梨幼果FWL1膜系统酵母双杂交三框cDNA文库构建及互作蛋白的筛选

【目的】筛选与FWL1互作的蛋白,为研究FWL1基因调节果实大小机理提供依据。【方法】以杜梨、库尔勒香梨、鸭梨、早美香为材料,提取4个梨品种果实细胞分裂关键时期的果肉组织混样RNA。构建梨幼果FWL1膜系统酵母双杂交三框cDNA文库,并鉴定文库质量。构建诱饵载体并转化酵母菌,筛选与FWL1互作的蛋白,对初步筛选出的阳性酵母克隆进行测序并在NCBI中进行Blast比对,确定候选互作蛋白。【结果】文库库容约为3×10⁷ CFU,大于1×10⁷ CFU,平均插入片段大于1 000 bp,阳性率为≥98%。诱饵载体无自激活功能,利用共转化方法,筛选出272个与FWL1互作的蛋白质。【结论】梨幼果膜系统酵母双杂交三框cDNA文库符合酵母双杂文库的基本条件,适用于后期筛选相互作用的蛋白。筛选出的272个互作蛋白在果实发育过程中表达不同,其中collagen and calcium-binding EGF domain-containing protein 1和metallothionein-like protein可能与梨果实大小发育有关。     

利用酵母双杂交系统筛选玉米ZmPRR73的互作蛋白

为了阐明ZmPRR73基因的生物学功能,构建诱饵表达载体pGBKT7-ZmPRR73，利用酵母双杂交技术，从长日照光照环境诱导的热带玉米自交系的cDNA文库中筛选与ZmPRR73互作的蛋白。结果显示：构建的诱饵载体pGBKT7-ZmPRR73对酵母菌株无毒性，且对报告基因无自激活活性，共鉴定出12个与ZmPRR73互作的候选蛋白。生物信息学分析表明，这些候选互作蛋白的功能涉及植物的转录调控、离子跨膜转运的调节、信号转导、电子传递链等多个方面，推测ZmPRR73蛋白与以上蛋白互作参与多个信号转导和代谢途径，研究结果补充和完善了ZmPRR73蛋白参与的调控途径，为进一步研究生物钟核心元件ZmPRR73的分子功能提供了新的分子证据。     

PDZ domain binding selectivity is optimized across the mouse proteome

PDZ domains have long been thought to cluster into discrete functional classes defined by their peptide-binding preferences. We used protein microarrays and quantitative fluorescence polarization to characterize the binding selectivity of 157 mouse PDZ domains with respect to 217 genome-encoded peptides. We then trained a multidomain selectivity model to predict PDZ domain-peptide interactions across the mouse proteome with an accuracy that exceeds many large-scale, experimental investigations of protein-protein interactions. Contrary to the current paradigm, PDZ domains do not fall into discrete classes; instead, they are evenly distributed throughout selectivity space, which suggests that they have been optimized across the proteome to minimize cross-reactivity. We predict that focusing on families of interaction domains, which facilitates the integration of experimentation and modeling, will play an increasingly important role in future investigations of protein function.     

Pheromone signaling mechanisms in yeast: a prototypical sex machine

The actions of many extracellular stimuli are elicited by complexes of cell surface receptors, heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins), and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase complexes. Analysis of haploid yeast cells and their response to peptide mating pheromones has produced important advances in our understanding of G protein and MAP kinase signaling mechanisms. Many of the components, their interrelationships, and their regulators were first identified in yeast. Current analysis of the pheromone response pathway (see the Connections Maps at Science's Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment) will benefit from new and powerful genomic, proteomic, and computational approaches that will likely reveal additional general principles that are applicable to more complex organisms.     

玉米自交系B73全基因组cystatin抗虫基因家族分析

半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂(cystatin)基因具有cystatin结构特征的蛋白结构域,广泛存在于植物或动物体内。此类基因在植物或动物蛋白质组中具有多个功能各异的家族成员,并在抗虫中扮演重要角色。通过利用玉米B73全基因组的基因表达序列数据,对12个cystatin基因的结构组成、染色体分布、系统进化等进行了分析。鉴定了该基因家族在蛋白序列间3个高度保守基序,构建了基因家族系统进化树,为该重要基因家族的进化提供了依据的同时也为克隆和分离该类抗虫基因提供参考。     

Comparative proteomic analysis provides new insights into ear leaf senescence of summer maize(Zea mays L.) under fi eld condition

As the most important organ in plant photosynthesis, the leaf plays an important role in plant growth and development. Leaf senescence is associated with fundamental changes in the proteome. To research the molecular mechanisms of leaf senescence, protein expression in senescing maize ear leaves grown under field conditions was analyzed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry(MALDI-TOF/TOF MS). A total of 60 senescence-associated proteins were identified. The identified proteins are involved in many biological processes, especially energy, metabolism and protein synthesis. Several of the identified proteins have not been previously reported as senescence-associated, including glycine-rich RNA-binding protein.     

