生态清洁小流域主要评价指标研究

基于生态清洁小流域广泛的关注度及其评价指标体系的稀缺性,为了建立基本、易行的生态清洁小流域评价指标体系,统计了130余篇前人研究成果和相关法规、标准,梳理出43个小流域生态评价指标体系,共计671项参评指标。采用频次分析、相关性分析法,结合指标的代表性、系统性、差异性和可获取性,从小流域水环境、生态系统、土壤状况、人类社会与经济发展4个方面,筛选出了14个能够反映小流域生态清洁整体状况的关键性评价指标。     

小流域治理环境质量综合评价指标体系研究

分析、研究了小流域治理效益评价的常用指标，提出了小流域环境质量综合评价指标体系。指标体系由流域生态环境、农村环境和社会经济3类指标和17个子指标构成，从整体上反映小流域治理后环境质量的改善、生态资源储备价值的增值和区域可持续发展能力的变化，为小流域治理的规划、设计、环境质量评价和验收管理提供科学依据。     

基于集对分析模型的水土保持工程效益后评价研究

[目的]建立一个科学合理的水土保持效益后评价指标体系对水土保持工程进行效益评价,为小流域的生态治理提供科学后评估依据。[方法]综合分析小流域水土保持工程特性和影响水土保持工程效益的关键因素,识别和选取水土保持工程效益后评价的13项关键指标,建立小流域工程效益后评价指标体系,运用层次分析法和熵值法改进评价指标的权重,结合评价指标数据和指标评价标准应用改进的集对分析模型开展工程效益后评价研究。[结果]改进的集对分析模型结果表明,评价指标体系中水保效益、生态效益、社会效益,流域水土保持工程效益评价总体处于2级水平,流域治理的成效显著、可供开发的空间和潜力较大。[结论]该方法是一种有效地针对小流域的水土保持工程效益评价的新方法。在构建水土保持工程效益后评价指标体系的基础上,将该方法运用到水土保持工程效益后评价中,基本达到了预期的研究目的。     

干旱区流域水文生态系统质量综合评价研究--以新疆自治区玛纳斯河流域为例

根据玛纳斯河流域水文生态现状和存在的主要问题,构建了由3层19项指标组成的综合评价指标体系;基于层次分析法进行了指标权重分配,确定了评价标准和两级模糊综合评判法,并以玛纳斯河流域为例进行了实例验证。结果表明,水文气象要素和生态环境要素对玛纳斯河流域水文生态系统质量影响较大,两者对很差级别的隶属度分别高达38.4%和47.0%,而社会经济要素相对较好,对良级别的隶属度高达59.2%,总体来说该流域水文生态系统质量较差。评价结果与实际情况基本相符,说明层次分析法和两级模糊综合评判法在干旱区流域水文生态系统质量综合评价中具有一定的应用价值。     

黄土丘陵区生态农业建设效益评价指标体系初步研究

总结了评价指标体系的概念，阐述了构建评价指标体系的目的应遵循的基本原则，依据生态农业建设的系统特征和指标间的前后、左右关系理清了评价指标体系的结构，初步建立起了适用于黄土丘陵区的生态农业建设效益评价指标体系，并对一些新指标或重要指标进行了解析，最后以燕沟流域为例，检验了评价指标体系的实证应用效果。     

石漠化地区小流域生态系统健康定量评价

以石漠化地区竹林河小流域为例,从资源环境、社会经济人文和生态综合功能3方面,选择15个因素作为评价指标因子,建立该流域的生态系统评价指标体系.以精度较高的标准差系数法确定指标权重,运用灰色关联度分析方法建立流域生态系统综合评价模型,对其生态系统健康状况进行定量评价.结果表明,该环境系统健康状况相对稳定,健康指数呈逐年上...     

岩溶地区石漠化小流域可持续发展评价

运用频度统计法、理论分析法和专家咨询法,构建由资源、环境、经济和社会4个准则层17项指标组成的简单、实用的岩溶地区石漠化小流域可持续发展评价指标体系,并以金沙县5条小流域（水井湾小流域、小洋溪小流域、楠木溪小流域、伍所河小流域、干沟小流域）为例,采用2010年统计数据,运用改进的阂值法进行指标数据的标准化处理,采用层次分析法确定指标的权重,运用线性加权评价模型计算可持续发展度,对岩溶地区石漠化小流域进行可持续发展定量评价。结果表明5条小流域均未达到可持续发展水平。指出石漠化小流域可持续发展的主要贡献指标,并分析各小流域可持续发展的主要限制因素,以为小流域的综合治理提供参考,促进小流域的可持续发展。     

