Index Lists provided by the VAMPP computer programme for dairy herd health and production control. IV. Interpretation and analysis of data on Index List 4

In a series of 4 papers computerized herd reports on various aspects of dairy farming, the Index Lists, are presented for herd health and production control purposes. This fourth paper regards Index List 4 on nutritional disorders, body condition and ration composition. The information from this list is suitable to monitor nutritional efficiency and feeding management, especially when used in combination with information from the other index lists. Methods for interpretation and evaluation of the data listed are provided. Evaluations should take into account the aspects related to nutrition. It is demonstrated how deviations of index figures are detected and how advice to farm management is built up by means of actual information and prompt computerized analysis.     

Veterinary herd health and production control on dairy farms III. Index list on reproduction and lameless

In a previous paper an introduction was presented to a veterinary herd health and production control program consists of a coupled basic system and a flexible system. The basic system is built up from farm visit activities and a standard registration system. In the latter, four index lists play a key role. These index lists cover all relevant farm aspects with regard to the efficiency of milk production, calf production and cow replacement. Index figures are built up or calculated from data collected by both the farmer and the veterinarian. Their function is to signalize unwanted situations or problems at an early stage and to serve as basic information for analysis, solving and prevention of problems. Problem analysis is performed by means of the flexible system, which indicates to what extent actions are needed.After a previous paper concerning index list 1 on milk production and udder health, this paper presents index list 2 on reproduction and lamenes. Both farm aspects are related to the economic results achieved on the farm. The development, significance and implementation of the index figures in list 2 are presented. Relationships with figures in other index lists are discussed. Reference values are given where applicable.     

Index Lists provided by the VAMPP computer programme for dairy herd health and production control. III. Interpretation and analysis of data on Index List 3

In a series of four papers computerized herd reports for dairy herd health and production control purposes, the Index Lists, are presented. This third paper deals with Index List 3 on youngstock rearing and cow culling. The information from this list is suitable for monitoring rearing efficiency and culling policy in a veterinary herd health and production control programme, especially when used in combination with information from the other index lists. Methods for interpretation and evaluation of the data are provided. It is demonstrated how prompt computerized analysis of current information is used to detect deviations in index figures and to advise the farmer.     

Veterinary herd health and production control on dairy farms II. Index list on milk production and udder health

In a previous paper an introduction was presented to a veterinary herd health and production control program. This program consists of a basic system and a flexible system. The basic system is built up from a standard on-farm and program registration system and from farm visit activities. In the registration system four index lists play a key role. These index lists comprise all relevant farm aspects with regard to the efficiency of milk production, calf production and cow replacement. Problem analysis is performed by means of the flexible system which indicates to what extent action for problem solving is needed.This paper presents index list 1 on milk production performance and udder health. Both aspects are of crucial importance to the economic results achieved on the farm. The index figures in list 1 serve to signalize unwanted situations or problems in relation to the aspects mentioned on the other lists. Index figures are built up from data collected on the farm by both the farmer and the veterinarian, and they serve as the basis for further analysis, solving and prevention of problems.The development, significance and implementation of the index figures in list 1 are presented. Reference values are given where applicable.     

Index LISTS provided by the VAMPP computer programme for dairy herd health and production control

Summary

In a series of 4 papers computerized herd reports on various aspects of dairy farming, the Index Lists, are presented for herd health and production control purposes. This fourth paper regards Index List 4 on nutritional disorders, body condition and ration composition. The information from this list is suitable to monitor nutritional efficiency and feeding management, especially when used in combination with information from the other index lists.

Methods for interpretation and evaluation of the data listed are provided. Evaluations should take into account the aspects related to nutrition. It is demonstrated how deviations of index figures are detected and how advice to farm management is built up by means of actual information and prompt computerized analysis.     

Index Lists provided by the VAMPP computer programme for dairy herd health and production control. II. Interpretation and analysis of data on Index List 2

In a series of four papers computerized herd reports on various aspects of dairy farming, the Index Lists, are presented for herd health and production control purposes. This second paper presents Index List 2, on calving, breeding efficiency and lameness. The information from this list is suitable to monitor herd performance, especially when used in combination with information from other index lists. Methods for interpretation and evaluation of the data listed are provided. Evaluations should take those aspects related to reproduction and lameness into account. The use of current information and prompt computerized analysis in detecting deviations in index figures and providing advice to farm management is discussed.     

