Antagonistic effect ofTrichoderma harzianum on postharvest pathogens of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum)

Trichoderma harzianum (TrH 40) isolated from soil samples from rambutan orchards (Nephelium lappaceum) had antagonistic effects against three postharvest pathogens of rambutan:Botryodiplodia theobromae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides andGliocephalotrichum microchlamydosporum, causative fungi of stem end rot, anthracnose and brown spot, respectively. The effects were due to both antibiosis and mycoparasitism.T. harzianum (TrH 40) treatment, while reducing the occurrence of the three postharvest diseases, also retained the overall quality and color of the fruits.     

Effect of GRAS compounds on mycelial growth, pectic enzyme activity and disease severity of postharvest pathogens on rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum)

The GRAS compounds cinnamaldehyde (at 30 ppm), acetaldehyde (at 70 ppm), benzalde-hyde (at 50 ppm) and potassium metabisulphite (at 250 ppm) either completely inhibited or significantly reduced thein vitro mycelial growth ofGliocephalotrichum microchlamydosponim,Colletotrichum gloeosporioides andBotryodiplodia theobromae, the causative fungi of brown spot, anthracnose and stem end rot, respectively, of rambutan fruits,Nephelium lappaceum. The four compounds also significantly reduced the severity of all three diseases and the activity of pectic lyase and polygalacturonase enzymes secreted by the three fungi.     

Control of postharvest diseases of rambutan using controlled atmosphere storage and potassium metabisulphite or<Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichoderma harzianum</Emphasis>

Botryodiplodia theobromae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides andGliocephalotrichum microchlamydosporum are the causal fungi of three rambutan postharvest diseases, stemend rot, anthracnose and brown spot, respectively. Two different treatments of rambutan fruits to control the diseases were investigated: application of potassium metabisulphite (250 ppm) or culture filtrate ofTrichoderma harzianum (TrH 40) followed by controlled atmosphere storage (CA) at 13.5°C and 95% r.h. Potassium metabisulphite at 250 ppm under CA effectively controlled the incidence and severity of the three postharvest diseases and maintained the eating quality and color of the fruit for 21 days. The greatest effect of this treatment was on brown spot disease, caused byG. microchlamydosporum. Application of TrH 40 was less effective than potassium metabisuphite. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 8, 2002.     

复合微生物菌剂对苹果再植病害的生防效果测定及拮抗菌株鉴定

为探究复合微生物菌剂对苹果再植病害的生防效果,以苹果砧木实生海棠幼苗为试材,通过盆栽试验测试了木美土里复合微生物菌剂对苹果再植病害的防治效果及对再植海棠的促生作用,然后对该菌剂的可分离微生物进行了分离纯化,并以尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum菌株HS2为靶标菌,测试分离获得的10株菌株的拮抗效果,并对拮抗效果显著的1株真菌菌株和2株细菌菌株进行种类鉴定。结果表明,木美土里复合微生物菌剂对苹果再植病害的防治效果达87.78%;经该菌剂处理后,再植海棠苗的株高、茎粗、鲜重、干重及叶面积分别是对照处理的1.51、2.00、5.74、5.21和2.83倍,表明该菌剂有显著的促生作用。木美土里复合微生物菌剂对菌株HS2的抑制率达到68.59%,并从中分离到7株真菌菌株,3株细菌菌株。其中,拮抗效果高于80.00%的真菌菌株有1株,细菌菌株有2株。经鉴定,真菌菌株MMTL-1为哈茨木霉Trichoderma harzianum;细菌菌株BM-01和BM-03均为解淀粉芽胞杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens。     

Evaluation of biocontrol preparations and plant extracts for the control of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora infestans</Emphasis> on potato leaves

The potential of biocontrol products and plant extracts for control of late blight on potato plants, caused by Phytophthora infestans was evaluated in detached leaf assays and on potted plants. Based on an initial screening of 22 preparations and plant extracts, the 10 most active treatments were selected for further investigation. In the detached leaf assays the commercial preparations Elot-Vis, Serenade and Trichodex, and plant extracts of Rheum rhabarbarum and Solidago canadensis showed a significant effect on the level of infestation by P. infestans. However, none of the treatments was as effective as copper. In the case of Serenade, the metabolites produced by its active micro-organism, Bacillus subtilis, were demonstrated to be the effective component of the formulation, and not the micro-organism itself. In order to take curative and protective modes of action into account, the test substances were applied 24 h before, or 90 min after inoculation with P. infestans. Generally, better effects were obtained when the applications were made 24 h before inoculation. For defining the optimum time of application, potted plants were treated 72 or 24 h before, and 1 and 24 h after inoculation with P. infestans. In these tests, Trichodex showed no activity, while Elot-Vis gave best results when applied 1 day before inoculation. Serenade and the extracts of R. rhabarbarum and S. canadensis (all at 5% concentration) however, were effective when applied up to 3 days before and just after inoculation with P. infestans. The results of the experiments on potted plants indicated direct effects on the pathogen for all agents except the extract of S. canadensis, but other mode of actions, e.g. induced resistance, could not be ruled out. None of the treatments had a curative effect.     

