玉垒菌处理猪粪尿技术效果研究

研究了通过引进玉垒菌等微生物,对养猪场粪尿进行生物处理的效果。结果表明,该方法可使猪粪变成优质有机生物肥料,猪粪尿污水污染指标大大下降,能较好地改善养猪场的环境问题。     

Computers and electronics in postharvest technology — a review

The article gives an overview of areas where computers and electronics have made a particular impact on the postharvest industry. These include environmental control and storage, quality monitoring, quality management, grading systems, inventory control, and management of product. Specific examples of the application of electronic systems have been given to illustrate the current state of postharvest technology, and some future predictions have been given. It is likely that consumer demand for improved quality, longer storage life, and guaranteed product safety will continue to grow. In a highly competitive market the industry will need to meet these demands, and electronic technology will play an increasingly important role. Improved sensors to assess quality are still needed, and handling and storage systems are likely to become increasingly sophisticated. In the latter half of the twentieth century technology has contributed much to improve the world's food supply, but it has also generated problems for the wider society, which will require attention in the next millennium.     

高校图书馆与大学生用户情绪管理

高校图书馆的服务状况与大学生用户的情绪变化密切相关。情绪管理对于大学生塑造完善人格具有重要作用。高校图书馆应从资源建设、用户服务、用户管理、环境营造、能力培养等方面加强大学生用户情绪管理,其情绪管理的专门方法主要包括进行沟通疏导和实施阅读疗法。     

Healthy soils for sustainable food production and environmental quality

Soil is the foundation for sustainable food production and environmental protection. Created by unsustainable land management practices and a range of social, economic and environmental drivers, soil degradation and pollution have been an ongoing threat to international food security and environmental quality. Soil degradation and pollution assessments are, however, often focused on the soil itself with little scope to devise new soil management approaches that match food production systems and/or environmental protection. This study draws lessons from an Australia-China Joint Research Center Program, Healthy Soils for Sustainable Food Production and Environmental Quality: a research platform that has brought together multi-disciplinary approaches from world-renowned universities and research organizations in Australia and China. To this end, a framework is presented for future soil management in a new way that combines excellence in research, industry and policymakers in a partnership that will ensure not only the right focus of the research but also that high-quality outputs will be transferable to industry and end-users.     

基于物联网技术的太湖新城环境预警与管理平台设计

针对快速城市化过程中引起的城市近郊环境污染加重,对农业用水和农村生活造成了严重影响的环境问题,以及河网复杂的特点,从区域整体性和系统性的出发,采用物联网技术,借助GIS平台,构建了包括环境自动监测系统、网络传输系统和环境预警及管理系统的太湖新城环境预警与管理平台,为区域环境风险评估与预警平台构建提供技术支撑,并为近郊的农业生产和环境保护提供重要信息。     

养猪业环境外部性内部化的治理对策研究——以死猪漂浮事件为例

上海黄浦江上的死猪漂浮事件,引发公众对公共饮水安全与养猪业环境污染事件的广泛关注。本文基于死猪漂浮事件,运用环境外部性理论,从经济、政策、生态意识和养殖管理等方面,分析了死猪漂浮事件环境外部性形成的原因,以及环境外部性具有公共性、转移性、分散性、随机性等基本特征;并从经济、政策、技术和生态文化建设视角,提出了环境外部性内部化的对策措施。     

Factors Affecting Yield and Yield Components of Main and Ratoon Rice: A Review

Rice ratooning refers to the production of second crop from the stubble after the harvest of main crop.Main and ratoon rice growth and development are affected by different factors.These factors include varieties selection,water management,fertilizer management,stubble height,plant protection practices and external environmental factors such as temperature and light.In this review,we discussed the different factors affecting the yield and yield components of main and ratoon rice.Among these factors the most important and first one is varietal selection.Varieties should be selected according to the requirement of specific area and prefer varieties resistant to insects/pests and diseases.Sufficient amount of water and fertilizer should be supplied.Stubble height of 10-20 cm will resulted in high production of ratoon rice.Too low or too high temperature and light would reduce the grain yield and quality of rice.Optimal temperature is useful for higher yield.It was concluded that by keeping the management practices more efficiently,the yield of main rice as well as ratoon rice could be increased.There is a need of more studies focusing on improvement of the quality of ratoon rice.     

