大白菜—甘蓝异附加系的获得与鉴定

 异附加系是利用外源基因进行品种改良和基因组研究的重要材料。以大白菜—甘蓝异源三倍体（AAC）与二倍体大白菜（AA）回交一代为材料,经过细胞学鉴定,从中筛选出大白菜—甘蓝7号单体附加系CO-7-1和9号单体附加系CO-9-2。CO-7-1、CO-9-2自交后代中外源染色体出现频率分别为35.3%、20.0%。从CO-7-1的自交后代中分离鉴定出二体异附加系CO-7-1D的比率为11.8%。该异附加系的获得为分析大白菜和甘蓝的亲缘关系,进一步获得大白菜和结球甘蓝易位系、代换系提供了基础材料。     

附加甘蓝3号染色体的大白菜单体异附加系的获得与研究

 以大白菜—结球甘蓝异源三倍体杂交种（AAC）与二倍体大白菜（AA）的回交一代为材料,利用根尖体细胞核型分析法鉴定出大白菜—结球甘蓝3号单体异附加系;利用甘蓝连锁群特异SSR标记鉴定表明,该单体异附加系中的外源染色体与甘蓝的03连锁群相对应;该单体异附加系植株矮小,花枝细弱倒伏,花粉整齐度、花粉生活力和结籽率均较低,花粉母细胞减数分裂过程中存在染色体不均衡分离及染色体落后等现象。     

大白菜与芥菜型油菜种间杂种的获得与鉴定

以大白菜‘A03’(2n=2x=20,AA)和芥菜型油菜‘AABB’(2n=4x=36,AABB)为试材,通过杂交获得了大白菜-芥菜型油菜异源三倍体(2n=3x=AAB=28)。结果表明:该三倍体生长势较强;叶色均较亲本深,株型偏向于芥菜型油菜,叶片、花、花蕾同时兼具了两亲本性状。减数分裂行为观察表明,在终变期,一般形成二价体、单价体和多价体,A基因组和B基因组染色体表现出部分同源性;中期I存在1~8条游离染色体;后期I存在落后染色体、染色体丢失及姊妹染色单体提前分离等异常现象,分到两极的染色体数目之和多大于28条;后期II分到每极的染色体数变异为10~15条,大多数为12~13条,同时有染色体片段存在。大白菜-芥菜型油菜异源三倍体(AAB)的获得为创建AA+B染色体的异附加系和研究A、B基因组间的亲缘关系奠定了基础。     

芥蓝—菜薹种间三倍体回交子代染色体数鉴定及单体异附加系的选育

为创造CC染色体组附加A染色体组的单体异附加系,以芥蓝—菜薹种间三倍体(CCA)为材料,采用人工杂交、形态和细胞学鉴定及核型分析等方法,比较了芥蓝—菜薹种间三倍体与其亲本芥蓝(CC)正、反交的结实性,分析了杂交子代的染色体数及频率分布,并对筛选出的单体异附加系进行了系统研究。结果表明:CCA×CC和CC×CCA的结籽率分别为0.28%和0.63%;在鉴定的88个CC×CCA的子代中,全部为2n=18的整倍体植株;在鉴定的156个CCA×CC的子代中,(2n+1)～(2n+9)等各类非整倍体均有存在,其中附加1条染色体的1个、附加2条染色体的16个;形态学标记鉴定和核型分析显示附加1条染色体的那个子代植株为单体异附加系CC+A9;在减数分裂终变期,单体异附加系CC+A9的A9染色体常与一对C组的染色体发生局部联会,两者间存在着部分同源关系;单体异附加系CC+A9的n+1雌、雄配子均有一定传递率,分别为18.75%和9.82%;单体异附加系CC+A9自交获得了1株双体异附加系。     

黄瓜—酸黄瓜异附加系的创制与鉴定

异附加系是重要的种间材料,可用于种间外源遗传物质的渐渗及基因定位等相关研究,创制多种类型的异附加系对于栽培黄瓜(Cucumis sativus)的品种改良及相关研究均具有重要作用。本试验中以来源于酸黄瓜(Cucumis hystrix)和栽培黄瓜‘北京截头’杂交的种间异源四倍体为母本,以‘北京截头’为轮回父本,连续回交获得22株植株。利用基因组荧光原位杂交(GISH)技术确定22株BC_2群体中附加有外源染色体的植株,然后利用oligo-FISH技术和12个酸黄瓜染色体单拷贝序列标记准确识别外源染色体。共筛选出4种异附加系材料,包括3种单体异附加系和1种双单体异附加系。其中3种单体异附加系分别附加酸黄瓜6号、10号和12号染色体,双单体异附加系同时附加了酸黄瓜6号和10号染色体。     