低血糖生成指数液态奶的开发及测试

为获得营养均衡的调制牛奶,满足人体的多种营养需求,添加多种维生素和矿物质,设计出一款适用于糖尿病人、亚健康人群、体重管理、皮肤管理等人群饮用的低血糖生成指数（Glycemic Index,GI）的牛奶。稳定性试验结果表明,静置12 天后,牛奶无显著脂肪上浮,体系稳定性良好;人体GI值试验结果表明,调制牛奶的餐后血糖值上升和下降均较葡萄糖餐后血糖值平稳,有较好稳定餐后血糖的效果,表明开发的调制牛奶为低GI食品（GI值=22.86）。人体饱腹感试验结果显示,和普通纯牛奶对比,调制牛奶具有显著提高饱腹感的效果。     

Veterinary herd health and production service on dairy farms V. Index list on metabolic/nutritional diseases,body condition score and ration composition

The Herd Health and Production Service program for use in veterinary dairy practice, introduced here, is comprised of a basic system and a flexible system. The basic system is a uniform system of data recording, standard veterinary activities and problem detection. In this system 4 index lists play a key role. These 4 lists consist of the parameters or index figures which are relevant to the efficiency of milk production, calf production and cow replacement. Data on milk production, health status and reproduction of both the herd and individual cows are collected by the farmer and the veterinarian, and translated into index figures.This paper introduces List “4” with index figures for the control of nutritional disorders, body condition and ration formulation. The index figures aid in the detection of unsatisfactory situations at early stages. They form the basis for further analysis, remedial action and prevention of problems. The development, significance and implementation of the index figures are presented. Relationships with index figures from other lists are shown. Objectives and reference values for monitoring nutritional efficiency are given where applicable.     

Veterinary herd health and production service on dairy farms IV. Index list on calf rearing and cow culling

The Herd Health and Production Service program for use in veterinary dairy practice is comprised of a basic and a flexible system. The basic system is a uniform system of data recording, standard veterinary activities and problem detection. In problem detection 4 index lists play a key role. The 4 comprise of the parameters or index figures that are relevant in monitoring the efficiency of milk production, calf rearing and cow replacement. Data on milk production, health status and reproduction of both individual animals and the herd are collected by the farmer and the veterinarian and transformed into index figures.This paper introduces index list “3”, with index figures for the monitoring of calf rearing and cow culling as parts of a herd health program. The development, implementation and significance of the index figures are presented. The index figures serve to detect unsatisfactory farm situations or problems in calf rearing and in cow culling. They trigger further investigation and aid the solution to and prevention of problems. Relationships with farm parameters mentioned in other index lists are also considered. Objectives and reference values where applicable are provided.     

Heat stress in dairy cattle and other livestock under southern African conditions. I. Temperature-humidity index mean values during the four main seasons

The Livestock Weather Safety Index (LWSI) indicates that in large areas of South Africa and South West Africa/Namibia and for prolonged periods of the year warm conditions are causing heat stress in food-producing animals, especially dairy cattle, thereby hampering their performance. South Africa and South West Africa/Namibia have been mapped according to a modified LWSI, which includes the critical "temperature-humidity index" value for milk production. The importance of heat stress in dairy cattle is discussed relative to such areas.     

Extent and economic effect of heat loads on dairy cattle production in Australia

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the extent of heat load problems, caused by the combination of excessive temperature and humidity, in Holstein-Friesian cows in Australia. Also, to outline how milk production losses and consequent costs from this can be estimated and minimised. PROCEDURES: Long-term meteorological data for Australia were analysed to determine the distribution of hot conditions over space and time. Fifteen dairy production regions were identified for higher-resolution data analysis. Both the raw meteorological data and their integration into a temperature-humidity thermal index were compiled onto a computer program. This mapping software displays the distribution of climatic patterns, both Australia-wide and within the selected dairying regions. Graphical displays of the variation in historical records for 200 locations in the 15 dairying regions are also available. As a separate study, production data from research stations, on-farm trials and milk factory records were statistically analysed and correlated with the climatic indices, to estimate production losses due to hot conditions. RESULTS: Both milk yields and milk constituents declined with increases in the temperature-humidity index. The onset and rate of this decline are dependent on a number of factors, including location, level of production, adaptation, and management regime. These results have been integrated into a farm-level economic analysis for managers of dairy properties. CONCLUSION: By considering the historical patterns of hot conditions over time and space, along with expected production losses, managers of dairy farms can now conduct an economic evaluation of investment strategies to alleviate heat loads. These strategies include the provision of sprinklers, shade structures, or combinations of these.     