中尺度生态农业建设效益评价指标体系研究

作者首先提出了中尺度生态农业建设效益的评价指标体系,然后运用“层次分析法”确定了各个指标的权重,并以燕沟流域为对象对这一指标体系进行了验证。     

基于层次分析法的干旱内陆河流域生态环境需水评价——以新疆台兰河流域为例

干旱内陆河流域生态环境需水综合评价是一个多层次,多目标的综合决策问题,同时是干旱区水资源合理配置与管理,生态环境保护与建设中最为关键的科学问题之一。根据台兰河流域的实际情况和环境问题,构建评价干旱内陆河流域生态环境需水状况的指标体系;该指标体系由3个层次38个评估因子组成;通过分级量化指标,用层次分析法对指标进行权重分析,提出了内陆河流域生态环境需水状况评判标准和具体的评价方法。结果显示,水资源因素对台兰河流域生态环境需水的影响最大,生态环境因素和经济社会因素次之,影响最小的是自然因素。水资源因素、生态环境因素、经济社会因素和自然因素之间相互关联,共同作用导致流域生态环境需水综合状况。评价结果与实际情况基本相符,证明层次分析方法在评价干旱内陆河流域生态环境需水状况中具有一定的应用价值。     

基于模糊数学理论的川南地区典型小流域生态清洁度综合评价

[目的]评价川南地区典型生态清洁小流域清溪谷小流域的生态清洁程度,以期有效指导山区各级生态清洁小流域建设工程实施方案的制定,同时为类似区域生态清洁小流域建设及其效果评价提供科学理论与数据支持。[方法]依据科学性、代表性、可操作性、适用性等原则,结合清溪谷小流域的自然、社会和经济特征,采用模糊数学法和层次分析法构建川南地区清溪谷典型小流域生态清洁度的综合评价指标体系框架。[结果]清溪谷典型小流域生态清洁度的综合评价指标体系包含生态区、生产区、生活区3个子系统,初选沟道水文形态、农业用地比例、生活污水处理率等24项作为评价指标。流域水系整治及水土流失综合治理的生态指标所占权重为0.247,生态农业发展指标所占权重为0.373,人居环境整治所占权重为0.380。清溪谷典型小流域生态清洁度综合评价指数分值为0.772,达到"清洁"等级。清溪谷生态清洁小流域系统处于良性、协调、稳定的发展状态。[结论]通过生态清洁小流域建设,改善了当地农业生产条件,完善了产业结构调整,有效控制了面源污染,提供了洁净的水源、优美的生态和人居环境,促进了流域水土资源、生态环境和经济社会的可持续发展。     

Participatory soil and water conservation planning using a financial analysis tool in the West Usambara highlands of Tanzania

Despite decades of soil and water conservation (SWC) efforts in Tanzania, the adoption of the recommended SWC measures by farmers is minimal. In the past, SWC plans did not incorporate farmers' knowledge, and the economics of SWC was not given much attention at the planning stage. This research evaluated the applicability of two tools for participatory soil erosion mapping using farmers' indicators of soil erosion and financial analysis of SWC measures at the planning stage. The two tools were evaluated in Kwalei catchment in the West Usambara highlands, Tanzania. The participatory soil erosion‐mapping tool uses farmers' indicators of soil erosion to identify, classify and map soil erosion at the catchment level. The financial analysis tool involves farmers in a stepwise analysis of the costs and benefits of SWC measures before the implementation. The erosion‐mapping tool increased farmers' awareness on the severity of soil erosion problems, and they realised the need for SWC plans at both field and catchment scales. With the financial analysis tool farmers participated in the cost and benefits analysis and were able to select SWC options that were feasible under their socio‐economic situation. The two tools were able to demonstrate that farmers' participation in SWC planning increases the acceptance of SWC measures because they solve problems that are perceived by themselves. The financial analysis tool demonstrated how farmers could make selection of SWC measures that are feasible under their biophysical and economic condition if they are informed about the costs and benefits. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Heavy‐Metal Losses from an Agroforestry Catchment

Abstract

Long‐term agricultural sustainability and water quality are impacted by different chemicals, including heavy metals. Heavy‐metal losses at the catchment scale depend largely on land‐management practices. Water‐quality indicators are required near soil‐quality indicators for different regions and farming systems. The purpose of this work is to analyze the heavy‐metal losses from a mixed agroforestry catchment. Iron (Fe), Magnesium (Mn), Zinc (Zn), and Copper (Cu) were measured in the drainage water of a 36.3 km² catchment located at the Valiñas River (Coruña, northwest Spain), and a total of 193 samples were collected during the course of 2003. The sampling strategy was a stratified point sampling involving more frequent sampling when flow was high. Water metal content was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP‐AES). The content ranges of dissolved heavy metals were as follows: Fe between 10 and 267 µg/L, Mn 0.2 and 77 µg/L, Zn 0.62 and 53.7 µg/L, and Cu 0.20 and 9.26 µg/L. Heavy metal content strongly varied along the study time, depending on storm flow but also on timing of animal‐waste applications.     

