培矮64S繁殖技术探讨

培矮 64S属于低温敏核不育系 ,导致可育转换的起点温度 (CTFI)为 2 3 .3℃。从现实可行的角度出发 ,对培矮 64S的繁殖条件进行了探讨 ,提出了培矮 64S繁殖的 4条有效途径     

水稻光温敏核不育系培矮64S低温下育性表达规律研究

藉人工气候室的人控光温条件 ,对两系杂交水稻不育系培矮 64S在 2 2 .0～ 2 3 .0℃的低温下的育性表达规律进行了连续 2年的跟踪研究。主要结果如下 :1) 2 3 .0℃的低温仅能导致培矮 64S花粉不育度的明显降低 ,而 2 2 .5℃和 2 2 .0℃的低温则不仅能导致花粉不育度的下降 ,而且还能诱导一定程度的自交结实 ;2 )培矮 64S的育性温度敏感终止期为幼穗分化第 6期 (花粉母细胞减数分裂期 ) ,育性温度最敏感期为幼穗分化第 4～ 5期 (雌雄蕊形成期至花粉母细胞形成期 ) ;3 )培矮 64S具有光敏性 ,其临界光长处于 13 5 0～ 13 .3 8h之间 ,光敏温度范围为 2 3～ 2 8℃ ;4 )对于农艺性状已经稳定的高世代培矮 64S而言 ,其控制育性表达的遗传基础尚不纯 ,表现在来源相同的不同株系间或同一株系内不同单株间在低温下育性表达存在显著的差异 ,且低温强度加大 ,这种差异就更为明显     

水稻实用光温敏不育系培矮64S不育性稳定化研究

在人工气候室的人控光温条件下 ,通过 1997～ 1999年 3年 2 2 .0～ 2 3 .0℃的低温处理 ,对水稻实用光温敏不育系培矮 64S进行育性稳定化研究。结果表明 :1)在人工气候室的低温条件下 ,采用“株系(再 )鉴定、(再 )筛选　 单株”的方法 ,对稳定高世代光温敏不育系培矮 64S的不育性是可行的 ,并筛选出套袋自交结实率和花粉不育度两级水平均已稳定的 3个株系 9862 ,10 3 1和 10 3 2 ,而且其不育起点温度已降至 2 2 .5℃ ,比原始株系降低了近 1℃。 2 )现有高世代光温敏不育系培矮 64S仍然存在育性的不稳定性 ,表现在受低温影响后其后代不同株系间花粉不育度和套袋自交结实率存在明显差异 ,说明对现有高世代光温敏不育系的育性提纯很有必要     

导致不育临界温度低的两用不育系培矮64S

以农垦５８Ｓ为母本、培矮６４为父本，通过杂交和回交选育成的培矮６４Ｓ，于１９９１年９月通过湖南省省级鉴定。培矮６４Ｓ具有导致不育临界温度低的特点，在长日条件下为２３．８℃，短日条件下为２３．３℃。它育性稳定、亲和性强、配合力好、适应性广，是一个很有发展前途的两用核不育系。     

水稻光温敏核不育系奥龙1S配合力分析

以3个籼型水稻光温敏核不育系奥龙1S、Y58S和培矮64S为母本,6个生产上广泛使用的恢复系为父本,采用NCII设计配制18个组合,对生育期、株高及产量相关性状进行了配合力分析。结果表明,奥龙1S的单株产量一般配合力介于Y58S与培矮64S之间,高于培矮64S,且其特殊配合力方差在3个不育系中最大;生育期一般配合力与培矮64S相当;株高配合力高于2个对照不育系。     

水稻实用光温敏核不育系培矮64S不育性稳定化研究

 在人工气候室的人控光温条件下，通过1997～1999年3年22.0～23.0℃的低温处理，对水稻实用光温敏核不育系培矮64S进行了育性稳定化研究。结果表明：1)在人工气候室的低温条件下，采用“株系(再)鉴定、(再)筛选单株”的方法，对稳定高世代光温敏核不育系培矮64S的不育性是可行的，并筛选出套袋自交结实率和花粉不育度两级水平均已稳定的3个株系9862、103-1和103-2，而且其不育起点温度已降至22.5℃，比原始株系降低了近1℃。2)现有高世代光温敏核不育系培矮64S仍然存在育性的不稳定性，表现在受低温影响后其后代不同株系间花粉不育度和套袋自交结实率存在明显差异，说明对现有高世代光温敏核不育系的育性提纯很有必要。     

