Evaluation of pinewood biochar as a carrier of bacterial strain Enterobacter cloacae UW5 for soil inoculation

The large-scale production of biochar for carbon sequestration provides an opportunity for using these materials as inoculum carriers to deliver plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) into agricultural soils. Here, we evaluated the suitability of a biochar produced from pinewood pyrolyzed at 300 °C as a carrier for a well-studied PGPR strain, Enterobacter cloacae UW5. This strain was genetically modified to produce a green fluorescent protein marker that enabled tracking of the inoculum. Results from selective plate count assays and quantitative PCR (qPCR) confirmed that cell survival was slightly improved by addition of bacteria to soil using biochar as a carrier for the inoculant, as compared to soil directly inoculated. Total 16S rRNA genes were quantified using qPCR and DNA templates from the same soil treatments to distinguish the impact of biochar on total bacterial abundance from its influence on inoculum survival. Here total bacterial abundance was not influenced by biochar. All treatments resulted in bacterial colonization of roots at population densities of approximately 10⁵ CFU g⁻¹ root mass. Cucumber plants grown in the biochar amended soils had significantly greater biomass and root development than those planted in un-amended soil, regardless of the presence of inoculum. The ability of bacteria to colonize the plant roots and produce a plant growth hormone was not affected by biochar. However, UW5 inoculum did not promote root development in cucumber in any of the soils tested here. Overall, these experiments suggest that the 300 °C pine biochar is effective for evenly distributing inoculum into soil and promotes cucumber development in sandy loams.     

Use of rice straw biochar simultaneously as the sustained release carrier of herbicides and soil amendment for their reduced leaching

The sustained release and reduced leaching of herbicides is expected for enhancing their efficacy and minimizing their pollution. For this purpose, the rice straw biochar made at a relatively low temperature (350 °C) (RS350) was used simultaneously as the carrier for incorporating herbicides besides as the soil amendment. In this way, the sustained release of herbicides acetochlor and 2,4-D was obtained in the release experiments, due to the high and reversible sorption by RS350 biochar. Besides, the RS350 biochar significantly reduced the leached amount of herbicides by 25.4%-40.7% for acetochlor, and by 30.2%-45.5% for 2,4-D, depending on the depth (50 or 100 mm) of biochar-amended soil horizon. The high retention of both herbicides in the biochar-amended topsoil makes it possible to extend their efficacy. The results suggest a potential way of using low temperature biochars to reduce the leaching of herbicides without impacting their efficacy.     

New trend to use biochar as foliar application for wheat plants (Triticum Aestivum)

Biochar is a product resulting from pyrolyzing biomass and is rich in carbon and several mineral. Nowadays, biochar is widely applied to agricultural soils as a soil conditioner. This research focuses on using biochar as a foliar fertilizer for wheat plants. The experiment was carried out at Shebin El-kom, El-Menoufia, Egypt, during two successive winter seasons 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of biochar on the plant growth, yield and the nutritive value of wheat plant. Results showed that, the high concentrations of biochar (300?mg/L) improved the growth and yield characteristics of wheat. Biochemical constituents as expressed as total sugars, protein, phenols and indoles, as well as free amino acids, and nitrogen varied by growth stage and concentration of biochar. As a result, biochar application can be utilized to enhance the cultivated food crop and decrease the dependence on chemical fertilizers.     

生物炭和菌剂对羊粪微好氧堆肥腐熟度和温室气体排放的影响

为探究微好氧堆肥方式对羊粪堆肥腐熟度和温室气体排放的影响,该研究以纯羊粪为研究对象,设置对照（CK）、生物炭添加（BC）和VT菌剂添加处理（MC）3个处理,在60 L的敞口发酵罐中进行42 d的堆肥试验,堆肥前14 d微量间歇强制通风,后28 d停止强制通风。结果表明：羊粪微好氧堆肥均能满足种子发芽指数（Germination Index,GI）≥70%、pH值不小于8等腐熟标准,与CK相比,BC和MC处理分别提高27.8%和38.8%的GI,并延长堆肥高温期至10 d以上,满足堆肥无害化和腐熟标准。NH3、CH4和N2O排放集中在前14 d,排放速率主要受温度、腐熟度等理化性质影响,且添加外源功能材料可不同程度减少气体排放量,其中添加生物炭使NH3、CH4和N2O排放量分别减少38.68%、14.26%和31.54%,总温室效应降低31.11%;菌剂添加降低18.41%的NH3排放,增加21.10%的N2O排放,总温室效应增加20.70%。因此,在羊粪微好氧过程,生物炭作为调理剂可促进堆肥腐熟,减少堆肥过程温室气体排放,加速有机质矿化和腐殖化,增加堆肥产品养分含量,为羊粪轻简化堆肥提供数据支撑。     

