核素示踪技术在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用进展

介绍了单核素 (137Cs、2 10 Pb和7Be)、复合核素 (7Be、2 10 Pb、2 2 6 Ra和137Cs)及稳定性稀土元素 (REE)示踪技术在土壤侵蚀速率、泥沙沉积速率、侵蚀产沙时空分布和侵蚀类型转变等研究中的应用现状 ,并对各方法做了简要评价。     

7Be示踪技术在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用

摘要：利用放射性核素示踪研究土壤侵蚀已成为国际社会普遍关注的热点问题。^7Be作为一种自然产生的，短寿命的(半衰期53．3d)放射性核素，具有特殊的示踪价值。介绍了^7Be的来源、散落特征及其在土壤颗粒中的存在形态，阐述了^7Be示踪技术现有的土壤侵蚀速率定量估算模型，提出了我国开展^7Be示踪土壤侵蚀过程研究的建议。     

7Be在坡面土壤侵蚀中应用的研究进展

7Be是自然界产生的一种放射性核素,半衰期为53.3d,通过干湿沉降到达地表,被土壤颗粒强烈吸附,随土粒的迁移而发生再分布,因此可作为土壤侵蚀的示踪剂。本文就将7Be目前在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用现状做了介绍,并对今后利用7Be示踪土壤侵蚀提出了建议。     

三峡库区紫色土坡地~7Be空间分布研究

利用~7Be示踪法研究了三峡库区坡耕地和休耕地在两时段不同降雨强度条件下~7Be本底值变化以及坡面土壤侵蚀空间分布特征.结果表明,两个时间段土壤~7Be本底值面积活度分别为304.0 Bq/m~2和441.7 Bq/m~2,从深度分布看,两次~7Be本底值剖面分布在整体上是相似的,~7Be主要分布在0-18 mm表层,4月13日55.2%的~7Be和5月20日73.6%的~7Be分布在地表0-3mm.随着深度的增加,~7Be含量递减,18mm以下基本不含~7Be.从顺坡分布看,降雨量较小的时间段,坡耕地和休耕地上~7Be在顺坡不同部位分布的差异不显著;在降雨量较大的时间段内,坡耕地和休耕地上~7Be在顺坡不同部位分布有显著差异.坡耕地在顺坡5-10m处发生明显侵蚀,休耕地由于苎麻篱的拦沙作用,坡面~7Be面积活度呈现减少-增加-减少-增加的变化特征.     

坡面植物生长期内对~7Be的截留吸收及影响因素分析

对坡面植物在生长期内7Be含量的动态变化进行研究,发现随着生长植物在生长期内7Be含量增加,单位面积上植物截留吸收7Be量增加;研究区坡面7Be的植被截留吸收率为3.35%~8.44%,说明植被覆盖对土壤中7Be含量有重要的影响。同时还发现,不同采样间隔期7Be日均增量不定,在整个采样期内变异性大,变异系数为0.69,但从春季到夏季的前4个采样间隔期变异性相对较小;不同采样间隔期7Be日均增量和日均降雨量呈正比,相关系数为0.64。     

7Be在生态系统中的行为研究进展

本文对7Be随降水到达地表后,土壤对7Be的吸附解吸机理以及影响吸附解吸的因子、植被对7Be的截留和吸收、径流泥沙中7Be的分配比例等7Be再分配问题的研究成果进行了综述,简要介绍了7Be在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用进展,并对今后的研究方向提出一些建议。     

~7Be示踪技术在坡面土壤侵蚀研究中的应用

利用放射性核素示踪研究土壤侵蚀已成为国际社会普遍关注的热点问题之一。7Be是一种在地球大气中由于宇宙射线轰击氧原子和氮原子靶核而产生的一种天然放射性核素,作为一种自然产生的、短寿命的放射性核素,它具有同137Cs2、10Pb、226Ra等放射性核素相似的示踪价值。介绍了7Be的应用背景、来源、示踪原理和7Be示踪技术现有的土壤侵蚀速率定量估算模型,提出了在我国应用7Be示踪技术开展土壤侵蚀的建议。     

荒草地小区土壤侵蚀的7Be示踪研究

通过裸露地小区和荒草地小区7Be示踪对比研究,发现坡面植被覆盖对利用7Be示踪估算坡面土壤侵蚀速率有较大影响.在Walling等提出的7Be示踪估算裸露坡面土壤侵蚀速率模型中引入植被因子,估算有植被覆盖坡面的土壤侵蚀速率,结果显示修正后模型计算值与小区实测值比较接近,说明增加植被因子后的模型能够很好估算有植被覆盖坡面的土壤侵蚀速率,有关结果可为深入研究植被覆盖与土壤侵蚀之间的响应关系提供有效手段.     

