美国进口变色栎木上的长喙壳类真菌种类鉴定

经分离培养从美国进口变色栎木上获得5个长喙壳状分离菌株,通过形态学比较,鉴定为4个种,1个为常见种,另3个属我国的新记录种,即拟薄粘束长喙壳(Grosmannia leptographioides),念珠长喙壳(Ceratocystis moniliformis),异同长喙壳(C.variospora).而常见种甘薯长喙壳(C.fimbriata)是一种重要的木材变色菌.并对此4种的形态特征作了全面系统的描述.     

橡胶、松树木材变色菌研究及对其中之长喙壳属菌的特性研究

研究了从橡胶和松树变色木上分离到的长喙壳属(Ceratocystis sensu lato)和其他木材变色菌。证明引起这两种木材变色的主要真菌是Ceratocystisspp.,Ophostomaspp.,Lasiodiplodia theobromae和Sphaeropsissp.。进而研讨了其中之长喙壳属真菌的分类学和形态学特征,传播媒介,寄主范围,以及温度对长喙壳菌引起的木材变色速度、菌落生长、子囊壳的形成和对子囊孢子成熟的影响。     

西部林业科学2006年总目次

两种切梢小蠹生态学特性比较研究李丽莎刘宏屏陈鹏等……………………………………………………………(1)我国橡胶木长喙壳属分离物的研究赵桂华陈啸寅谢春芹等……………………………………………………………(6)云南干热河谷旱季车桑子的光合水分生理特性的研究赵琳………………………………………………………………(12)思茅松人工幼林留阔抚育方式的试验研究蒋云东李思广何俊等……………………………………………………(18)16种城市绿化树种叶片中铁锰铜锌元素的含量特征何蓉张学星施莹等…………………………………………(23)宝巾花花…     

长喙壳Ceratocystis sensu lato真菌引起的杨树病害

该文着重阐述长喙壳属Ceratocystis sensu lato中引起杨树溃疡病最重要的病原菌甘薯长喙壳C.fimbriata Ell.et Halst.引起的杨树病害的症状、形态学、寄主范围、传播媒介、致病性、寄主的抗病性和病理变化等。     

橡胶木变色菌和霉菌的研究——变色和接种试验

本文对从变色,发霉橡胶木上分离到的22个分离物进行了变色和接种试验。结果表明,22个分离物都能不同程度的引起橡胶木的变色,其中以 Lasiodiplodia theobromae,Dothio-rella major 和 Haplosporella sp.变色最严重。若将它们接种到杨树枝条上,则能形成典型的溃疡斑,并在其上形成子实体。Lasiodiplodia theobromae 的海南分离物接种在杨树枝条上45～55天就能产生大量的分生孢子角。     

福建省菊科植物新记录种——光猫儿菊

于2021年4月5日,在福建省南安市新田镇发现福建省菊科(Asteraceae)猫儿菊属(Hypochaeris L.)植物新记录种——光猫儿菊(Hypochaeris glabra Linnaeus)。该种植株形态与同属植物假蒲公英猫儿菊(Hypochaeris radicata Linnaeus)、蒲公英属(Taraxacum F.H.Wigg.)植物蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz.)较为相似,该种为单生茎枝,根为须根系,叶子触感较薄且软,连萼瘦果具有长喙和短喙2种形态等特征可明显区别于假蒲公英猫儿菊,以及该种叶被柔毛、苞片直着向上和种子排列无序等特征区别于蒲公英。     

不同浸渍处理对橡胶木防霉菌性能的影响

通过100℃热水、2%HCl和2%NaOH对橡胶木(Hevea brasiliensis)进行不同时间浸渍处理,分析各处理对橡胶木苯醇抽出物、水抽出物、1%NaOH抽出物的影响,并考察综纤维素、α纤维素、酸不溶/酸溶木素含量变化趋势。同时测定了各处理对橡胶木色泽变化的影响及防霉防治力。结果表明,3种浸渍处理对橡胶木抽出物和化学组分都有不同程度影响,其中以2%HCl和2%NaOH溶液浸渍4 h处理费效比为最优。2%HCl和2%NaOH可以作为橡胶木一种绿色环保的防霉技术,尤其在应用于玩具等高安全要求领域提供新的防霉手段。     

小蠹虫伴生长喙壳类真菌研究进展

小蠹虫与多种微生物具有密切的关系,其中小蠹虫与伴生真菌种间关系存在着相对稳定性和依赖性.在小蠹虫蛀干过程中,伴生真菌随蠹虫携带进入树木木质部和韧皮部,通过消耗寄主的养料,堵塞木质部筛管,破坏韧皮细胞,对寄主树木产生危害作用.在小蠹虫众多的伴生真菌里,尤以长喙壳类真菌(ophiostomatoid fungi)在小蠹虫种群建立、协同克服寄主抗性、引起树木病害等方面起到重要作用,带来直接和间接的经济损失.该文对小蠹虫与长喙壳类真菌伴生关系、长喙壳类真菌种类等做一综述.     

