed soil(T4). Soil nutrient contents increased in the four treatments, but salt content only decreased in the T1 treatment. Salt content in the T4 treatment increased over the two-year period, which may be partly attributed to salt deposition from wind-blown dust within the mine and salt accumulation within the surface soil(0–20 cm) in response to high evaporative demands. The S. salsa plants exhibited greater improvements in growth under the T4 treatment than under the T1, T2, and T3 treatments, which demonstrated that low levels of salinity are beneficial for the growth of this species. The T1 treatment was sustainable because of its low cost and superior soil improvement characteristics. Therefore, S. salsa plants not only reduced soil salinity and increased soil nutrient levels, but also ameliorated the plant growth environment, which would be beneficial for both the ecological restoration of the Lop Nur area and similar areas throughout the world.     

Distribution of P Forms in Natural and Fertilized Forest Soils of the Central Western Spain: Plant Response to Superphosphate Fertilization

Soil responds dynamically to the addition of phosphates by establishing exchanges among the different reservoirs of P existing in the soil. The aim of this work was to find out the effects of surface applied fertilization with triple superphosphate at two concentrations (50 and 100 kg P ha -1 ) in soils of the Sierra de Gata mountains (Spanish Central System) on forms of soil P, the availability of P for plants, and the impact on above-ground production of the tree cover and grasses. Soil P was deter mined according to Hedley, and P availability was quantified using ion exchange membranes. The effects of P fertilization on P forms were observed mainly in the first 10 cm of the study soils; there were no significant differences at greater depths because of the high P sorption capacity of these soils. With a moderate fertilization of 50 kg P ha -1 only two of the four studied soils showed a significant increase in labile P contents and of P adsorbed by sesquioxides. An intense fertilization (100 kg P ha -1 ) had significant effects on the distribution of soil P, independently of the initial available P of soils. However, fertilization with triple superphosphate did not significantly affect the aerial production of the tree cover (except in the-rst year), whereas it did affect herbaceous production at two sites, possibly because they have a larger root mass near the soil surface.     

2002-2009年中国干旱区积雪时空分布特征

以中国干旱区为研究对象,利用MODIS和AMSR-E融合后的2002-2009年8个水文年份（8月1日至7月31日）的无云积雪产品,计算并验证了用遥感方法提取研究区积雪日数、初雪日期和终雪日期的精度,结合积雪日数制图和积雪面积统计,分析了研究区8 a来积雪时空分布特征。结果显示：① 与气象台站观测资料获取的积雪参数的对比验证表明,遥感方法提取积雪参数的精度较高,误差日数大多在20 d以内,主要表现为遥感方法积雪日数的低估,初雪日期的延后和终雪日期的提前。② 除山地冰川和永久积雪外,天山和阿尔泰山山系间的北疆地区是研究区内季节性积雪最为丰富的地区,积雪日数一般在60 d以上,不过积雪的分布不均匀,大体上从边缘山区向内部盆地中心积雪日数递减,初雪日期延后,终雪日期提前。③ 干旱区在2005年、2007年和2002年积雪面积较大,而2008年和2006年积雪面积较小。各年稳定积雪存在的地区和范围相对稳定,面积变化不大,其年际变化主要体现在积雪日数的增减上;不稳定积雪的面积一般高于稳定积雪,且年际变化较大,积雪日数大多在20 d以内。