利用7Be研究侵蚀性降雨前后坡面土壤侵蚀空间分布特征

结合野外调查方法,利用7Be示踪法研究了直形坡侵蚀性降雨发生前后坡面土壤侵蚀空间分布特征。结果表明,侵蚀性降雨发生前,在20m坡长范围内,7Be在坡面不同部位分布的差异性不显著;而全年侵蚀性降雨结束后,7Be在坡面不同部位分布有显著差异。侵蚀性降雨发生后表层土壤中7Be含量及其侵蚀性降雨发生前后表层土壤7Be含量的差值皆随坡长的增加而减少,表明坡面土壤侵蚀随坡长增加呈增加趋势。坡面不同部位发生剥蚀或沉积过程有较大的差异,坡面上部距分水岭0～5m坡长范围内主要发生沉积现象;而在8～15m坡长范围内,土壤侵蚀以剥蚀过程为主,且土壤侵蚀最严重。     

~7Be含量平衡方法在土壤侵蚀估算中的应用

利用核素示踪技术为研究土壤侵蚀开辟了新的途径,特别是7Be半衰期较短、仅分布于地表几厘米范围内、和土壤颗粒紧密结合等特点,使得其具备了评估短期内地表利用状况改变、水土保持措施等人为活动对地表土壤迁移的影响程度的潜能。介绍了7Be含量平衡方法在短期内土壤侵蚀估算中的应用,指出了该方法的一些不足,并展望了其应用前景。     

Climate and soil salinity in the deserts of Central Asia

A comparative analysis of climatic and soil salinity characteristics of the deserts of Central Asia, including deserts of the Turan Depression, the Gobi Desert, and deserts of the Dzungar and Tarim depressions was performed. The climatic characteristics—the degree of aridity, the degree of continentality, and the amount and regime of precipitation—are different in these deserts. No direct relationships between the areas occupied by the automorphic salt-affected soils and the aridity of the climate are observed in the studied regions. In the automorphic landscapes of Asian deserts, the degree and chemistry of the soil salinization and the distribution of salt-affected soils are controlled by the history of the particular territories rather than by their modern climatic conditions. The presence and properties of the salt-bearing rocks and the eolian migration of salts play the most significant role. The deficit of moisture in the modern climate favors the preservation of salt accumulations in places of their origin. The specific features of the climate, including the regime of precipitation, affect the redistribution of salts in the profiles of automorphic salt-affected soils. An increase in the degree of climatic continentality is accompanied by the decrease in the intensity of weathering and initial accumulation of salts. A different situation is observed in the soils of hydromorphic desert landscapes, in which the degree of salinity of the surface horizons and the area occupied by salt-affected soils are directly influenced by the modern climatic conditions.     

自由活塞发动机进气及压缩终了缸内气体流动特性分析

为组织好自由活塞发动机缸内气体流动,以提高可燃混合气混合质量,进而改善发动机燃烧质量,依据自由活塞运动特点,建立自由活塞发动机系统仿真模型,采用数值模拟方法对进气冲程和压缩冲程缸内流场进行仿真研究。分析结果表明,在进气冲程和压缩冲程时间之和一定情况下,进气冲程活塞运动快慢对进气终了缸内工质运动强度影响不大;快速压缩可提高压缩终了缸内工质运动强度,压缩终了单位质量湍动能在压缩冲程时间占进气冲程时间与压缩冲程时间总和45%时高达4.883 m2/(s2·kg),比压缩冲程时间占进气冲程时间与压缩冲程时间总和55%时高40%。采用慢进气快压缩的活塞运动规律,增大了压缩终了缸内流场运动强度,有利于火焰传播。该研究为组织缸内气体流动提供参考,对提高发动机性能具有重要意义。     

Assessment of the postagrogenic transformation of soddy-podzolic soils: Cartographic and analytic support

The results of experimental studies of the postagrogenic transformation of loamy soddy-podzolic soils on the southern slope of the Klin-Dmitrov Moraine Ridge are discussed. A chronosequence of soils (arable soils (cropland)-soils under fallow with meadow vegetation-soils under secondary forests of different ages-soils under a conventionally initial native forest) was examined, and the stages of the postagrogenic transformation of the automorphic soddy-podzolic soils were identified. The differentiation of the former plow horizon into the A1 and A1A2 horizons (according to the differences in the humus content, texture, and acidity) served as the major criterion of the soil transformation. A stage of textural differentiation with clay depletion from the uppermost layer was identified in the soils of the 20- to 60-year-old fallows. The specificity of the postagrogenic transformation of the soils on the slopes was demonstrated. From the methodological point of view, it was important to differentiate between the chronosequences of automorphic and semihydromorphic soils of the leveled interfluves and the soils of the slopes. For this purpose, a series of maps reflecting the history of the land use and the soil cover pattern was analyzed. The cartographic model included the attribute data of the soil surveys, the cartographic sources (a series of historical maps of the land use, topographic maps, remote sensing data, and a digital elevation model), and two base maps: (a) the integral map of the land use and (b) the map of the soil combinations with the separation of the zonal automorphic, semihydromorphic, and erosional soil combinations. This scheme served as a matrix for the organization and analysis of the already available and new materials.     