中国桉树真菌病原汇录：2006-2013

本文对2006-2013年期间我国感病桉树或桉树木片上发现的21个真菌物种的分类地位、形态特征、菌落特点、寄主范围、分布地域和危害特点等进行了概述。介绍的对象包括桉树枝干斑点溃疡病原 Teratosphaeria zuluensis（祖鲁畸腔菌）;桉树叶部斑点溃疡病原Teratosphaeria destructans（破畸腔菌）,Mycosphaerella marksii（马克氏球腔菌）,M. crystallina（水晶球腔菌）,M. yunnanensis（云南球腔菌）;桉树顶梢及叶白枯萎病原 Quambalaria pitereka（彼特氏桉座孢）;桉树苗茎腐病原 Calonectria cerciana（桉树丽赤壳）,C. pauciramosa（常丽赤壳）,C. pseudoreteaudii（瑞丽赤壳）;桉树叶焦枯病原 C. crousiana（克儒斯氏丽赤壳）,C. fujianensis（福建丽赤壳）,C. pauciramosa（常丽赤壳）, C. pseudocolhounii（类柯氏丽赤壳）,C. pseudoreteaudii（瑞丽赤壳）;桉树木片腐烂病原Ophiostoma tsotsi（类栎长喙壳菌）;桉树枝干溃疡病原Chrysoporthe deuterocubensis（类古巴黄隐丛赤壳）,Fusicoccum fabicercianum（法比桉树壳梭孢）,Lasiodiplodia theobromae（柯柯豆毛色二孢）,L. pseudotheobromae（类柯柯豆毛色二孢）,Celoporthe guangdongensis（广东暗隐丛赤壳）,C. eucalypti（桉树暗隐丛赤壳）;桉树枝干枯萎病原Ceratocystis acaciivora（相思长喙壳）,C. chinaeucensis（中国桉树长喙壳）。     

华山松凋落针叶上的真菌多样性及4株真菌的纤维素分解能力

[目的]研究二郎山林场华山松针叶凋落初期针叶上的真菌多样性,分析凋落物分解初期的真菌结构组成及其功能性,揭示真菌多样性与凋落物分解的关系以及根球壳孢菌在针叶分解中的产酶特性。[方法]采用研磨法对分别从海拔2 750,2 650,2 510和2 460 m采集的华山松新近凋落针叶进行真菌分离,结合形态学和真菌ITS序列的分子生物学对分离物鉴定分类。选取3株在形态学上存在明显差异的根球壳孢菌以及1株分离自华山松的二郎山散斑壳为分解菌株,以华山松针叶为唯一底物,采用试管培养法进行发酵,探讨根球壳孢菌的腐生性能。[结果]分离鉴定结果显示,从华山松凋落针叶中获得了23个属于不同分类单元的真菌,其中半知菌数量最多,共有15个分类单元,子囊菌次之,为5个。所有分离菌株隶属15属,毛霉属、木霉属、根球壳孢菌属、青霉属和蓝状菌属在4个海拔凋落物中均存在,为华山松凋落物前期的丰富物种。木霉属和青霉属等丝状真菌在数量上的优势以及种类上的多样性,说明其在凋落物分解过程中发挥着重要作用,而担子菌在数量以及种类上的缺乏说明其在分解前期参与少,推测其后期将从环境进入参与木质素的分解。通过测定4株真菌分解华山松凋落针叶时的纤维素酶活,4株真菌分泌的内切纤维素酶和β-葡聚糖酶活性在第13天达到峰值,外切纤维素酶活性在第17天达到峰值,但4株真菌菌株之间的各纤维素酶活力差异不大,引起的针叶质量损失率也并无显著差异。根球壳孢菌和二郎山散斑壳对针叶的纤维素成分具有分解作用,内切纤维素酶、外切纤维素酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶之间存在协同效应。二郎山散斑壳分解的华山松针叶的平均质量损失率为15.74%,该菌多存在于落地华山松针叶上,而活体针叶中鲜有发现,且未能造成华山松的落针病害;根球壳孢菌在25天内引起华山松针叶质量损失率为12.00%~13.40%。[结论]木霉属和青霉属等丝状真菌在凋落物初期发挥主要作用,且在不同海拔均为优势物种。二郎山散斑壳与根球壳孢菌均存在弱腐生性,但其产纤维素分解酶能力是否与其致病力相关仍有待进一步研究。     

木材变色病对木材工业的影响

由于木材变色已给木材工业带来较大的经济损失，因此，有效地保护木材，提高它的利用率就变得更加重要。本文对由长喙壳和其他真菌引起的木材变色，变色机理，为害，对木材性质的影响，以及我国主要木材变色病的研究进行了概述。     

An investigation of the influence of harvesting practice on the development of blue-stain in Corsican pine logs