近15年来洮儿河流域土地利用变化研究

流域土地利用/覆盖变化研究是当前全球变化研究的重要内容。通过对1986和2000年洮儿河流域两期Landsat-TM遥感影像资料的解译,在ArcGIS技术的支持下,采用土地利用转移矩阵、土地利用综合指数和重心模型等数学方法,探讨了洮儿河流域近15年来的土地利用变化过程。近15年来,流域内耕地面积明显增加,林地面积明显下降,草地面积略有上升,水域面积略有下降。流域上游林地减少主要转为草地,部分转为耕地,林地重心向流域东南方向漂移;流域中下游草地被大面积垦殖为耕地,并有部分转为林地。草地重心向流域上游西北方向漂移;耕地面积明显增加,重心也明显向流域中游漂移,并有部分耕地转为林地和草地。洮儿河流域土地利用程度逐渐增强,土地利用程度综合指数明显上升,流域开发有加强趋势。     

Application of the EROSION 3D model to the CATSOP watershed, The Netherlands

This paper describes the application of the EROSION 3D soil erosion model to the CATSOP catchment in the Netherlands using data of 10 storms from the period of 1987 to 1993. Based on observed runoff data the model was calibrated by adjusting initial soil moisture. The computations result in a raster map showing the spatial pattern of predicted erosion and deposition within the catchment. The map corresponds qualitively well with reality. For a quantitative evaluation, the model results were compared with observed sediment data measured at the channel when it leaves the catchment. The comparison shows that simulated soil loss was generally too high. This discrepancy might be caused by weak input data and the presence of processes—such as erosion and deposition within the channel—which are not covered by the model.     

泥石流流域降雨的产流与产沙研究

泥石流流域产流产沙与其他流域产流产沙不同 ,有其独特的特点。以云南东川蒋家沟为例 ,研究人工降雨下的小坡面产流产沙 ,自然降雨下的大坡面产流产沙 ,降雨的流域无泥石流时产流产沙和降雨的流域有泥石流时产流产沙 ,给出了相应的计算公式 ,并分别对比了各种情况下产流和产沙实测值与计算值 ,取得了较好的结果。     

Modelling of snowmelt erosion and sediment yield in a small low-mountain catchment in Germany

Temporal variability and spatial heterogeneity of surface runoff generation triggers the dynamics of source areas of sediment and sediment-associated nutrient transport. Reliable modelling of hydrological special situations i.e. snowmelt is of high importance for the quality of erosion and sediment yield modelling. Data from the research catchment Schäfertal demonstrate the individuality of snowmelt events in terms of runoff coefficient and delivery ratio. This 1.44 km² low mountain catchment is characterised by a high portion of arable land with a winter grain/winter rape crop rotation. The integrated winter erosion and nutrient load model (IWAN) considers these dynamic aspects by coupling a hydrological model with a sediment load model. Cell size of this raster-based approach is 10 × 10 m². Additionally, snowmelt rill erosion is simulated with a newly developed physically based model that is firstly applied on a catchment scale. A sensitivity analysis of this model system component demonstrates the plausibility of the model approach and the overall robustness of the model system IWAN. The results of the long-term hydrological modelling from 1991 to 2003 are reliable and form the basis for the simulation of six snowmelt events which were observed in the Schäfertal catchment. The estimated total runoff volumes for these events match the observations well. The modelled overland runoff coefficients vary from 0.001 to 0.72. The mean values of cell erosion, which were modelled with one set of parameters for all six events range from 0.0006 to 0.96 t ha^− 1. The total modelled erosion for the events with unfrozen soil and low amount of surface runoff is of a factor 50 below those with partly frozen soil. In addition to these distinctions, the major differences are caused by flow accumulation in shallow depressions in variable parts of the catchment. However, the validation of these results on the single event scale is restricted due to limited spatial data. Total simulated sediment yield at the catchment outlet was as high as 13.84 t which underestimates the observed values, with the exception of one event. Oversimplification of the modelled channel processes may be a reason. The temporal variability and spatial heterogeneity of the surface roughness parameter, which was identified to be sensitive, also causes uncertainty in the parameter estimation. Despite these findings, the model system IWAN was applied successfully on the catchment scale and the simulated results are reliable.     