The use of algae-cyanobacterial communities for the assessment of lead pollution of gray forest soils

The effect of lead acetate on the characteristics of the algae-cyanobacterial communities of a gray forest soil was studied in a model experiment. The investigation was carried out using the method of water-soil cultures. The advantages and disadvantages of the application of this method for the ecotoxicological experiments are considered. The species of cyanobacteria and algae tolerant and sensitive to heavy metals were revealed. The addition of lead acetate at doses of 750 and 1500 mg/kg to soil caused a decrease in the species diversity and abundance of the cyanobacteria and algae, a reduction of the total content of chlorophyll, and changes in the morphology of individuals, whereas a dose of 300 mg/kg stimulated the development of the algae-cyanobacterial communities. The effect observed is suggested to be due to the double action of the salt: the adverse influence of the lead cations, and the positive influence of the acetate anions and the protective function of the soil. The use of a complex of different parameters of the biological organization of the communities at the cell, organism, and community levels results in the objective and complete assessment of the toxicant effects on the algae-cyanobacterial community of the gray forest soil.     

基于灌溉制度优化和种植结构调整的用水总量控制

该文以农业耗水总量及灌溉取水总量为约束条件,采用优化灌溉制度和种植结构调整措施下京郊农业发展面积阈值。结果表明:1)采用优化灌溉制度措施能显著降低研究区农业耗水量与灌溉量,使区域农业耗水总量低于耗水总量控制指标及其使农业灌溉量取水总量低于其多年实际平均水平,但是农业灌溉取水总量仍超过其控制指标;2)在北京市大兴区减少耗水量高的露地蔬菜与冬小麦的种植面积,增加灌溉量少且耗水较低的夏玉米种植面积,同时进一步发展农业用水效率较高的设施农业面积,能够满足农业灌溉取水总量与耗水量总量控制指标,且符合国家规划稳定粮食产量与提高蔬菜产量的要求;3)满足灌溉取水总量控制下农业发展面积阈值为4.60?104~7.42?104 hm2,而满足耗水总量控制下农业发展面积阈值为6.72?104~9.48?104 hm2,而同时满足2种约束条件下农业发展面积阈值为7.42?104 hm2;4)在维持用水总量不变情况下,随着设施农业发展面积扩大,传统农业发展面积相应减少,但因用水总量约束值差异设施农业与传统农业的发展阈值并不完全一致。可见,为维持区域水资源持续高效利用,确保区域农业健康发展,势必采用优化灌溉制度与种植结构调整等节水措施,控制农业发展阈值在合理范围内,才能使区域农业用水总量不能突破灌溉取水总量与耗水总量的控制指标。研究对类似京郊资源性缺水地区农业健康发展具有重要参考价值。     

The genesis of vertisols with gilgai microtopography: A review

Different hypotheses about the genesis of gilgai microtopography and corresponding soil complexes with clayey swelling soils are considered in this review. Their diversity is stipulated by specificities of the objects themselves and by the history of studies of the composition, properties, regimes, and landscape conditions of the areas with Vertisols in different countries. Most of the hypotheses about the genesis of Vertisols with the gilgai microtopography suggest that strong swelling–shrinking processes take place in these soils in the course of moistening–drying cycles; the origin of shear stress in the soils, its spatial patterns, and the particular ways of translocation of the soil material are discussed. At the early stage of Vertisol studies, a hypothesis about the leading role of the process of “self-swallowing” of the soils as a result of filling of open cracks with the material from the upper soil horizons was popular. However, numerous facts suggest that the intensity of this process is relatively low, so that it cannot play the major role in the gilgai formation and cyclic changes in the thickness and properties of the soil horizons in Vertisols. Another important mechanism is the uneven moistening and drying of the whole soil volume resulting in the irregular distribution of inner tensions in the soil with the development of shear stress and plastic deformation of the soil mass. The hypotheses suggested in the recent decades are based on the models of soil mechanics. A number of hypotheses consider possible alternation and duration of evolutionary stages of the development of Vertisols with the gilgai microtopography.     