植物异源附加系研究进展

异源附加系是指一个或一对异源染色体附加到一个物种染色体组上的品系,是遗传研究和染色体工程育种的重要基础材料。根据所附加外源染色体的数目,可将异附加系分为单体、双体和多重异附加系,其中单体、双体异附加系的研究和利用价值较高。阐述了异源附加系的特性、培育及鉴定方法,结合生物学发展进程,指出了其应用和发展前景。     

植物异源附加系研究进展

在高等植物中,通过种间杂交和回交可把有益基因从1个物种转移到另1个物种中,异源附加系是指1个或1对异源染色体附加到1个物种染色体组上的品系。根据所附加外源染色体的数目,可将异附加系分为单体、双体和多重异附加系。其中单体、双体异附加系的研究和利用价值较高。异附加系是遗传研究和染色体工程育种的重要基础材料,可用于植物细胞内染色体同源配对、遗传图谱的构建、分子标记、基因克隆、基因组互作和表达等的研究,是阐明基因组结构和转移基因的有效工具。该文着重阐述了异附加系的特性,培育及鉴定的方法,结合生物学发展进程,对其应用和发展前景也作了介绍。     

大白菜—结球甘蓝1号染色体二体异附加系自交后代InDel标记分析和染色体数鉴定

在进行异附加系鉴定和相应连锁群In Del标记筛选的基础上,利用In Del标记和细胞学方法对大白菜—结球甘蓝1号染色体二体异附加系自交后代46个单株进行了鉴定分析。结果表明:结球甘蓝C03连锁群相对于大白菜特异的67个In Del标记,均至少在1份后代单株中扩增出了甘蓝的特异条带;在46个后代单株中,3个单株为染色体数22条的二体异附加系,6个单株为染色体数21条的单体异附加系,1个单株为染色体数20条的大白菜二体代换系,28个单株为染色体数20条的附加了结球甘蓝染色体片段的大白菜易位系,还有3个单株染色体数为22条,2个单株染色体数为21条,推断其分别为易位了结球甘蓝染色体片段的大白菜非整倍体易位系,还有3个单株没有检测到甘蓝特异条带。本研究结果为这些材料的进一步研究和应用奠定了基础。     

大白菜—结球甘蓝异源三倍体（ACC）基于25S rDNA的FISH分析

 应用25S rDNA-FISH对大白菜—结球甘蓝异源三倍体（ACC）中期染色体组成和减数分裂染色体行为进行了分析,并进行了花粉特性和结实性的研究。结果表明,大白菜—结球甘蓝异源三倍体染色体数为28,含有9个25S rDNA位点,其中4个来自结球甘蓝4号和7号染色体;5个来自大白菜1 ~ 5号染色体;A、C基因组间不同染色体同源程度不同,减数分裂终变期常形成单价体、二价体和三价体等不同的联会方式;中期Ⅰ和中期Ⅱ存在游离染色体;后期Ⅰ和后期Ⅱ染色体分离不均衡,并存在染色体落后或丢失;末期Ⅱ有微核产生。异源三倍体花粉整齐度和生活力远低于其二倍体亲本,自交及与亲本甘蓝（CC）回交的结籽率都极低,仅为0.01%。     

大白菜—结球甘蓝4号染色体二体异附加系的获得与性状分析

以大白菜—结球甘蓝4号染色体单体异附加系自交后代为材料,通过根尖染色体计数法鉴定,从36株中筛选出3株2n = 22的植株。染色体核型分析结果表明,该3株为大白菜—结球甘蓝4号染色体二体异附加系。该二体异附加系在生殖生长时期表现植株较矮小,基生叶卵圆形、绿色,茎生叶披针形、浅绿色,开花时间晚,黄花,花器官较大白菜—结球甘蓝4号染色体单体异附加系小,花粉量少、结荚率和结籽率低。减数分裂观察发现：后期Ⅰ染色体主要以11︰11分离方式为主,所占比率为70.59%;后期Ⅱ染色体以11︰11︰11︰11为主,其比率为69.57%。     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfungen der Süßkirschensorte ‚Stella‘ auf Gisela- und Weiroot-Unterlagen in Bulgarien