污染指数及危害系数(HQ)评价生乳中重金属残留风险分析方法研究

本研究建立了应用单项污染指数及内梅罗综合污染指数法评价生乳中重金属的污染情况的方法,以分析不同地区的污染情况;并且对于生乳中低浓度的重金属残留及没有残留限量的重金属残留,以慢性非致癌性风险HQ值进行描述,与参考剂量相比较,进而确定其对于成人饮用的安全性。对中国2个奶业主产区的20个生乳中的砷、铅、铬、汞、铝、镍进行了污染分析及危害描述,证明了本方法的合理性和适用性。     

温湿度指数与奶牛生产性能的关系

本研究用温湿度指数(THI)为指标,探讨了奶牛生产性能随THI变化的全年动态关系。奶牛的直肠温度、呼吸频率和乳中体细胞数在THI小于68时保持相对平稳,超过68时开始大幅度上升,而采食量、产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率在THI小于70时保持相对平稳,超过70时开始大幅度下降。结果表明,只有当THI大于70时才会导致奶牛生产性能下降,THI每升高1个单位,产奶量下降0.4 kg。当THI从68上升到79时,THI每升高1个单位,乳脂率下降0.02%,乳蛋白率下降0.01%,体细胞数则上升2.77×104个/mL。奶牛生产性能指标、乳成分指标及乳中体细胞数与THI间均呈良好的三次曲线关系。因此,THI是用于评估温热环境对奶牛生产性能影响的一个有效且方便的指标。     

Welfare Index and Reproductive Performance in the Sow

To study the relationship between on-farm welfare and reproductive performance in the sow, the TGI 35L Animal Needs Index was modified for use in Finnish pig production. The modified index had a maximal total score of 100. It was comprised of six categories: 'locomotion' (maximal score 21 for dry sows and 11 for lactating sows), 'social interaction' (12/8), 'floor quality' (16/9), 'stable climate' (16/21), 'feeding' (16/23) and 'health and stockmanship' (19/29). Index scorings were performed separately in farrowing, breeding and gestation units on 28 representative Finnish sow farms. One-year production parameters were collected. Multiple linear regression was used for statistical analysis. Total ANI-points varied between 36.5-68.0 for lactating and 39.5-86.0 for dry sows. Litter size increased with increasing scores for 'feeding' in the dry sow unit. Controlling for breed, high scores for 'health and stockmanship' and 'floor quality' shortened the reproductive cycle, probably because of good leg health. The number of weaned piglets per sow per year (PSY) increased with increasing scores for dry sow 'health and stockmanship', 'floor quality' and an interaction of 'feeding' in the farrowing and mating units. PSY increased with decreasing scores for farrowing pen 'climate'. High-quality floors and stockmanship appear to correlate positively with reproductive performance in the sow. Effects of a welfare-promoting feeding strategy on reproduction are contradictory.     

牛奶中抗生素残留及其三种检测方法的比较分析研究

抗生素残留不仅危害人类健康,同时也影响牛奶的品质,造成经济损失。本文讨论了牛奶中抗生素残留的来源与途径和危害,通过比较分析三种检测方法,找出一种能够相对的可同时检测多种样品的方法,更有效的使牛奶供应去抗生素化。     

Breeding for resistance to mastitis in United Kingdom sheep, a review and economic appraisal

Mastitis is a problem in the sheep industry, and its incidence varies widely with how it is recorded, the breed of sheep and the farm. Virtually all the published information about the genetics of mastitis refers to dairy breeds of cattle and sheep, and there is little information for meat sheep breeds. Many dairy breeding programmes worldwide use the somatic cell count (scc) in milk as an indicator of resistance to clinical and subclinical mastitis, but it is difficult to measure in meat sheep breeds. Molecular genetic technologies may therefore be a more practical way to assess susceptibility to mastitis. This paper reviews the genetics of mastitis and considers the opportunities for breeding for resistance to mastitis, with particular reference to sheep. In addition, to investigate the potential economic effects of mastitis in a purebred sheep population, a computer model of flock dynamics was developed. By making a modest set of assumptions about the key farm parameters that influence lowland sheep production, the model showed that breeding for resistance (or other control methods), if it could reduce the risk of contracting mastitis by 10 per cent, would be worth pounds 8.40 per ewe, equivalent annually to pounds 2.7 million for the purebred sector of the Texel breed alone.     