关于加快发展我国绿色饭店的思考

发展绿色饭店对解决日益严重的饭店环境问题具有重要的意义。目前我国发展绿色饭店面临许多困难,应采取相应的对策和措施,如政府鼓励、引导饭店实施ISO14000标准等,以推动和促进饭店环境管理的改善。     

基于空间变异分析的土壤重金属复合污染研究

通过对国内外农田土壤重金属复合污染研究现状的综合分析表明，目前的研究热点包括定量分析重金属复合污染过程的时空变化规律及其影响因素，以及建立区域重金属复合污染环境风险的敏感指标体系和快速测定方法。针对东南沿海区的重金属复合污染问题，需要从“面”尺度对区域污染过程进行空间分析，结合“点”尺度的微观过程研究，加强时空演变过程的定量分析，利用遥感等技术的发展建立环境风险的快速分析评价方法，为区域环境质量的评价、预测与调控提供理论依据。     

Changing governance of the world's forests

Major features of contemporary forest governance include decentralization of forest management, logging concessions in publicly owned commercially valuable forests, and timber certification, primarily in temperate forests. Although a majority of forests continue to be owned formally by governments, the effectiveness of forest governance is increasingly independent of formal ownership. Growing and competing demands for food, biofuels, timber, and environmental services will pose severe challenges to effective forest governance in the future, especially in conjunction with the direct and indirect impacts of climate change. A greater role for community and market actors in forest governance and deeper attention to the factors that lead to effective governance, beyond ownership patterns, is necessary to address future forest governance challenges.     

我国渔药的发展概况和安全使用体系建设研究

介绍了我国渔药的发展概况、渔药使用原则和渔药使用安全体系建设的内容，指出了我国目前渔药使用过程中存在的问题，并提出了相关建议。我国渔药研究是随着鱼病调查和对鱼类病原体研究而开始的。20世纪80年代以前，我国渔药研究偏重于药物筛选、有效浓度、安全浓度、应用范围和给药方法等应用方面，尚未形成商品。20世纪80年代末，随着对细菌性鱼病研究的深入，出现了以鱼服康A型、B型为代表的商品性渔药。渔药科学安全体系建设内容应涵括法规标准制度、渔药管理技术支撑体系、渔药检测及安全评估体系、渔药安全使用和残留监控等。     

我国渔药的发展概况和安全使用体系建设研究

介绍了我国渔药的发展概况、渔药使用原则和渔药使用安全体系建设的内容,指出了我国目前渔药使用过程中存在的问题,并提出了相关建议。我国渔药研究是随着鱼病调查和对鱼类病原体研究而开始的。20世纪80年代以前,我国渔药研究偏重于药物筛选、有效浓度、安全浓度、应用范围和给药方法等应用方面,尚未形成商品。20世纪80年代末,随着对细菌性鱼病研究的深入,出现了以鱼服康A型、B型为代表的商品性渔药。渔药科学安全体系建设内容应涵括法规标准制度、渔药管理技术支撑体系、渔药检测及安全评估体系、渔药安全使用和残留监控等。     

运行中SPF级动物实验室环境指标的监测与分析

[目的]观察运行中SPF级大小鼠动物实验室的环境指标,以指导科学试验和设施管理。[方法]在不同季节、不同动物饲养量和不同管理情况下,按国家标准GB14925-2001测试相关环境指标。[结果]运行中SPF级动物实验室的各项指标稳定,全年温度21～24℃,相对湿度40%～67%,换气次数14.4～17.2次/h,空气洁净度6000～12000级,梯度压差19.8～31.6Pa,噪声37.2～45.0dB,菌落数1.0～2.1个/皿,氨浓度3.2～4.5mg/m^3。[结论]不同季节大气尘浓度的变化对SPF级动物实验室的环境指标无影响,严格管理可保持动态动物实验室的洁净度。     

基于市政综合监管信息的城市生态系统复杂性分析

随着我国城市化进程的不断加快,城市结构日趋复杂,人类活动对生态系统过程和功能的干扰愈发严重,使城市生态系统更加的复杂.城市生态系统是城市居民与其环境相互作用而形成的统一整体,也是人类对自然环境的适应、加工、改造而建设起来的特殊的人工生态系统.城市生态系统的复杂性不但直接体现在其自然、经济和社会三个子系统的结构和过程中,也通过许多市政综合管理要素和对象呈现出来.通过对北京市东城区2009年6月至11月的城市综合监管信息平台立案数据的归类分析,结合东城区地形图和专题图矢量数据,从公用设施类、道路交通类、市容环境类、园林绿化类、房屋土地类、其他设施等因素,分析了东城区城市生态系统及其人类活动的相互关系.把从市政管理信息中提取出的城市管理部件问题与城市生态系统的水、土、气、噪声、视觉污染和固体废弃物等关键要素进行关联分析.通过挖掘东城区生态系统在组成和空间分布上的复杂性和规律性,阐明东城区城市生态系统与人类活动时空关系的复杂性,以期为城市生态系统管理提供借鉴.     