用人工冷水池鉴定水稻光温敏核不育系雄性不育起点温度的研究

用人工冷水池与人工气候箱分别对8个水稻光温敏核不育系在它们育志换温敏感期进行5d日均温23.5℃（22－25℃）的冷水与6d日均温23．5℃（19．5－26．0℃）的冷气处理。结果表明：株S－1、陆18S、96－5－2S、139S及康201S在两种低温处理条件下均表现不育，自交结实率与花粉可染率均为0；培矮64S在人工冷气处理条件下也表现不育，自交结实率与花粉可染率为0，但在人工冷水处理条件下表现轻度可育，自交结实率为0．05％，花粉可染率为5．0％；810S与179S在两种低温处理条件下均表现可育，自交结实率为3．7％－18．5％，花粉可染率为4．3％－41．0％，但人工冷水处理条件下的自交结实率与花粉可染率明显高于人工冷气处理条件下的自交结实率与花粉可染率。说明用人工冷水池鉴定水稻光温敏核不育系雄性不育的起点温度是可行的，而且鉴定的灵敏度比人工气候箱更高。根据人工冷水池与人工气候箱鉴定的结果可知：株S－1、陆18S、96－5－2S、139S及康201S的雄性不育起点温度小于23．5℃，培矮64S的雄性不育起点温度在23．5℃左右，而810S与179S的雄性不育起点温度大于23．5℃。     

花药培养遗传纯化温敏核不育系培矮64S的效果初步分析

应用生物技术对培矮 6 4S核心种子进行花药培养 ,获得了 91个加倍单倍体植株。在福州 (2 6°0 5′N)自然条件下对花培后代的H2 、H3、H4进行连续的育性追综观察。结果表明 ,(1 )H2 代株系间育性发生分离 ,可以把它们简单地归为三类 :完全不育 (简称培矮 6 4HS) ,不育期间其花粉不育度均在 99 8%以上 ,且不育期长 ,育性稳定 ;基本可育 (培矮 6 4HF) ,可染花粉率很高 ,几乎没有稳定不育期 ;中间类型 (培矮 6 4HM) ,育性波动大 ,不育期较短。 (2 )培矮6 4HS、培矮 6 4HF和培矮 6 4HM在H3、H4代各自的育性表现与在H2 代的育性表现一致。 (3)培矮 6 4HS比培矮 6 4S核心种子具有不育期更长 ,不育性更稳定以及更高的不育度。说明培矮 6 4S核心种子中有关育性的基因型并不纯合 ,花药培养对培矮 6 4S的遗传纯化是有效的     

优质籼型旱稻光温敏核不育系GHS不育性遗传研究

以光温敏核不育系GHS、安湘S、培矮64S及GHS的突变可育株GHF和15个普通品种为材料,以花粉育性为指标,研究了GHS不育性的遗传规律.结果表明:GHS的不育基因与安湘S、培矮64S的不育基因不等位,GHS是一个新的光温敏核不育材料;GHS的不育性遗传属孢子体不育类型,其不育性由1对隐性基因控制,与细胞质无关.     

幼苗期带白化转绿叶色标记的水稻光温敏核不育系楠丰8S的选育

楠丰8S系温州市农业科学研究院用培矮64S干种子经剂量300Gy的60Coγ射线辐射后系统选育而成的幼苗期带白化转绿叶色标记的水稻光温敏核不育系.该不育系在分子标记OSR23、RM414位点可检测到与培矮64S的多态性;除保持培矮64S原有优良特性外,楠丰8S幼苗期第1～4叶边缘带白化转绿叶色标记,第5叶后转为正常,生长负效应小;配合力好;中抗稻瘟病,高感白叶枯病.2010年通过浙江省农作物品种审定委员会技术鉴定.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.