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsprüfungen wurden im Zeitraum 1997 bis 2003 mit den Unterlagen Gisela 4 und 5, den Klonnummern 195/20 und 497/8 aus der Gisela-Serie sowie Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72 und 158 durchgeführt. Dabei dienten Sämlinge von P1 (bulgarische Selektion aus Prunus mahaleb) als Kontrolle. Alle Unterlagen waren mit der Sorte Stella veredelt und im Dezember 1996 in der Versuchsanlage der Agraruniversität in Plovdiv, Bulgarien, im Abstand von 6 m×4,5 m gepflanzt worden. Dabei erfolgte ein Pflanzschnitt. Nach Abschluss der natürlichen Kronenentwicklung wurde jedes Jahr ein Winterschnitt vorgenommen. Der Boden wurde durch mechanische Bearbeitung offen gehalten und nach dem 4. Standjahr wurden die Baumstreifen mit Herbiziden behandelt. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgte durch eine dem natürlichen Gefälle folgende Überflutung, allerdings nicht immer zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, da keine eigene Wasserquelle zur Verfügung stand.Basierend auf den Ergebnissen bis zum Anfang des 7. Standjahres können die untersuchten Unterlagen in zwei Gruppen differenziert werden: starkwüchsig—Weiroot 10, P1 und Weiroot 13; mittelstarkwachsend bis schwachwüchsig—Gi 497/8, Gisela 4, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 158, Gi 195/20, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 5. Letztere zeichnete sich durch besondere Schwachwüchsigkeit aus. Die meisten Wurzelschosser bildeten Gisela 4, Weiroot 10 und Weiroot 13. Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72 und Weiroot 158 entwickelten deutlich weniger und P1, Gisela 5, Gi 195/20 sowie Gi 497/8 keine Wurzelschosser. Den frühesten Blühbeginn induzierte Gisela 4. Die anderen Unterlagen führten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturbedingungen des jeweiligen Jahres, zu einer Verspätung der Blüte: P1 und Weiroot 10 um 1–2 Tage; Gi 497/8, Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 158 um 2–4 Tage; Weiroot 72 um 2–7 Tage; Gi 195/20 um 3–6 Tage; Weiroot 53 um 3–8 Tage und Gisela 5 um 3–10 Tage. Die Reifezeit der Früchte war bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten um 2–3 Tage verspätet. Gisela 5, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 4 induzierten bei der aufveredelten Sorte die höchsten Ertragsleistungen, P1 die geringsten. Bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 war die Fruchtgröße geringer als bei den anderen Unterlagen. Bäume auf Gisela 5 brauchen intensive Pflege. Nur wenn alle Produktionsfaktoren und kulturtechnischen Maßnahmen optimiert werden, kann das hohe Ertragspotenzial dieser Unterlage ausgeschöpft werden.     

Relationship between renal hypertension and cardiac α1-adrenoceptor autoantibodies in rats

AIM: To examine the autoantibody against α₁-adrenoceptor and its biologic activities during the development of renal hypertension. METHODS: Renal hypertension of rat was achieved by clipped renal artery, the titre of autoantibody to α₁-adrenoceptor was detected using ELISA immunoassay. Furthermore, the biological offects of these autoantibodies on cultured cardiomyocytes were also examined. RESULTS: After two weeks of clipping renal arteries, both the frequency of occurrence and the titre of autoantibodies to cardiac α₁-adrenergic receptor were significantly increased as compared with the control of pre-treatment. The increased autoantibodies lasted for several weeks and then automatically decreased gradually to the pre-clipping level at 12 weeks. The biological effects of these autoantibodies displayed an "agonistic-like" activities on the beating frequency of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION: Autoantibodies against α₁-adrenoceptor may play a role in the elevation of peripheral vascular resistance and in the development of cardiac hypertrophy in rats with renal hypertension.     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Influence of Mineral Nutrients on Strawberry Fruit Quality and Their Accumulation in Plant Organs

Abstract

This review is based partly on complete articles and partly on abstracts. Three of the 60 articles deal with the total uptake of elements in strawberry plant organs in two different strawberry production systems, both considered as optimal concerning amount and balance of elements. The effect on fruit quality may be dramatic if the level of a particular element is outside this range, but there may also be effects initiated by differences within the optimal range of elements. Most articles refer to product oriented quality, but some focus on consumer oriented quality, as discussed by Shewfelt (1999). The discussion here is on a general basis, so one should keep in mind that there are cultivar differences and that specification of nutrition ideally should mirror the needs of a single cultivar, or a group of cultivars with similar requirements. Also, to get a complete understanding of the subject future reviews should embrace a broader access of information including the effect on plant development of individual elements, such as the role of calcium in fruit firmness and its importance in cell wall structure. However, the intention here is to narrow the information to results that suggest a direct connection between nutrient uptake and fruit quality.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Effect of puerarin on pulmonary arterioles wall collagen metabolism of chronic hypoxia hypercapnia rats

AIM:To investigate the effect of puerarin on pulmonary vessel collagen metabolism in pulmonary hypertension rats induced by chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia.METHODS:Collagen Ⅰ, Ⅲ and their mRNA were observed in pulmonary arterioles by the technique of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization.RESULTS:① Light microscopy showed media thickness of pulmonary arterioles was much higher in HH(hypoxic-hypercapnia) group than that of NC(normal control) group, and, vessel cavity turned more straiter in HH group than that of NC group.However, the damage of pulmonary arterioles in HP(hypoxic-pueratin) group was much slighter than that of HH group. ② The levels of plasma ET-1 and lung homogenates Hyr were much higher in HH group than those of NC group(P＜0.01), and lower in HP group than HH groups(P＜0.01).Plasma NO content in group HH was lower than that of group NC(P＜0.01), it was higher in group HP than that of group HH(P＜0.01).③Expression of collagen Ⅰ and collagen Ⅰ mRNA in pulmonary arterioles were significantly higher in HH groups than those of NC group (P＜0.01), and they were lower in HP group than those of HH group (P＜0.01).Expression of collagen Ⅲ and collagen Ⅲ mRNA showed no difference among three groups(P＞0.05).CONCLUSION:Puerarin inhibited the deposition of collagen and improved pulmonary vessel remodeling.     