Bicarbonate solutions control powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) on sweet red pepper and reduce the development of postharvest fruit rotting

Disease severity of powdery mildew (causal agentLeveillula taurica (Lév.) Arn.) on pepper (Capsicum annuum), defoliation and fruit sunscald rating were significantly reduced (P=0.05) by foliar applications of sodium or potassium bicarbonate solutions, compared with water or penconazole (Ophir). Preharvest application of bicarbonate solutions significantly reduced (P=0.05) postharvest decay development on sweet red pepper fruits.     

香豆素类化合物对朱砂叶螨的触杀活性及定量构效关系研究

采用玻片浸渍法,测定并筛选了25种具有代表性的香豆素类化合物对朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus雌成螨的触杀活性,并构建了一个预测能力较强的定量构效关系(QSAR)模型。结果表明:所有供试化合物对朱砂叶螨均具有触杀活性,且随着处理时间的延长活性升高。处理48 h后,LC50值低于1000 mg/L的化合物有8个,分别是3-(2-苯并咪唑)-7-(二乙氨基)香豆素(1)、3-(2-苯并噻唑)-7-(二乙氨基)香豆素(2)、3-氨基香豆素(3)、3-乙酰基香豆素(4)、4-甲氧基香豆素(5)、6-硝基香豆素(8)、6,7-二甲氧基香豆素(13)和7,8-二羟基香豆素(21),其中化合物1、2、3、5和13的杀螨活性优于药剂对照螺螨酯或与其活性相当;活性最好的化合物为13,处理48 h和72 h后LC50值分别为284.8和122.2 mg/L,其毒力约为螺螨酯的2倍。通过计算得到25种香豆素类化合物的34种物化参数,以此为描述子,经过SPSS相关性剔除、逐步回归分析和校正,得到一个以扭转力、取向力、总能量和分子半径为自变量的QSAR模型,该模型复相关系数R达到0.987,复判定系数R2也达到0.967,通过F检验证明上述模型具有较高的预测能力。     

Effect of storage on the efficacy of powdered leaves ofAnnona squamosa for the control ofCallosobruchus maculatus on cowpeas(Vigna unguiculata)

Annona squamosa L. is widespread in Sri Lanka and its leaves are collected by some farmers to protect their stored cowpeas from predation by bruchids. Removal of the leaves during the dry season, when the fanners harvest their cowpeas, can decrease the yield ofA. squamosa fruit. This study investigated whether storing the leaves before they are used would reduce the insecticidal activity of the leaves. Overall, acetone and ethanol extracts made from fresh and stored leaves ofA. squamosa decreased the number of adultCallosobruchus maculatus (F.) emerging from cowpeas; however, in some bioassays the extracts from fresh leaves were more active than those from leaves stored for 6 months. Acetone extracts from fresh and stored leaves were toxic to adult beetles, whereas the ethanol extracts were not active. Acetone and ethanol extracts from fresh leaves had potent ovicidal activity when applied to 2-day-old eggs.     

两种蚜小蜂对烟粉虱MED隐种的田间笼罩控效评价

为明确烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci MED隐种优势寄生蜂海氏桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus hayati ZolnerowichRose与浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia GiraultDodd对其控制效果的影响,在棉田尼龙纱网笼罩中释放烟粉虱之后,再分别单独释放海氏桨角蚜小蜂、浅黄恩蚜小蜂以及二者以不同比例组合(1∶1、1∶3、3∶1)释放,定期调查统计2种蚜小蜂对烟粉虱的寄生量和烟粉虱的种群动态。结果表明,相对于不放蜂对照,自首次放蜂后40 d开始,所有放蜂处理均能显著降低烟粉虱若虫种群密度,每100 cm~2叶片上均少于1.00头,但各处理间的烟粉虱种群密度无显著差异;海氏桨角蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂以3∶1比例组合释放的处理中对烟粉虱的寄生量最高,每100 cm~2棉花叶片上能达到4.25头。表明在棉田中对烟粉虱进行生物防治时,以初级寄生蜂海氏桨角蚜小蜂与复寄生蜂浅黄恩蚜小蜂为3∶1的比例释放,可以到达较好的控制效果。     

