小麦赤霉病分段预报初探

目前我们对小麦赤霉病的预报主要是依据小麦生育期与气象条件的吻合程度。在正常年份,小麦生育期相对较易根据叶龄余数进行超前预测,而小麦感病期的天气状况的超前预报目前尚不过关,所以目前小麦赤霉病的预报尚有一定困难,预报的准确性还不够理想。近年来,我们运用小麦生育期中已经出现的天气实况,进行小麦赤霉病的分段预报,取得了初步成效。     

阴山丘陵旱农区水肥效应与耦合模式的研究

在半干旱偏旱区用遮蓬防雨法研究了小麦的水肥效应，表明小麦产量与生育期降水量呈显著正相关，氮，磷肥肥效显著，其效果取决于生育期降水量，生育期降水量少于１０９ｍｍ时，氮磷肥效效应为负值，补充灌溉可以大幅度提高产量和施肥效果，氮肥的施用量应根据４－６月份降水量预报值相应修正。     

汉中小麦条锈病流行程度的判别分析预测

利用汉中市2001-2016年16年的小麦条锈病病情、品种和气象资料,采用逐步判别分析方法,对小麦条锈病的流行程度进行预测,建立了判别函数,回代检验正确判别率为87.5%。可利用该方法作为小麦条锈病预测预报的参考,以指导小麦生产。     

模糊多级判别技术预测小麦叶锈病发生趋势

采用模糊多级判别预测小麦叶锈病发生趋势的方法,对曲阜市１９８３～１９９７年共１５ａ小麦穗期叶锈病发生趋势系统观测资料进行数量分析,建立起小麦叶锈病发生趋势预报模型,拟合率达８６７％,并用现有模型预测１９９８年病害发生等级,预测结果与实际情况相符。为该病害的预测预报提供了新的方法,对指导大田防治有实际意义。     

应用模糊图的最大树聚类法预测小麦白粉病的流行程度

本文利用郯城县6年小麦白粉病资料,并选取了与郯城县小麦白粉病流行程度关系密切的前一年6月份降水量、3月份日平均相对湿度、3月份日照时数和3月下旬雨日等气象因素作为预报因子,应用模糊图的最大树聚类法对小麦白粉病流行程度中期预报进行了初步探讨。首先将包括预报样本(1991     

南阳小麦条锈病监测预警及菌源基地综合治理技术研究与应用

从1991年起对南阳小麦条锈病监控技术进行了长期系统研究。组建了基于冬繁区和春季流行区的大区域流行监测预警技术体系,连续9年应用预报准确率96.7%;建立了以推广抗病品种、适期晚播、药剂包衣和早春防治等技术为主的菌源区综合治理技术体系,并通过加强监测、准确预报、行政推动、强化防控督导等措施,有效控制了小麦条锈病的发生为害。     

小麦中后期草地贪夜蛾为害特征观察

自草地贪夜蛾入侵我国以来,多地出现其幼虫为害麦苗的报道,但其对小麦中后期的为害特征未有明确的描述。为明确草地贪夜蛾幼虫期与黄淮海麦区小麦生育期吻合时能否造成危害,本文通过在河南新乡、北京延庆进行田间笼罩和网室接虫试验,对草地贪夜蛾在小麦中后期上的为害特征进行了系统观测。结果表明,4月－6月草地贪夜蛾可以为害小麦;罩网情况下草地贪夜蛾可以取食小麦叶片、叶鞘,钻蛀小穗,造成蛀孔,还可以啃食小麦籽粒。在平均百株虫量为6头的网室内,平均被害穗率为11.0%。被害穗剥检发现,蛀孔率平均为17.80%,最高可达35.48%。研究结果为麦田草地贪夜蛾的预测预报和有效防控提供了参考。但本结果仅为笼罩条件下的数据,在田间自然状态下草地贪夜蛾幼虫对中后期小麦的为害情况有待进一步研究。     

小麦赤霉病稳健预报

通过对小麦赤霉病病情资料标准化处理,避免伪相关预报因子影响预报效果,充分利用病穗率资料信息,限制其误差对预报方程造成过大偏离。提高了原预报方程的稳健性。做到长、中、短期预报相结合,逐步修正。并使赤霉病预报、小麦齐穗期预报和天气预报相结合,综合分析,相互补充。     

小麦引进品种对小麦黄花叶病的田间抗性鉴定

利用田间抗性鉴定方法对110个小麦引进品种在自然病圃区进行了对小麦黄花叶病的抗性鉴定。结果表明 ,不同小麦品种对小麦黄花叶病抗性有显著差异 ,抗性较好的品种有55个 ,其中有34个品种生育期接近于扬麦158,且田间性状较好。     

平舆县小麦黄花叶病发生的气象条件分析和预报模型研究

小麦黄花叶病的发生与气象因素关系密切。为探索其相关关系和关联度,根据平舆县小麦黄花叶病发生面积和气象因子进行回归分析,建立预报模型。通过分析,小麦黄花叶病发生与秋季降水量和平均气温关系密切。通过模型拟合和预测验证,平均吻合度96.30%,预测准确性为94.03%。     

