绵羊BMPR-IB基因作为多胎性能的候选基因在肉用多胎品种选育中的应用研究

以中国美利奴多胎细毛羊和南非肉用细毛羊为亲本，以BMPR-IB基因作为多胎性能的候选基因，进行多胎肉用品种的选育。通过对其后代多胎基因型检测分析表明：多胎这一性状的选择，符合孟德尔遗传规律，从而验证其多胎性状由一对多胎基因(FecB)控制。通过BMPR-IB基因分子标记辅助选择，多胎性状的选择仅需3个世代(3～6年)的时间就可以达到要求，对于肉用这一性状的选择，还有待于进一步选配选育。     

黄牛双胎

黄牛是典型的单胎动物,自然情况下每次发情期只排出1个卵子。子宫内有1个胎儿发育。双胎偶见,多胎罕见。黄牛双胎率因品种而异,大约为0．5％-3%。除品种外,黄牛双胎率还受遗传、胎次、配种季节和饲养管理水平等因素影响。     

高原型藏羊多胎繁殖性能分析

为了掌握藏羊多胎繁殖性能和可利用前景,随机对111个羊群中多胎繁殖藏羊的数量与分布进行了调查。结果表明,52.25%的羊群中存在多胎繁殖母羊,多胎繁殖母羊占调查母羊总数的0.9%。分析认为藏羊依靠母系遗传的方式,在群体中保留了多胎遗传资源和多胎繁殖性能,在分子遗传研究的基础上,可以进行多胎品系选育。     

杜寒杂交肉羊FecB基因检测及对产羔数、生长发育影响研究

多胎是肉用绵羊生产追求的重要目标之一.近年来,绵羊的多胎基因FecB已引起国内外动物遗传育种界的普遍重视.研究证明,Booroola(FecB)基因是在绵羊中识别出的第1个高繁殖力主效基因.FecB基因的遗传效应是增加排卵数和产羔数.通过检测绵羊是否携带高繁殖力主效基因FecB,对肉羊实施选种选配,可以有效提高肉用绵羊繁殖率,加速绵羊多胎品系的选育步伐.     

母猪子宫容量与产仔数的关系

产仔数作为一个重要的经济指标在种猪选育过程中发挥重要的作用在遗传上主要通过选择排卵数、胚胎成活率以及子宫容量（uterine capacity）来提高窝产仔数，但排卵数与胚胎存活率之间呈负相关，窝产仔增加的结果是初生重的降低，降低了母猪的生产效率。目前多数人倾向于通过选择子宫容量，提高胎盘效率来提高产仔数及胎儿质量。     

绵羊多胎基因有效利用方式与选育

绵羊多胎性状主效基因的研究,不仅可以阐明多胎绵羊生理和遗传机理,得出多胎性状遗传模式,而且有助于家畜选种选育,提高绵羊繁殖力。FecB和FecX基因是在研究绵羊多胎性状中发现的2个关键基因,主要分析了这两个基因的生理效应、基因定位等方面的内容,以期对绵羊的遗传育种起到积极的作用。     

绵羊多胎基因有效利用方式与选育

绵羊多胎性状主效基因的研究,不仅可以阐明多胎绵羊生理和遗传机理,得出多胎性状遗传模式,而且有助于家畜选种选育,提高绵羊繁殖力。FecB和FecX基因是在研究绵羊多胎性状中发现的2个关键基因,主要分析了这两个基因的生理效应、基因定位等方面的内容,以期对绵羊的遗传育种起到积极的作用。     

绵、山羊多胎性能及其影响因素

多胎性能是影响绵、山羊繁殖率的主要因素。但多胎性能的低遗传力使其很难有较大的提高,从而影响了多胎高产品种的培育。本文主要对绵、山羊的多胎性状及其影响因素、遗传基础等进行综述。     

一例犬难产病例的救治

犬是多胎动物,难产率很高,其中由于子宫收缩无力所致的难产占72%左右.特别是小型犬,往往在娩出部分胎儿后,由于体力不济,子宫收缩无力而将部分胎儿遗留在腹内不能娩出,从而造成难产.     

绵羊FecB基因分离克隆的研究进展

绵羊产羔数性状遗传力低,通过常规选择方法进行选择难以提高,因此寻找控制排卵率乃至产羔数的主效基因(或突变),引起各国绵羊育种学家广泛的关注.而绵羊品种间产羔数的巨大差异,使得产仔数主基因鉴别成为可能.近年来,绵羊的多胎基因FecB已引起国内外动物遗传育种界的普遍重视.     