Targeting malaria virulence and remodeling proteins to the host erythrocyte

To establish infection in the host, malaria parasites export remodeling and virulence proteins into the erythrocyte. These proteins can traverse a series of membranes, including the parasite membrane, the parasitophorous vacuole membrane, and the erythrocyte membrane. We show that a conserved pentameric sequence plays a central role in protein export into the host cell and predict the exported proteome in Plasmodium falciparum. We identified 400 putative erythrocyte-targeted proteins corresponding to approximately 8% of all predicted genes, with 225 virulence proteins and a further 160 proteins likely to be involved in remodeling of the host erythrocyte. The conservation of this signal across Plasmodium species has implications for the development of new antimalarials.     

Screening for nitric oxide-dependent protein-protein interactions

Because nitric oxide (NO) may be a ubiquitous regulator of cellular signaling, we have modified the yeast two-hybrid system to explore the possibility of NO-dependent protein-protein interactions. We screened for binding partners of procaspase-3, a protein implicated in apoptotic signaling pathways, and identified multiple NO-dependent interactions.Two such interactions, with acid sphingomyelinase and NO synthase, were shown to occur in mammalian cells dependent on endogenous NO. Nitrosylation may thus provide a broad-based mechanism for regulating interactions between proteins. If so, systematic proteomic analyses in which redox state and NO bioavailability are carefully controlled will reveal a large array of novel interactions.     

干旱胁迫下玉米开花期雄穗差异表达蛋白质的鉴定与筛选

【目的】 研究玉米开花期不同耐旱性玉米自交系的蛋白质表达差异,分析玉米响应干旱胁迫的主要代谢途径并发掘有价值的耐旱基因,对响应干旱胁迫的差异表达蛋白质组进行筛选和鉴定分析。【方法】 以强耐旱系PHBA6和弱耐旱系吉63为材料,设计干旱胁迫和正常灌溉处理。在玉米开花期进行干旱胁迫处理,取雄穗小花提取蛋白经双向凝胶电泳分离、凝胶图像扫描和质谱分析。【结果】 质谱分析共筛选出542个高清晰、重复性强的蛋白质点。其中,差异表达丰度达2.0倍以上的蛋白质点共有59个,强耐旱系PHBA6中有26个,弱耐旱系吉63中有37个,在强耐旱系PHBA6与弱耐系吉63中都表达且差异显著的蛋白质点有4个。【结论】 干旱胁迫蛋白参与代谢物和能量前体合成、核苷酸代谢、氧化还原辅酶代谢过程、蛋白翻译调控、细胞蛋白质及氨基酸代谢过程的调控、含硫化合物的合成与代谢过程、半胱氨酸的生物合成及代谢过程和光合作用等。细胞组分分类显示二者中的差异蛋白都与叶绿体及其结构相关,而且差异蛋白的细胞组分分类一致,但在生物学代谢过程及分子功能分类上相差较大,这些显著的差异表达的蛋白可能是形成不同品系间耐旱性强弱的主要原因。     

龙眼体细胞胚发生中期的蛋白质组学研究

 【目的】了解龙眼体细胞胚发生中期（球形胚至子叶形胚）蛋白质组的变化,为进一步阐明植物体细胞胚发生的机制提供依据。【方法】进行龙眼体细胞胚发生中期的同步化调控,采用双向电泳和质谱对龙眼体细胞胚发生中期的蛋白质组变化进行分析。【结果】龙眼体细胞胚发生中期表达蛋白的种类随着体细胞胚的发育逐渐减少,但在鱼雷形胚阶段其种类数量有所回升,且增加的蛋白分子质量小于66.0 kD,pI主要集中在5.00—7.00。成功鉴定了35个差异蛋白,发现了多个与体细胞胚发生密切相关的蛋白。1/2以上的蛋白与代谢途径有关,多个蛋白与氧化胁迫有关。RAN2 和 GTPase ObgE在龙眼体细胞胚发生中期发生了活跃的变化。【结论】随着体细胞胚的发育,细胞不断分化,体细胞胚中表达的蛋白种类减少。氧化胁迫相关蛋白、RAN2 和 GTPase ObgE与龙眼体细胞胚发生的调控有关。     

The cellular functions of small GTP-binding proteins

A substantial number of novel guanine nucleotide binding regulatory proteins have been identified over the last few years but the function of many of them is largely unknown. This article will discuss a particular family of these proteins, structurally related to the Ras oncoprotein. Approximately 30 Ras-related small guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins are known, and from yeast to man they appear to be involved in controlling a diverse set of essential cellular functions including growth, differentiation, cytoskeletal organization, and intracellular vesicle transport and secretion.     