不同热解温度限氧制备的畜禽粪便生物炭养分特征

为了分析畜禽粪便生物炭中的养分特征变化,以鸡粪、猪粪渣和牛粪为原料,采用限氧控温法制备生物炭,研究了不同热解温度（350、450、550、650和750 ℃）的畜禽粪便生物炭灰分含量,C含量、大量和中微量元素养分含量及其残留率的变化,并分析了C/N比值,原材料与炭化产品养分含量、及热解温度和生物炭养分特征的相关性。结果表明,随着热解温度的升高,畜禽粪便生物炭C、N含量逐渐下降,灰分含量和P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn养分含量逐渐增加。高温热解虽增加畜禽粪便生物炭的养分总量和C/N比值,但也降低了各养分残留率。综合分析表明,畜禽粪便生物炭养分含量及其残留率与原材料中的养分含量、热解温度密切相关,其中与热解温度相关性显著。因此,选择高C和高养分含量的畜禽粪便原材料是提升生物炭养分含量的基础,而适宜温度是保留生物炭较高养分残留率的关键。该研究中畜禽粪便适宜热解温度为450 ℃,该温度下各生物炭的养分残留率整体表现为牛粪>猪粪渣>鸡粪。     

Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) for sustainable wheat production: a review

Abstract

In the last five decades, nutrient applications to farmlands have significantly improved crop yield and public awareness about nutrient use efficiency (NUE). The crop production system is nutrient-dependent in unfertile lands. The ideal management applications are used to enhance the NUE i.e. application of nutrients at right place and time with right rate. However, there must be a balance among the crop productivity and NUE. The maximum NUE is always observed where nutrient supply is lowest. The use of vital plant nutrients is significant for agricultural sustainability. However, the application of essential nutrient is under the influence of plant, climate, and economic conditions of farmers. In general agro-climatic conditions, the crop has fertilizer or NUE below 50%. The lower NUE is directly proportional to excess stability of nutrients, which may cause environmental pollution. Enhancement in NUE is crucial in agro-economical point of view. Improvement in plant nutrition e.g. P, N, and K, is the need of the hour to achieve food and fiber. In this review, we focused on discussing the significance of NUE and how NUE can be enhanced. There should be a balance among optimum NUE and excellent crop production.     

Nutrient use efficiency and harvest index of cassava decline as fertigation solution concentration increases

Response of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) to fertigation as a form of nutrient delivery is unknown. The objectives of this study were to establish a balanced nutrition and to enhance agronomic nutrient use efficiency (ANUE) of cassava under fertigation. This study was conducted in the greenhouse and in the field. In both, the results showed a similar trend. There were six fertigation concentrations and three cassava varieties, selected for their duration of growth in the field. Shoot biomass of the long‐duration variety (Nalumino) was the highest, even though its dry root yield was the lowest (10.18 t ha^?1) among the varieties. In contrast, the medium‐duration variety (Kampolombo) produced the highest dry root yield (20.34 t ha^?1) and a lower shoot biomass. The highest root yield of the shortest‐duration variety (Mweru) was achieved at 200 mg N, 30 mg P, and 200 mg K L^?1 (155.0, 23.3, 155.0 kg N, P, K ha^?1), while Nalumino's was at 70 mg N, 7 mg P, and 70 mg K L^?1 (54.3, 5.4, 54.3 kg N, P, K ha^?1). ANUE and harvest index of these varieties declined as the fertigation concentrations increased. Additionally, the correlation between concentrations of N in the youngest fully expanded leaf (YFEL) blades and dry root yields was the lowest (R² = 0.5488), whereas P and K were R² = 0.7237 and R² = 0.8006, respectively, an indication that nutrient concentrations in the leaf, especially N, cannot easily be used to predict root yield. When cassava reaches nutrient sufficiency, mainly N, its accumulation in the leaf continues without significant increase in the root yield.     