陇东黄土高原主要农作物生长状况评定指标体系的建立

以陇东黄土高原主要农作物冬小麦、玉米为研究对象,提出了作物生长势的基本概念,同时分析了冬小麦、玉米各发育期生长势的影响因素,最后以生长势为量化指标,建立了陇东地区冬小麦、玉米不同发育时段生长状况评定指标体系。该体系可使农作物生长状况评定由定性向定量,由多要素向单要素转化,不但剔除了评定的不确定因素和模糊因素以及主观误差,而且使评定方法更加简便、科学。     

河北省冬小麦气候适宜度动态模型的建立及应用

运用模糊数学理论结合前人研究成果,建立了冬小麦温度、降水、日照隶属度模型和气候适宜度模型,分别计算了河北省冬小麦1960～2005历年全生育期和各发育期的温度隶属度、降水隶属度、日照的隶属度和气候适宜度.结果表明,河北省冬小麦温度隶属度和日照隶属度较大,光热资源一般条件下能够满足冬小麦生长发育要求,降水隶属度较小,降水条件是冬小麦产量形成的限制因素.冬小麦气候适宜度为下降趋势,10年下降速率为0.012.冬小麦各发育期气候适宜度以分蘖期、返青期、拔节期变化幅度较大,这与河北省的天气特点是一致的.     

A comparative assessment of potential components of partial disease resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium</Emphasis> head blight using a detached leaf assay of wheat,barley and oats

The relative resistance of 15 winter barley, three winter wheat and three winter oat cultivars on the UK recommended list 2003 and two spring wheat cultivars on the Irish 2003 recommended list were evaluated using Microdochium nivale in detached leaf assays to further understand components of partial disease resistance (PDR) and Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance across cereal species. Barley cultivars showed incubation periods comparable to, and latent periods longer than the most FHB resistant Irish and UK wheat cultivars evaluated. In addition, lesions on barley differed from those on wheat as they were not visibly chlorotic when placed over a light box until sporulation occurred, in contrast to wheat cultivars where chlorosis of the infected area occurred when lesions first developed. The pattern of delayed chlorosis of the infected leaf tissue and longer latent periods indicate that resistances are expressed in barley after the incubation period is observed, and that these temporarily arrest the development of mycelium and sporulation. Incubation periods were longer for oats compared to barley or wheat cultivars. However, oat cultivars differed from both wheat and barley in that mycelial growth was observed before obvious tissue damage was detected under macroscopic examination, indicating tolerance of infection rather than inhibition of pathogen development, and morphology of sporodochia differed, appearing less well developed and being much less abundant. Longer latent periods have previously been related to greater FHB resistance in wheat. The present results suggest the longer latent periods of barley and oat cultivars, than wheat, are likely to play a role in overall FHB resistance if under the same genetic control as PDR components expressed in the head. However the limited range of incubation and latent periods observed within barley and oat cultivars evaluated was in contrast with wheat where incubation and latent periods were shorter and more variable among genotypes. The significance of the various combinations of PDR components detected in the detached leaf assay as components of FHB resistance in each crop requires further investigation, particularly with regard to the apparent tolerance of infection in oats and necrosis in barley, after the incubation period is observed, associated with retardation of mycelial growth and sporulation.     

甘肃黄土高原主要农作物水分胁迫敏感性

利用甘肃黄土高原几个代表站点气候、物候、产量、土壤水分等资料,计算了本区几种主要农作物在不同生育时段对水分胁迫的敏感系数。结果表明,不同作物在不同时段对水分亏缺的敏感性有所不同,冬小麦在孕穗—开花期的敏感系数最大,冬前苗期和返青拔节期的敏感系数较大,不同的地方这两个阶段的敏感性大小不同;玉米在拔节—抽雄期敏感系数较大,抽雄—灌浆期次之;春小麦只存在一个敏感性高值区,即拔节—开花期,其余时段敏感性较小。     

策勒县农作物节水灌溉模式初步研究

农业节水技术的实质在于提高水分利用效率,通过对冬小麦,棉花,玉米三种作物的管灌试验,结合土壤水分,作物生长状况以及气象等诸要素的系统监测,初步确定了当地通常年份下的作物灌溉期和灌溉量,为建立适于当地条件的灌溉模式提供了理论依据。     