冷藏对双尾新小绥螨捕食能力和繁殖力的影响

为探究双尾新小绥螨Neoseiulus bicaudus（Wainstein）的最佳贮藏温度和时间,选取双尾新小绥螨成螨于9℃和12℃下分别冷藏7、14、21、28和35 d,测定不同冷藏条件下双尾新小绥螨雌成螨的捕食能力和繁殖力。结果表明：冷藏后,除9℃冷藏21 d处理外,其他处理下双尾新小绥螨的捕食量、攻击系数、捕食能力、日最大捕食量以及对猎物的处理时间与对照之间均无显著差异,其中12℃冷藏21 d的攻击系数最高,为3.18,12℃冷藏28 d的处理时间最长,为0.14 d;当冷藏时间相同时,双尾新小绥螨于9℃冷藏后的攻击系数与12℃冷藏处理间无显著差异,但冷藏21 d和28 d后,9℃冷藏的处理时间显著短于12℃的处理时间;双尾新小绥螨冷藏一段时间后恢复正常温度,雌成螨产卵前期延长,最长为3.06 d,显著长于对照;雌成螨的平均寿命和产卵量显著降低,雌成螨寿命最长,为14.10 d,总产卵量最高,为18.98粒,均显著低于对照;当冷藏温度相同,不同冷藏时间处理的双尾新小绥螨雌成螨的寿命和产卵量无显著差异。冷藏时间相同时,12℃冷藏处理的雌成螨平均寿命和产卵量显著高于9℃冷藏处理。综上,双尾新小绥螨于12℃和9℃中冷藏0~35 d后均对双尾新小绥螨的捕食无影响,而12℃冷藏不同时间后对双尾新小绥螨雌成螨的寿命和繁殖影响相对较小。因此,建议双尾新小绥螨于12℃冷藏0~35 d。     

Effect of a biocontrol agent (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus subtilis</Emphasis>) and modified atmosphere packaging on postharvest decay control and quality retention of litchi during storage

The efficacy of biological control and two types of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) alone and in combinations was evaluated under cold storage as well as simulated market-shelf conditions to control decay and pericarp browning on litchi cv. ‘McLean’s Red’. Fruits were dipped for 2 min at 15°C inBacillus subtilis or prochloraz separately, packed in MAP [low density polyethylene (LDPE) or polypropylene (PP)], heat sealed and stored at 2°C and 90% r.h. for 18 days followed by 2 days at 14°C and 75% r.h. to simulate market-shelf conditions. A commercially adopted sulfur dioxide treatment was included as a comparative control. Fruits treated withB. subtilis + PP or prochloraz + PP and stand-alone PP treatment did not show decay or browning at 2°C. Decay and browning were controlled significantly after 2 days at 14°C inB. subtilis + PP or prochloraz + PP treatments. However, the prochloraz + PP affected the natural pinkish-red color of the pericarp and gave higher h° (hue angle) values. The stand-alone PP treatment (∼14% O₂, ∼5% CO₂) showed 11.3% decay due mainly toAlternaria alternata andCladosporium spp. at 14°C. The effectiveness of the MAP was improved at 14°C whenB. subtilis was combined with PP, controlling decay and pericarp browning and retaining the fruit color and quality.B. subtilis survived in PP at 2° and 14°C, but not in LDPE. Stand-alone LDPE (∼3% O₂, ∼10% CO₂) and combination treatmentsB. subtilis + LDPE or prochloraz + LDPE failed to control decay and pericarp browning. Higher yeast populations were observed in LDPE orB. subtilis + LDPE at both 2° and 14°C.Candida, Cryptococcus andZygosaccharomyces spp. were the predominant yeasts in all LDPE treatments. Reprints ofS. Afr. Litchi Growers’ Assoc. Yearb. references can be obtained from D. Sivakumar.     

香茅精油微乳液对朱砂叶螨的生物活性及其解毒酶系活性的影响

为明确香茅精油微乳液对朱砂叶螨的生物活性及其解毒酶系活性的影响,采用熏蒸法测定香茅精油微乳液对朱砂叶螨的熏蒸活性及香茅精油微乳液亚致死剂量处理下朱砂叶螨的产卵情况、趋避情况及解毒酶系活性。结果表明,当剂量达到2.5 μL时,香茅精油微乳液处理下朱砂叶螨的死亡率达到80.37%以上;香茅精油微乳液熏蒸24 h时,其对朱砂叶螨的亚致死剂量LD₁₀和LD₃₀分别为0.082 μL和0.284 μL;香茅精油微乳液LD₁₀和LD₃₀处理24 h时,其对朱砂叶螨的产卵抑制率分别为76.30%和78.67%,对朱砂叶螨的趋避率分别为80.00%和88.00%;香茅精油微乳液LD₁₀和LD₃₀处理后,朱砂叶螨体内酯酶活性在0~8 h表现出激活作用,随后一直处于抑制状态,谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶活性一直处于激活状态,而多功能氧化酶活性处于抑制状态。表明香茅精油微乳液是一种很有前景的绿色杀螨剂。     