Relationship between serving capacity of beef bulls as predicted by the yard test and their fertility during paddock mating

Six experiments were conducted to determine the relationship between the serving capacity of bulls as predicted by a 40-min yard test and their fertility during paddock mating, measured by the conception rate at first oestrus and the pregnancy rate at the end of 10 weeks of mating. Twenty bulls varying in serving capacity from 1 to 11 were mated to 40 heifers each. As serving capacity of the bulls increased from 1 to 7, conception rate increased from 18 to 70%. Average conception rates achieved by 4 bulls with low serving capacity (25.3%), 8 bulls with medium serving capacity (61.4%) and 7 bulls with high serving capacity (72.3%) were all significantly different from one another. Bulls of low serving capacity (1 or 2 services) impregnated a significantly lower proportion of their heifers (40.3%) than bulls with medium (91.2%) or high (95.3%) serving capacity. It was concluded that bulls of serving capacity 1 or 2 (in 40 min) should be considered unsound for breeding. An explanation for the results and their implication in beef production is discussed.     

Relationships among udder shape, udder capacity, cow longevity and calf weights

Udder capacity and udder shape were scored on 3- to 10-yr-old cows from a large Hereford herd. Udder capacity was scored from 1 (small) and 5 (large) and udder shape was scored from 1 (balanced, udder level with ground) to 5 (unbalanced, funnel-shaped udder). Data were analyzed within age of cow for udder capacity scores from 1 to 4 and for udder shape scores from 1 to 3 because of the limited number of observations in other categories. Year of birth of cow was a significant source of variation in both udder capacity and udder shape. Days in lactation (ranging from 81 +/- 23 d in 3-yr-old cows to 71 +/- 25 d in 4-yr-old cows) was an important source of variation for udder capacity; as lactation progressed udder capacity score declined. Body condition of the cow was an important source of variation for udder capacity in 3- and 4-yr-old cows; cows with more external body condition had larger udder capacity scores. The heritability estimates of udder capacity and udder shape for 3-yr-old cows were .12 +/- .14 and .15 +/- .16, respectively; the repeatability estimates of scores over years were .14 +/- .02 and .16 +/- .03, respectively. Residual correlations between udder capacity and udder shape were low, ranging from -.10 in 3-yr-old cows to .10 in 6-yr-old cows. Neither udder characteristic affected the number of years a cow remained in the herd, but cows with unbalanced udders had more udder defects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

肌肉系水力的影响因素及其可能机制

系水力是反映肉品质的重要指标,对肌肉的物理形态、风味、肉色等都有重要的意义.研究表明,肌肉净电荷含量减少、肌肉收缩、肌肉细胞蛋白降解以及遗传因素等都会影响系水力,但是目前对影响肌肉系水力的具体作用机制尚不完全明确.本文旨在结合国内外研究进展,对系水力的影响因素及其机制进行综述.同时,如何通过各种手段调控系水力,获得优良的肉质产品,是未来重要的研究方向.     

基于生态安全的高寒牧区生态承载力评价

生态承载力指在一定社会经济条件下,自然生态系统维持其服务功能和自身健康的潜在能力。本研究以甘南藏族自治州（以下简称甘南州）ETM（Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus）和TM（Thematic Mapper）遥感影像及统计年鉴数据为依据,应用生态安全评价模型PSR（压力一状态一响应）选取平均植被覆...     

草原生态载畜量测算核定方法研究

合理确定草地载畜量对有效保护草地资源并高效利用有重要的指导意义,传统方法计算的载畜量只表明了核定时段内的平均载畜量,没有明确载畜量核定的具体时间,开展载畜量核定容易引起混淆和争执,核查工作量大,耗时长,实际操作难度大。为此,本文综合近年来草地载畜量的相关研究结果、结合草原生态气候变化和草牧业的发展趋势,提出了以秋末入冬为载畜量核定时间,以能繁母畜数量作为核定主要指标的新草地生态载畜量计算方法,并提出了加强畜牧业基础设施和人工草地建设,加大牲畜出栏,开展划区轮牧和春季草地禁牧试点示范,合理利用牲畜补偿代谢特点,利用牧草再生特点提高牧草产量和贮备等技术措施,以期为提高草地载畜能力,增加牧民经济收入,实现草原畜牧业的可持续发展提供参考。     