利用农民指标评估中国云南省坡地土壤耕作系统的可持续性研究

Diversity in the biophysical and socio-economic attributes of agricultural systems makes them uniquely niche based. Farmers are expert in local biophysical and socio-economic situations and can contribute in developing pragmatic indicators of agro-environmental development. During evaluation of an agricultural research project in Yunnan, China, local farmers were capable of evaluating the effects of modified technologies on existing cropping systems and discussed their attitudes to the interventions using their own indicators. Farmers’ response can be grouped into seven major aspects: i) effects on income, ii) effects on production resources, iii) effects on crop management, iv) existing local knowledge about the technology, v) availability of inputs, vi) access to information, and vii) socio-economic conditions of farming households. Farmers concluded that environmental conditions in the experimental catchment in comparison to an adjacent untreated catchment were better in terms of soil and water losses, vegetation cover and natural resources, infrastructures and catchment management, use of environmentally-friendly technologies, and crop productivity. Success in soil and water conservation programmes depends on the efforts of the farmers and other local users and their greater involvement helps to identify more pragmatic indicators. Furthermore, it increases ownership of the programme, enhances interactions with the project scientists, increases farmers’ awareness of agro-environmental problems and their possible consequences. These development will enable scientists to develop better targeted interventions and increase the likelihood of adoption of tested technologies by local communities. The use of paired adjacent catchments improved evaluation activities and is proposed as good practice for future catchment improvement programmes.     

初咱磨子沟泥石流特征及危险性评价研究

泥石流的爆发势必对居民的生命财产安全带来直接危害,因此研究该泥石流沟的动力学特征及预测评价其危险性对合理制定泥石流防治措施,确保工程运行具有重要意义。根据泥石流形成条件及发育特征分析,初咱磨子沟再次爆发泥石流的可能性较大;在对该沟进行实地调查所获资料的基础上,对其泥石流的动力学特征进行计算,并利用所选取的14个评价因子采用层次分析法对其危险性做了定量评价。研究发现,该沟泥石流的危险度为65.75,属高度危险,研究结果可为初咱磨子沟泥石流防治工程及防灾减灾提供可靠的依据。     

Monitoring of heavy metals in protected forest catchments in Sweden

Long-term integrated catchment monitoring within the Swedish Environmental Monitoring Programme (PMK) aims primarely at the fate and effects of pollutants in mature ecosystems, mainly protected boreal forests. The measurements that were conducted since the early eighties, with some variation, included deposition, throughfall, litterfall and the chemistry of soil water, groundwater and runoff water.Together with, or perhaps partly due to acidification, accumulation and transport of heavy metals are a serious threat to the ecosystem and in the end to the health of human beings. This paper discuss the behaviour of Hg, Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu based on the experiece gained from the studies in the small catchment areas. The importance of present deposition, soil storage and biogeochemical condition for metal mobility to the transport of metals is discussed The storages of Hg and Pb have been built up during a long time span and are very large in comparison with the flux. The present atmospheric deposition have probably little impact on the flux, which rather is governed by the biogeochemical conditions. There is still a small accumulation of Cd, but its great mobility under acidic conditions makes input and output almost in balance. A reduction in deposition will probably have an immediate effect on flux, which also is the case for Zn. Cu generally accumulates in soil. The mobility and hence the flux are certainly regulated by the biogeochemical conditions, but more detailed studies are required to reveal the general mecanisms for Cu transport within the catchment.     

黄土高原昕水河流域径流变化及其对环境要素的响应

以黄土高原昕水河流域为对象,采用有序聚类等数理统计方法,诊断了近60 a来实测径流的变化及其阶段性特征,在此基础上,分析了不同阶段实测径流与气候要素之间的响应关系,初步揭示了径流演变的驱动机制。结果表明:近60 a来昕水河流域实测径流量以1965年和1979年为分割点总体呈现阶段性减少趋势,其中,21世纪以来减少尤其明显。不同阶段的年降水、径流关系有一定差异,相比而言,汛期（6—10月份）的月降水量与径流量具有相对较好的相关关系,非汛期（11—5月份）的月降水径流关系点群散乱。积雪及融雪对河川径流量的影响存在±5℃阈值,当气温介于该阈值区间,气温变化对河川径流影响较大。昕水河流域汛期产流受高强度降水支配,非汛期径流量以地下径流和融雪径流为主。人类活动对河川径流的影响有增大趋势。