Effect of soil amendments and biological control agents (BCAs) on soil-borne root diseases caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pyrenochaeta lycopersici</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Verticillium albo-atrum</Emphasis> in organic greenhouse tomato production systems

The effect of different soil amendments and biological control agents on soil-borne root diseases that cause significant economic losses in organic and other soil-based tomato production systems (Pyrenochaeta lycopersici and Verticillium albo-atrum) was compared. Organic matter inputs (fresh Brassica tissue, household waste compost and composted cow manure) significantly reduced soil-borne disease severity (measured as increased root fresh weight) and/or increased tomato fruit yield, with some treatments also increasing fruit number and/or size. Soil biological activity also increased with increasing organic matter input levels and there were significant positive correlations between soil biological activity, root fresh weight and fruit yield. This indicates that one mechanism of soil-borne disease control by organic matter input may be increased competition by the soil biota. Chitin/chitosan products also significantly reduced soil-borne disease incidence and increased tomato fruit yield, number and/or size, but had no effect on soil biological activity. Biological control products based on Bacillus subtilis and Pythium oligandrum and commercial seaweed extract (Marinure) and fish emulsion (Nugro)-based liquid fertilisers had no positive effect on soil-borne disease incidence and fruit yield, number and size. The use of ‘suppressive’ organic matter inputs alone or in combination with chitin/chitosan soil amendments can therefore be recommended as methods to control soil-borne diseases in organic and other soil-based production systems.     

基于干旱区煤矿废弃物利用的土壤配置及其对苏丹草生长的影响

新疆干旱区煤矿开采利用过程中产生大量废弃物,如粉煤灰、火烧石等,且原生态环境恶劣,不利于植物生长。本文以粉煤灰、火烧石为试验材料,结合当地荒漠土设置土壤配方,并通过小区试验种植苏丹草(Sorghum sudanense(Piper)Stapf.)来验证其效果。结果表明:在荒漠土中添加10%粉煤灰其土壤硬度降低5.94 kg·cm~(-2),土壤速效磷含量增加5.19 mg·kg~(-1);土壤表面覆盖火烧石可降低土壤水分的蒸发,覆石处理组总失水率仅为未覆石处理组的43.8%～58.8%。2019年4—8月通过小区试验种植苏丹草,在夏季高温干旱期,"荒漠土+10%粉煤灰+覆石"处理于灌溉后1～3 d, 15∶30 TM时,石缝中地表温度显著低于荒漠土(CK)裸地温度,降低了2.07℃～12.57℃,昼夜温差减少4.54℃～14.17℃,含水率高于荒漠土(CK)裸地5.93%～10.84%。在"荒漠土+10%粉煤灰+覆石"的配土方式下,苏丹草长势显著好于荒漠土(CK)(p0.05),其株高是CK的1.9倍,地上生物量是CK的5.9倍,地下生物量是CK的2.7倍。"荒漠土+10%粉煤灰+覆石"是一种有效的保水、促苗配土方式。     

喷头类型对植保无人机低容量喷雾雾滴在稻田冠层沉积分布及防治效果的影响

为减少植保无人机施药过程中的雾滴飘移,提高农药有效沉积率,选用多旋翼植保无人机探讨喷头类型和添加迈飞助剂对10%溴氰虫酰胺可分散油悬浮剂喷雾雾滴的沉积分布及其防治水稻二化螟Chilo suppressalis效果的影响。结果表明：IDK120-01型喷头+1.0%迈飞助剂处理在水稻冠层、中层、底层的雾滴体积中径D_V50均显著高于其他处理,在冠层的单位面积沉积量和农药有效沉积率分别为1.57 μg/cm²和63.89%,也均显著高于其他处理,且单位面积沉积量以冠层最高,中层次之,底层最低;喷头与助剂互作对防飘移率的影响显著,IDK120-01型喷头+1.0%迈飞助剂处理的防飘移率为76.08%,显著高于其他处理,该条件下喷施10%溴氰虫酰胺可分散油悬浮剂对二化螟的防治效果可达74.58%,水稻理论产量为8 905.80 kg/hm²,均显著高于其他处理。表明在溴氰虫酰胺药液中添加1.0%迈飞助剂,采用IDK120-01型喷头进行植保无人机喷洒作业防治水稻二化螟时,能有效减少雾滴飘移,增加单位面积沉积量及农药有效沉积率,提升对二化螟的防治效果。