河北省冬小麦生长和产量对气候变化的响应

利用河北省1981-2007年冬小麦产量资料和冬麦区23个农业气象站点冬小麦全生育期观测资料、逐日气象资料,采用最小二乘法、相关分析、通径分析等方法,分析冬小麦生长发育和产量对气候变化的响应。结果表明:冬小麦冬前各生育期、北部麦区起身期、中南部抽穗－开花期平均气温下降,其他发育期平均气温升高;各发育期平均日照时数减少;降水总量冬前增加,冬后减少。冬小麦冬前生育期延后,冬后生育期提前;播种－分蘖期和抽穗－成熟期延长,其他发育期缩短,实际生长天数变化不大。不同生育期内气象要素对冬小麦发育进程和产量影响不同:气温是影响发育进程的主要气象因子,各发育期内均有较大影响;降水对返青后发育进程影响较大;日照主要影响灌浆成熟期。北部麦区气象产量主要受冬前分蘖期、越冬期、起身－拔节期的气温,开花－成熟期的气温和日照,拔节－抽穗期的降水量影响;中南部麦区气象产量主要受全生育期降水量(以返青－抽穗期最为突出)、开花－成熟期的气温和日照影响。     

Quantifying the impacts of soil water stress on the winter wheat growth in an arid region, Xinjiang

Wheat growth in response to soil water deficit play an important role in yield stability. A field experiment was conducted for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during the period of 2002-2005 to evaluate the effects of limited irrigation on winter wheat growth. 80%, 70%, 60%, 50% and 40% of field capacity was applied at different stages of crop growth. Photosynthetic characteristics of winter wheat, such as photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, photosynthetically active radiation, and soil water content, root and shoot dry mass accumulation were measured, and the root water uptake and water balance in different layer were calculated. Based on the theory of unsaturated dynamic, a one-dimensional numerical model was developed to simulate the effect of soil water movement on winter wheat growth using Hydrus-1 D. The soil water content of stratified soil in the experimental plot was calculated under deficit irrigation. The results showed that, in different growing periods, evapotranspiration, grain yield, biomass, root water up- take, water use efficiency, and photosynthetic characteristics depended on the controlled ranges of soil water content. Grain yield response to irrigation varied considerably due to differences in soil moisture contents and irrigation scheduling between seasons. Evapotranspiration was largest in the high soil moisture treatment, and so was the biomass, but this treatment did not produce the highest grain yield and root water uptake was relatively low. Maximum depth of root water uptake is from the upper 80 cm in soil profile in jointing stage and dropped rapidly upper 40 cm after heading stage, and the velocity of root water uptake in latter stage was less than that in middle stage. The effect of limited irrigation treatment on photosynthesis was complex owing to microclimate. But root water uptake increased linearly with harvest yield and improvement in the latter gave better root water uptake under limited irrigation conditions. Appropriately controlled soil wate     

甘肃河西冬季平均冻土深度对春小麦生育期的影响

利用甘肃河西分布较为均匀的11个站点冬季平均冻土资料,分析冻土的年际变化特征,并分析了冻土深度对春小麦生育期的影响效应.结果表明:近45年来,甘肃河西冬季冻土深度的变化呈现出波动中逐年减小的趋势,其减小速率为5.5 cm/10a;甘肃河西西部、中部和东部的春小麦生育期均有提前趋势,中部提前趋势最为明显;冬季冻土深度与东部和西部春小麦生育期相关性显著,与中部的酒泉站春小麦生育期相关性较差,仅与出苗和三叶期相关性较好;春小麦生育期随冻土深度的增加而推迟,西部的敦煌推迟速率为1.8～2.4 d/10cm,中部的酒泉推迟速率为1.9～2.1 d/10cm,东部的武威推迟速率为1.3～3.0 d/10cm,变化范围较大.     

黄土丘陵区旱地春小麦气候适宜度及其变化特征——以定西市李家堡乡麻子川村为例

为应对气候变暖对农业生产的影响,定量评价气候要素对春小麦生长的影响,运用模糊数学理论和滑动平均模拟法,利用前人建立的气候适宜度模型,进行春小麦气温、降水、日照隶属度模型和气候适宜度模型的研究。结果表明：春小麦全生育期气温、降水适宜度呈下降趋势,而日照无明显变化趋势。生育期内日照适宜度最高,气温次之,降水适宜度最低。苗期降水适宜度最低,抽穗期次之,气温适宜度苗期最低,变异系数最大,表明苗期的降水和气温是影响春小麦生长的关键,其次是抽穗期。降水是制约旱地春小麦生长最关键的气候因素,且气候适宜度随气候变化呈下降趋势,并在各发育阶段和年际变化过程中都呈不稳定波动状态,对春小麦生长具有极显著的负效应。全球气候变化增加了黄土丘陵区春小麦生产的气候风险。     

多旋翼植保无人机在小麦不同生育期飞防飞行参数优选初探

为提高多旋翼植保无人机的施药效果和效率,应用多旋翼植保无人机(型号为大疆T16和大疆T20)在小麦不同生育期进行飞防作业试验,研究在小麦不同生育期不同飞行参数对雾滴沉积特性的影响.结果表明,两种机型在小麦返青起身期和灌浆期的飞行高度和飞行速度对雾滴数量和覆盖度影响明显;雾滴数量和覆盖度与飞行速度、飞行高度均呈负相关.应...