锥形改流体下部孔径对筒仓卸料流态的影响

为了获取锥形改流体（cone-in-cone）下部孔径对筒仓内卸料流态和仓壁压力的影响,实现中心流筒仓内物料流态从中心流到整体流的转变,改善筒仓内物料流动环境,建立模型,用试验验证模型是正确的,该文采用离散元法对三维筒仓中ABS球卸料过程进行了数值模拟。数值模拟结果表明：筒仓卸料口尺寸不变时,减小锥形改流体下部孔径,整体流系数增大,筒仓内物料流态能够从中心流转变为整体流,筒仓壁峰值压力减小且峰值压力位置上移。改流体倾角为120°、135°时,当锥形改流体距筒仓锥形壁面的距离与锥形改流体下部孔径的比值大于等于1时,能实现从中心流到整体流的转变。该研究基于数值模拟结果提出了锥形改流体的设计标准,可为工程上确定改流体结构、位置参数提供参考。     

Digitized version of the state soil map on a scale of 1 : 1 M: Problems and solutions

Problems of the creation of a high-quality digitized version of the State Soil Map (SSM) on a scale of 1 : 1 M for the European part of Russia are discussed. Sheets of the SSM have been compiled for the entire territory of Russia. For the European part of Russia, they have been digitized, and a corresponding geographic information system has been created. At present, the attribute database to the map is being developed. In the course of the digitization of separate sheets of the map and the creation of a general legend, certain drawbacks of the map have been revealed. They are related to the insufficient completeness of information on the genesis of soil-forming rocks shown on different sheets; to the inconsistency in the names of some soils; and to the use of the same conventional signs for describing the soil texture in the upper horizons and in the parent material, which is incorrect in the case of texture-differentiated soils. The reasons for these drawbacks of the original map are explained. It is stressed that the SSM is a highly informative map that has played a crucial role in the development of pedology and soil cartography in Russia. A digitized version of this map makes it possible to introduce certain corrections to the original map sheets. The essence of the first stage of the work on the correction of the SSM in the digitized version and the methods applied for this purpose are characterized. Problems related to the creation of the database for the digitized version of this map are also discussed.     

水轮机调速器功率调节模式下负荷调节过渡过程稳定性研究

作为电力系统中调峰调频的骨干电源,水电机组负荷调节过渡过程稳定性对电网安全运行及源网协调意义重大。该文采用理论分析及数值仿真的方法对水轮机调速器功率模式下负荷调节过渡过程的稳定性进行了深入分析,得出了以调速器参数为变量的机组运行稳定域,并推导出满足稳定性的判别式。分析了水流惯性、接力器响应特性以及水轮机特性对稳定域的影响,得出水流惯性不利于系统的稳定,而接力器响应特性对系统稳定性有利,及水轮机特性最不利工况为水轮机综合特性系数与水轮机传递系数ey乘积值最大处。该文的研究成果能够准确地找到负荷调节稳定性的最不利工况,有效的指导水轮机调速器功率模式下参数整定,保障水电机组的稳定运行。     

湿干循环下膨胀土渠道边坡的破坏模式及稳定性

针对北疆地区膨胀土渠道因季节性通水导致的边坡失稳破坏问题,通过建立简化地质条件的离心模型试验,得到了湿干循环下膨胀土渠道边坡的变形及破坏特征,提出了由渠道通水、停水引起的湿干循环下膨胀土渠道边坡的破坏模式;在此基础上,利用GeoStudio软件分析了不同裂隙分布形式对膨胀土渠道边坡渗流特性及稳定性的影响。结果表明:运行过程中渠基膨胀土开裂是引起渠道边坡发生浅层失稳破坏的决定性因素;渠道因季节性通水造成的湿干循环作用下膨胀土渠道边坡破坏模式主要由“子土块”剥落破坏及“后缘张拉裂隙的扩展”2种破坏相互混合叠加构成。对比数值模型中不同后缘裂隙深度下渠坡的安全系数可知,当裂隙贯穿区深度为0.5 m时(工况1),对应的安全系数下降幅度约为60%,但此时的安全系数仍较大,渠坡可视为稳定;而当裂隙贯穿区深度继续增加至1 m时,渠道的安全系数下降幅度达到约74%,此刻的安全系数接近一级安全等级阈值(1.25),渠坡虽仍为稳定,但已经具备了失稳的可能。边坡的浅层破坏主要由“子土块”剥落模式决定,而后缘张拉裂隙的扩展对渠坡的失稳起到促进作用。此外,数值模拟结果还显示裂隙的存在加剧了坡面表层土体的孔压波动,易造成表层“子土块”的剥落。研究成果为进一步揭示季节性通水诱发的膨胀土渠道灾变提供了参考依据。