保护地番茄无公害生产技术

从育苗前的准备、播种育苗、定植、定植后管理、病虫害防治等方面总结了保护地番茄无公害生产栽培技术,分析了环境条件和水肥管理都会影响番茄坐果,提出了防止番茄落花落果以及减少空洞果的措施,供广大农技人员参考。     

Factors Affecting Yield and Yield Components of Main and Ratoon Rice:A Review

Rice ratooning refers to the production of second crop from the stubble after the harvest of main crop. Main and ratoon rice growth and development are affected by different factors. These factors include varieties selection, water management,fertilizer management, stubble height, plant protection practices and external environmental factors such as temperature and light.In this review, we discussed the different factors affecting the yield and yield components of main and ratoon rice. Among these factors the most important and first one is varietal selection. Varieties should be selected according to the requirement of specific area and prefer varieties resistant to insects/pests and diseases. Sufficient amount of water and fertilizer should be supplied.Stubble height of 10-20 cm will resulted in high production of ratoon rice. Too low or too high temperature and light would reduce the grain yield and quality of rice. Optimal temperature is useful for higher yield. It was concluded that by keeping the management practices more efficiently, the yield of main rice as well as ratoon rice could be increased. There is a need of more studies focusing on improvement of the quality of ratoon rice.     

环境因子对羊草和冰草根际固氮菌活性的影响

[目的]探讨环境因子对羊草和冰草根际固氮菌活性的影响。[方法]以优良牧草羊草和冰草为试验材料,从其根际中分离筛选出非共生固氮菌,根据固氮菌固氮活性的大小,选出4个固氮活性高的菌株,对其生长条件和营养特性等方面进行了初步研究。[结果]不同的固氮菌对环境温度的要求存在差异,4个菌株最适宜生长温度在30～35℃;在不同的碳源上,4个菌株的生长具有明显差异,但蔗糖是所有菌株都能很好利用的碳源;培养基中高浓度的氮不论是铵态氮还是硝态氮均不利于菌株的生长;4个菌株对环境pH值的要求或耐酸碱的能力上也存在差异。[结论]羊草和冰草根际固氮细菌的应用和固氮作用的发挥与环境条件有密切关系。     

Sustainability and multifunctionality in French farms: Analysis of the implementation of Territorial Farming Contracts

Sustainable agriculture and ways to achieve it are important issues for agricultural policy. However, the concept of sustainability has yet to be made operational in many agricultural situations, and only a few studies so far have addressed the implementation process of sustainable agriculture. This paper provides an assessment of the Territorial Farming Contracts (TFC) – the French model for implementing sustainable agriculture – and aims to give some insights into the ways to facilitate the development of sustainable farming. Using a systems approach, the founding concept of the TFC model, an analysis has been made of the TFCs signed in the Midi-Pyrenees Region in south-western France. The results show that the first aspect of sustainability apparent in farmers’ projects referred to economic objectives. The environmental and social aspects were not foremost in the farming changes undertaken. In addition, the territorial dimension of the TFC was under-addressed. The majority of TFCs reveal a moderate or even low convergence with territorial priorities. These results are explained partly by the dominance of professional farming organizations in the implementation of TFC, and they imply that the organizational social dimensions of sustainability must not be neglected. Mohamed Gafsi is an assistant professor of farm management at the National School of Agronomic Training. He received his PhD in management science at the University of Bourgogne. His research interests include farm management and protection of natural resources, corporate environmental management, sustainable agriculture, and African family farms. Geneviève Nguyen is assistant professor in rural economics at the National Polytechnique Institute – National Superior School of Agronomy, in Toulouse. Her research interests include the dynamics of agrarian institutions in uncertain economies, the supply and organization of services in remote rural areas. Her research has been carried out in Europe, Africa, and Asia. She received her MA in Economics and her PhD in Agricultural Economics from the Ohio State University. Bruno Legagneux is assistant professor of farm management at the National Polytechnique Institute – National Superior School of Agronomy, in Toulouse. His research interests include farm management and the entry of young farmers into farming. Patrice Robin is an engineer agronomist. He received his diploma from the National Superior School of Agronomy, in Montpellier. He is currently a doctoral candidate at the University of Toulouse. His research interests include agriculture and rural development, environmental issues, and food quality.     

杭州湾粪大肠杆菌和异养细菌的分布特征及其环境因子

根据１９９９年５月￣６月的杭州湾现场调查资料,对杭州湾粪大肠肝菌及异养细菌的分布特点进行了研究,并分析了其与环境因子的相关关系。结果表明,杭州湾粪大肠肝菌数量分布主要受陆源性物质的支配,呈现西北高东南低的特征;而异养细菌则主要与浮游植物的数量有关,其分布特征为西南低东部高。与环境因子的相关分析表明粪大肠肝菌和异养细菌除均与水温、盐度相关较高外,前者还与无机磷、而后者则与叶绿素ａ呈现数量上的相关性。     

杭州湾粪大肠杆菌和异养细菌的分布特征及其环境因子

根据１９９９年５月￣６月的杭州湾现场调查资料，对杭州湾粪大肠肝菌及异养细菌的分布特点进行了研究，并分析了其与环境因子的相关关系。结果表明，杭州湾粪大肠肝菌数量分布主要受陆源性物质的支配，呈现西北高东南低的特征；而异养细菌则主要与浮游植物的数量有关，其分布特征为西南低东部高。与环境因子的相关分析表明粪大肠肝菌和异养细菌除均与水温、盐度相关较高外，前者还与无机磷、而后者则与叶绿素ａ呈现数量上的相关性。