In September 1991, at Thetford, East Anglia and at Inverness,north-east Scotland, a comparison was initiated between blue-staindevelopment in Corsican pine logs from trees felled and processedby harvesting machine and similar logs from trees felled andtrimmed out by chain-saw. Blue-stain was assessed in discs from batches of logs destructivelysampled at 2-week intervals after felling. At the more southerlysite of Thetford, stain was first observed after 4 weeks. Themaximum recorded area was 10 per cent of the wood surface ina sample analysed after 10weeks. In contrast, stain never exceeded,1.1 per cent of the wood surface at Inverness. Amounts of stainwere significantly greater with machine-harvested logs thanwith chainsaw-harvested logs and were correlated with the amountof bark removed or loosened during harvesting. The use of spikedrollers resulted in more stain than did the use of rubber rollers. The fungi isolated from stained wood included Sphaeropsis sapinea,Potebniamyces coniferarum and Ceratocystis coerulescens. Theseare species adapted to the colonization of wood exposed throughdamage to the overlying bark     

樟子松木材的变色规律

通过对樟子松木材变色部位的化学处理及分析认为,樟子松蓝变类型属于微生物变色;室温下,自然和湿润两种状态放置的樟子松木材,随着时间的变化(以2个月为1个时间单位),L*(明度)、a*(变红度)、TW(白度)都有所下降,DE*(总色差)呈上升趋势,而b*(变黄度)分别呈现增强和减弱两种相反方向的变化趋势.     

Induced resistance of Norway spruce,variation of phenolic compounds and their effects on fungal pathogens

Three clones of Norway spruce (Picea abies) were studied for their response to mass‐inoculation with the blue‐stain fungus Ceratocystis polonica. The effect of different pretreatments (fungal inoculation and wounding) before mass‐inoculation was investigated for their possible role in an acquired resistance reaction. Pretreated trees showed enhanced resistance to the subsequent mass‐inoculation relative to control trees that received no pretreatment. Furthermore, the fungal colonization of inoculated trees was less than that of wounded trees. The phenolic content of the bark, analysed by RP‐HPLC, was compared in trees receiving different treatments. Trees inoculated with C. polonica had higher average concentration of (+)‐catechin, taxifolin and trans‐resveratrol than wounded trees. Both inoculated and wounded trees had higher average concentrations of these compounds than control trees. The effect of the phenolic extract of Norway spruce bark on the growth of the root rot fungus Heterobasidion annosum and the blue‐stain fungi C. polonica and Ophiostoma penicillatum were investigated in vitro. Heterobasidion annosum was not negatively affected, and the extracts had fungistatic effects on the blue‐stain fungi. The growth of O. penicillatum was more inhibited than the growth of the more aggressive C. polonica.     

大力发展木材防腐，节约木材

本文分析了我国木材防腐的现状，并着重从建筑木材防腐，人工林木腐，木材，竹材的蓝变菌和霉菌防治，以及新型防腐剂的研究与发展等四个方面探讨了在新世纪初我国木材防腐的发展方向。     

Response of Japanese red pine to inoculation with a blue stain fungus,Ceratocystis piceae

To confirm the pathogenicity of a blue stain fungus,Ceratocystis piceae (Münch) Bakshi to the Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.), the responses of healthy young pine trees and stressed trees which were girdled by the half-circumferential girdling technique were investigated by the fungal inoculation test. Although neither of the pine trees inoculated withC. piceae in the non-girdled treatment nor the controls died, mortality of the trees girdled and inoculated withC. piceae was 28.6%. In the pine trees inoculated withC. piceae, the mean area of the necrotic lesion of the sapwood was significantly larger than that of the controls, and the mean of the water pressure potential of the xylem decreased, regardless of the girdling treatment. TheC. piceae was reisolated from the wood pieces near the inoculation points on the inoculated trees, but not from the controls. These results suggest that under strongly stressed conditions, the Japanese red pine trees might have been killed by heavy infestations ofC. piceae carried by bark beetles. A part of this paper was presented at the 103rd Annual Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society (1992).     

白桦木材的变色类型及变色前后化学成分分析

通过化学方法、材面色差分析法、扫描电镜观察和化学成分分析,研究了白桦木材的蓝变和黄变,探讨了变色的原因及主要类型。研究结果表明:白桦蓝变材的变色是由变色菌侵蚀木材引起的,变色深入木材内部。木材薄壁细胞腔内充满了大量的变色菌丝体,菌丝体本身的颜色及其分泌的色素是木材变色的原因。蓝变材部分半纤维素发生降解,其各项抽提物含量比正常材高;而黄变材是由于自然环境变化引起的创伤性木材变色,存在于木材局部区域,其部分导管和少量木纤维细胞被胶状物所填充,内含物增加,木材三大组分没有明显变化。     

木材变色和变色菌的研究现状

长喙壳属真菌不仅是引起木材变色的主要真菌，而且也是重要的植物病原菌。文中对木材变色的原因、木材变色对木材性质的影响、主要变色菌的种类、寄主范围、传播媒介等作了简述。