奶牛乳脂合成及其影响因素

乳脂是一种高质量的天然脂肪,是牛乳的主要营养成分。乳脂率是衡量牛奶品质优劣的关键指标,同时也是制约中国奶业发展的重要因素。近年来,随着中国奶牛业的不断发展,奶牛的产奶量日益提高,但乳脂率却未见增长。通常情况下牛奶的乳脂率为3%~4%,产奶量与乳脂率之间呈相互制约关系,如何提高乳脂率一直是学者们研究的热点。为深入研究并解决这一问题,作者介绍了乳脂组成及合成机理,并从日粮、瘤胃微生物及遗传等方面分析了影响奶牛乳脂合成的因素。同时作者还对影响奶牛乳脂合成的重要功能基因（SREBPs、PPARs、CIDEC基因）及mTOR信号通路的作用进行了综述。乳脂合成是一个动态的、复杂的多网络调控的过程,需要大量的基因参与,研究各信号通路间的相互作用可为人工调控乳脂合成提供理论基础,也为日后泌乳生物学研究奠定理论基础。     

草原指数保险：评述与中国方案设计

草原指数保险是农业保险中的一种新型类别，它有比传统赔偿保险更加科学的触发机制，包括指数变量和触发水平。它选取与草原生产紧密相关的指标作为指数变量，通过研究不同尺度上草原生产中产量/气象/NDVI和经济指标数据的关联机制，精密计算出核定尺度下指数变量的触发水平，可极大化地缩小基差风险，从而通过触发机制来衡量投保人是否能够获得赔偿。本研究探索了11个国家18种运营中的草原指数保险的触发机制，发现它们按照指数选取的不同标准可以分为区域产量指数保险、天气指数保险和卫星遥感指数保险。区域产量指数保险以选定区域的平均产量为基础，当该区域的实际平均产量低于指定水平时，所有投保人获得相同额度的补偿；天气指数保险选择气温、降水等气候条件作为指数，衡量它们对草原生产的损害程度；卫星遥感指数保险创新性地结合卫星、遥感技术，NDVI是它最常用的指数。然而，作为世界草原大国，我国对草原指数保险的研究十分匮乏，在试点或运营的相关产品屈指可数，这不利于草原的可持续发展。考虑到我国气象站点覆盖密度低导致数据源缺失，且草原区域幅员辽阔，照搬别国的现有产品不现实。因此，针对中国的方案设计亟待提出。本研究提出以草原综合顺序分类法为框架，遥感数据源提供宏观数据，以无人机技术补充中观数据，通过农牧户入户调查得到微观数据，实现宏观、中观、微观数据源全覆盖，通过系统分析该类型中多年产量/气象/NDVI和经济数据之间的关系，明确该类型草原的触发机制。最终实现只要投保人的生产性收入状况偏离了正常年份的平均水平，就能获得赔偿。     

清热解暑散对热应激奶牛产奶量和血液指标的影响

随着全球气候的不断变暖,热应激对奶牛的影响越来越严重.清热解署散是由香薷、藿香等多味中药组成的一个纯中药方剂,为探讨该方剂对奶牛热应激的防治效果,本试验选择30头体重、年龄、胎次、产奶量相近的健康荷斯坦奶牛,以其常温期的各项指标为阴性对照,对热应激期的奶牛进行了治疗试验结果发现,热应激期奶牛的产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、血清中的Na＋和K＋浓度以及总蛋白（T1））、球蛋白（G）浓度均较阴性对照组显著降低（p〈0．05或P〈0．01）,而血清中C1-浓度显著升高（P〈0．01）,应用清热解署散可显著改善热应激奶牛上述指标的异常.表明,清热解暑散对奶牛热应激具有较好的治疗作用     

A Universal Index of Uterine Discharge Symptoms from Calving to 6 Weeks Postpartum

In this paper, a new uterine discharge index (D‐index) was created and tested. It was based on a principal component analysis (PCA) of clinical findings of classical uterine discharge symptoms and rectal temperature during the postpartum period of dairy cattle. The PCA analysis revealed how uterine discharge features relate to each other and how they cluster together possibly representing different degrees of uterine inflammation. The D‐index was the result of the multivariate PCA‐analysis, and the D‐index gives a continuous value between 0 and 10. It was demonstrated that the same scale, i.e. the D‐index, can be used without any adjustment from 1 to 6 weeks post‐calving. It is valid for any type of uterine discharge without defining the type of infection or differentiating between infection and contamination. The D‐index was tested using the uterine involution data. Uterine involution was significantly delayed in the high‐D‐index group of cows. Similarly, in the test with all cows, involution was progressively delayed and the rate of involution of the pregnant horn was slowed down with the increase of the D‐index values. It is concluded that the D‐index can be a new practical, universal, tool for improved management of dairy cows in the postpartum period under commercial conditions.