性别控制胚胎玻璃化一步法稀释冷冻保存技术的研究

为了创立在用户庭院就能应用的玻璃化保存性别控制胚胎的冷冻剂稀释处理方法，采用细管内3种不同液体层构成（A、B、C）法，对新鲜分割胚一步法稀释后的存活能力进行了研究；其次用特定细管最小容量冷却法与上述3种不同液体层构成中效果较好的B法对玻璃化冷冻溶解的新鲜分割胚、体外受精分割胚及冷冻溶解的体外受精分割胚进行一步法稀释后的存活能力予以对比。结果，3种不同液体层构成间胚胎的存活能力无显著差异，B法较高；应用特定细管最小容量冷却法在冷冻溶解的新鲜分割胚、体外受精分割胚及冷冻溶解的体外受精分割胚一步法稀释后的存活能力均显著高于B法。结果表明，特定细管最小容量冷却法是更有效的保存方法。     

西藏阿里草地资源现状及载畜量

以西藏阿里地区草地为研究对象,对草地资源概况、草地资源类型和草地载畜量等进行了分析。阿里地区草地理论载畜量为299.37万绵羊单位,2010年实际载畜量为346.66万绵羊单位,实际载畜量与理论载畜量相比超载15.80%。通过分析认为,阿里地区应因地制宜地发展草地畜牧业,合理布局草地载畜量,科学利用草地资源,促进草地畜牧业可持续发展。     

草地生态系统载畜量与合理放牧率研究方法进展

草地载畜量和合理放牧率历来是草地生态系统的研究热点.然而,多年来的研究成果却未能有效解决实现草地可持续发展的管理和技术问题,由此可见,现有的载畜量和放牧率研究体系尚存在一定的缺陷.近年来围绕草地载畜量和合理放牧率的准确评定,各国学者进行了大量研究,涌现出许多新的理论和方法.越来越多的研究开始关注经济因素在放牧草地生态系统中的作用,并将载畜量划分为生态和经济载畜量两类,而且对合理放牧率也有了更进一步的认识.通过对现有载畜量和放牧率研究方法的总结,指出了其中可能存在的缺陷,认为草地载畜量不应仅以生态载畜量为标准,而在确定放牧率时应将农户行为和宏观经济背景纳入考虑范围;在放牧草地生态系统研究中应与生态经济学的理论方法相结合;将大面积草地化整为零,以放牧小区为单位有利于提高载畜量和放牧率评估的精确性.     

Effects of Plant Secondary Compounds on Nutritional Carrying Capacity Estimates of a Browsing Ungulate

Carrying capacity estimates based on digestible protein (DP) and energy (DE) are useful in comparing effects of land management practices or the ability of different vegetation communities to support herbivores. Plant secondary compounds that negatively affect forage quality would be expected to change nutritionally based estimates of carrying capacity. We evaluated the effect of plant secondary compounds on nutritionally based carrying capacity estimates of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman) in Tamaulipan thorn scrub of northern Mexico. Forage biomass, nutrient concentration, and tannin concentration (protein-precipitating capacity) were measured for 23 forage items during spring and summer in three replicate pastures. Nitrogen in phenolic amines was estimated for the two principal woody browse species in deer diets and was assumed to be unavailable for amino acid synthesis. Carrying capacity estimates were calculated based on three dietary concentrations of DP and DE. Nutritional carrying capacity estimates that accounted for antinutritional compounds were reduced 50 ± 6%, 28 ± 8%, and 0 ± 0% (mean ± SE) for diets of high, medium, and low DE concentration, respectively, compared to estimates from models that ignored the effects of these compounds. Accounting for effects of plant secondary compounds reduced DP-derived carrying capacity estimates 4 ± 3%, 47 ± 9%, and 9 ± 8% for diets with high, medium, and low concentrations of DP, respectively. High variation in percent reduction in carrying capacity estimates occurred because of site and seasonal variation in plant species composition and biomass, making application of a single correction factor to account for plant secondary compound effects on carrying capacity infeasible. Protein-precipitating capacity of tannins accounted for > 98% of the reductions in carrying capacity estimates based on DP. Our results clearly demonstrate the need to consider effects of tannins on ungulate carrying capacity estimates based on DP and DE. Estimates can be further refined by accounting for nonprotein nitrogen and other antinutritional compounds in all forage items.     

高能日粮条件下半胱胺对大鼠抗氧化功能的影响

通过在正常日粮中添加高油脂来制备高能日粮,探讨高能日粮条件下,添加0、15、30、60mg/kg半胱胺(CS)对大鼠抗氧化功能的影响。试验结果表明:添加15、30mg/kg半胱胺均能显著提高大鼠抗氧化能力(P<0.05),30mg/kg半胱胺能使大鼠抗氧化能力恢复到接近正常日粮组水平,60mg/kg半胱胺对大鼠抗氧化能力的恢复无显著影响(P>0.05)。半胱胺添加的最适剂量为30mg/kg。