利用酵母双杂交技术筛选介体灰飞虱中与水稻条纹病毒病害特异蛋白互作的蛋白质

【目的】筛选介体灰飞虱（Laodelphax striatellus,SBPH）中与水稻条纹病毒（RSV）病害特异蛋白（disease-specific protein,SP）可能发生相互作用的蛋白质,为明确介体灰飞虱传播RSV的分子机制及SP在传毒过程中的作用打下基础。【方法】提取高质量灰飞虱总RNA并通过TaKaRa D9086 OligtexTM-dT30 mRNA Purification Kit对mRNA进行纯化。利用SMART技术合成双链cDNA,利用Axygen的PCR纯化回收试剂盒将ds cDNA回收纯化,纯化后的ds cDNA再经SfiⅠ限制性内切酶处理纯化后与文库载体pPR3-N相连接以构建高质量灰飞虱cDNA文库,通过电转化的方法对灰飞虱cDNA文库进行扩增并进行cDNA文库质量和滴度检测。设计带有SfiⅠ酶切位点的引物以扩增得到目的基因即RSV SP。将带有酶切位点的SP基因序列连接到载体pDHB1上构成诱饵载体pDHB1-SP。将诱饵载体pDHB1-SP转化酵母菌NMY51中并提取总蛋白,通过Western Blot方法检测诱饵载体上的目的基因SP是否表达,并通过功能验证试验验证诱饵载体是否适合本研究采用的分裂泛素酵母双杂交系统。确定构建的诱饵载体适合本系统后,用诱饵载体与文库质粒pPR3-N共转化到酵母菌NMY51中以优化cDNA文库筛选条件并明确3-AT浓度。对灰飞虱cDNA文库进行筛选并对筛选结果进行分析,对筛选出来的蛋白进行体内试验以进一步验证是否发生互作。【结果】提取到高质量的灰飞虱总RNA,通过SMART技术合成的ds cDNA大小介于0.1-4.5 kb。构建的灰飞虱cDNA文库的库容量超过1.2×106 cfu,文库滴度为1.12×108 cfu/mL,扩增文库插入片段平均长度大于1.5 kb。载体酶切验证表明诱饵载体pDHB1-SP成功构建;Western Blot结果表明诱饵载体pDHB1-SP能够在NMY51中正常表达;功能验证表明诱饵载体pDHB1-SP适合该系统。在3-AT浓度为20 mmol?L-1的筛选条件下从构建的高质量的灰飞虱cDNA文库中筛选得到534个克隆,经测序、Blast比对最终得到76个可能与RSV的SP发生互作的灰飞虱蛋白质。根据SP在灰飞虱体内的亚细胞定位结果以及通过gene ontology(GO)对蛋白质的功能分析,挑选出20个蛋白质进行共转和β-galactosidase检测,结果表明这20个蛋白质均与RSV SP互作。【结论】通过构建高质量灰飞虱cDNA文库及酵母双杂交技术,筛选出了与RSV SP互作的蛋白质,为明确介体灰飞虱传播RSV的分子机制,及RSV的SP在传毒过程中的功能打下了基础。     

产脂肪酶酵母的筛选及菌种鉴定

[目的]从土样中筛选出有脂肪酶活性的酵母菌,测定酶活并,扩增酶活较高的1株酵母菌18SrDNA,测序后比对,确定所得菌株的种属。[方法]以罗丹明B为指示剂,采用常见的培养基培养,采用滴定法测定菌株的酶活,扩增18SrDNA,测序后BLAST比对。[结果]筛选出3株有脂肪酶活性的酵母菌,酶活为1.7～4.0U/ml。测序结果表明,所得菌株分别与Candida,Rhodotorula,Trichosporon等属亲缘关系接近。[结论]产脂肪酶酵母菌的筛选和鉴定可为研究酵母菌全细胞催化生成生物柴油打下前期基础。     

玉米花粉与花丝早期互作的蛋白质组学分析

 【目的】分离授粉早期玉米花丝的总蛋白质,为从蛋白质组角度揭示玉米花粉与花丝早期的相互作用奠定基础。【方法】以玉米(Zea mays L.)自交系Ga25为试材,采用三氯乙酸-丙酮法提取总蛋白质,运用双向电泳、质谱分析与检索技术,比较自交授粉后1 h和2 h的花丝蛋白质组的差异。【结果】与授粉1 h的蛋白质组相比,在授粉2 h后的蛋白质组中出现28个差异蛋白点,其中,6个蛋白质点特异表达,19个蛋白质点上调表达,3个蛋白质点下调表达;通过MALDI-TOF-MS质谱测序和MASCOT序列分析,注释了23个蛋白质点,其余5个为未知蛋白;功能分类表明,差异蛋白质分别参与细胞壁合成(21.4%)、防御/抗胁迫(17.9%)、细胞组织、蛋白命运、蛋白合成、转录等细胞过程。【结论】在玉米花粉与花丝早期的相互作用过程中蛋白质组有显著的变化,与授粉后1 h相比,授粉后2 h的蛋白质组中大部分差异蛋白呈上调趋势,并有特异蛋白质出现;分泌型过氧化物酶、膨胀素、果胶甲基化酶抑制蛋白、谷胱甘肽转移酶与未知蛋白4可能与玉米花粉和花丝的早期互作密切相关。     

柽柳类锌指基因ThZFL酵母诱饵表达载体的构建及其表达验证

利用PCR技术从柽柳cDNA文库中克隆出ThZFL目的基因序列,连接到pMD18-T载体,转化大肠杆菌DH5α感受态,经检验后提取质粒,用BamH I和EcoR I限制性内切酶双酶切pMD18-T-ThZFL载体和pG-BKT7-BD空载体,并将酶切产物胶回收后,用T4 DNA连接酶连接过夜后转化大肠杆菌DH5α感受态...