Mixed-severity fire regime in a high-elevation forest of Grand Canyon,Arizona, USA

Fire regime characteristics of high-elevation forests on the North Rim of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, were reconstructed from fire scar analysis, remote sensing, tree age, and forest structure measurements, a first attempt at detailed reconstruction of the transition from surface to stand-replacing fire patterns in the Southwest. Tree densities and fire-/non-fire-initiated groups were highly mixed over the landscape, so distinct fire-created stands could not be delineated from satellite imagery or the oldest available aerial photos. Surface fires were common from 1700 to 1879 in the 4,400 ha site, especially on S and W aspects. Fire dates frequently coincided with fire dates measured at study sites at lower elevation, suggesting that pre-1880 fire sizes may have been very large. Large fires, those scarring 25% or more of the sample trees, were relatively infrequent, averaging 31 years between burns. Four of the five major regional fire years occurred in the 1700s, followed by a 94-year gap until 1879. Fires typically occurred in significantly dry years (Palmer Drought Stress Index), with severe drought in major regional fire years. Currently the forest is predominantly spruce-fir, mixed conifer, and aspen. In contrast, dendroecological reconstruction of past forest structure showed that the forest in 1880 was very open, corresponding closely with historical (1910) accounts of severe fires leaving partially denuded landscapes. Age structure and species composition were used to classify sampling points into fire-initiated and non-fire-initiated groups. Tree groups on nearly 60% of the plots were fire-initiated; the oldest such groups appeared to have originated after severe fires in 1782 or 1785. In 1880, all fire-initiated groups were less than 100 years old and nearly 25% of the groups were less than 20 years old. Non-fire-initiated groups were significantly older (oldest 262 years in 1880), dominated by ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, or white fir, and occurred preferentially on S and W slopes. The mixed-severity fire regime, transitioning from lower-elevation surface fires to mixed surface and stand-replacing fire at higher elevations, appeared not to have been stable over the temporal and spatial scales of this study. Information about historical fire regime and forest structure is valuable for managers but the information is probably less specific and stable for high-elevation forests than for low-elevation ponderosa pine forests.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

瓜叶绿素降解关键酶基因PPH和PAO cDNA片段的克隆与表达初步分析

 以西双版纳黄瓜和‘华黄5号’黄瓜叶片为试验材料,研究了衰老过程中两种黄瓜叶片叶绿素含量变化及脱镁叶绿素脱镁叶绿酸水解酶基因PPH和脱镁叶绿酸a加氧酶基因PAO的表达。结果表明：随着叶片衰老,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量显著降低,叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值在0.5左右,推测叶绿素b的含量可能对黄瓜叶片保绿起到重要作用。荧光定量RT-PCR分析结果显示：PPH和PAO在西双版纳黄瓜叶片生长35 d时表达量最高,分别为5.50和1.86;PPH在‘华黄5号’叶片35 d时表达量最高,为7.14,而PAO在35和45 d表达量都很高,分别为3.90和3.91;PPH和PAO在西双版纳黄瓜叶片中的表达量低于在‘华黄5号’中。     

Effects of simvastatin on PDGF-BB and serum-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and on the expression of tumor suppressor gene PTEN

AIM:To observe the effect of simvastatin on the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs) induced by serum and growth factor PDGF-BB and the effect of simvastatin on the expression of PTEN,a important regulator of G₁/S cell cycle transition. METHODS:The DNA synthesis was determined by [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle was examined with flow cytometry, the protein level of PTEN was measured by Western blot method. RESULTS: (1)Simvastatin inhibited [³H]-TdR incorporation in a dose dependent manner. (2) Flow cytometric DNA analysis revealed that simvastatin induced significantly enhancement of G₀/G₁ phase and decrease in S phase VSMCs.(3)Simvastatin increased protein level of PTEN and mevalonate, a metabolite of HMG-COA, reversed the effect of simvastatin on PTEN protein expression. CONCLUSION:Simvastatin may inhibit proliferation of VSMCs and retarded cell cycle in G₀/G₁ phase by increasing PTEN expression through inhibiting synthesis of mevalonate.