Biochar and biochar with N fertilizer as a potential tool for improving soil sorption of nutrients

Purpose

Biochar usually has a large specific surface area, and due to this, it increases the sorption capacity of the soil where it was applied. The objectives of this study were to (i) quantify the effects of biochar and biochar in combination with N fertilizer on the soil sorption parameters and (ii) quantify the effects of soil organic matter on the sorption parameters after application of biochar with and without N fertilizer.

Materials and methods

The experiment was established on Haplic Luvisol at the locality of Dolná Malanta (Slovakia) in 2014. The soil samples were collected once a month from the depth 0–0.2 m during 2014 to 2016. The field experiment included three rates of biochar application (B0?=?no biochar, B10?=?biochar at the rate of 10 t ha^?1, B20?=?biochar at the rate of 20 t ha^?1) and three levels of N fertilization (N0?=?no nitrogen, N40?=?nitrogen at the rate of 40 kg ha^?1, N80?=?nitrogen at the rate of 80 kg ha^?1).

Results and discussion

Overall, the decrease of the average values of hydrolytic acidity due to biochar and biochar combined with N fertilization resulted on average in an increase of sum of basic cation (SBC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and sorption capacity of soil organic matter (CEC_SOM) in all treatments. However, this effect was the most intensive in B10N40. Despite the fact that the average values of sorption parameters improved, its dynamics during the investigated period were different. A significant decrease in CEC was observed from 2014 to 2016 in all treatments, except B0N0 and B10N0. A stable trend in CEC_SOM was observed only in B10N40. Humic substances and humic acids had a statistically significant positive effect on the SBC, CEC, and CEC_SOM only in B20N0 treatment. Negative correlations between the above mentioned parameters were observed in B10N80 treatment.

Conclusions

We conclude that the application of biochar and biochar combined with N fertilization had a positive influence on sorption parameters. However, its effects on SBC, CEC, and CEC_SOM decreased over time after its application.

     

Evaluation of Mehlich 3 as a Universal Nutrient Extractant for Australian Sugarcane Soils

This study evaluated the suitability of the Mehlic h3 universal extractant as a part of a multielement test to assess the nutrient status of Australian sugarcane soils. Soil samples from BSES Soil Exchange Programs, representing all major soil types and geographic sugarcane-growing regions, were analyzed using existing BSES, acid-based extraction methods for calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and phosphorus (P) and the ASPAC 10B3 method for sulfur (S). These were compared with the Mehlich 3 procedure. Mehlich 3 results for Ca, Mg, Na, S, and Mn correlated highly with the BSES procedures (R² = 0.95, 0.98, 0.99, 0.91, and 0.91, respectively). Satisfactory correlations were also obtained with 0.1 M HCl–extracted Zn, Cu, and Fe (R² = 0.89, 0.85, and 0.85, respectively) and with the BSES sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄)–extracted P (R² = 0.81). The poorest correlation (R² = 0.79) was observed for K. In conclusion, the Mehlich 3 procedure is suitable as a diagnostic tool to assess the basic nutrient status of Australian sugarcane soils.     

生物炭连续施用对旱地红壤细菌群落结构的影响

为揭示生物炭对于旱地红壤土壤改良的长期影响,通过连续 8 年的田间小区试验,设置 3 个试验处理:不施生物炭(CK)、750 kg·hm-2 生物炭(C1)和 1500 kg·hm-2 生物炭(C2)。研究了生物炭连续施用对旱地红壤土壤理化性质、细菌群落结构特征的影响,并分析了影响细菌群落结构特征的理化因子。结果表明,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)6 个门类是所有处理的优势菌群;与 CK 相比,施用生物炭可以显著提高土壤 pH 0.11 ～ 0.29 个单位、碳氮比 7.85% ～ 8.21% 和有机质 8.70% ～ 11.97%,而显著降低土壤硝态氮含量 10.57% ～ 38.63%。主成分分析表明施用生物炭显著改变了细菌群落结构组成(R=0.52,P=0.02);在门水平上,与 CK 处理相比,C1 处理放线菌门的相对丰度显著增加 24.73%,C2 处理拟杆菌门的相对丰度显著增加 39.03%,而 C1 处理的绿弯菌门显著低于 CK,降幅为 18.90%。冗余分析表明,土壤硝态氮(R2=0.77,P<0.01)和 pH(R2=0.54,P<0.05)是细菌群落结构变异的主导性环境因子;细菌群落与环境因素相关性表明,优势菌群受土壤 pH、有机质、溶解性有机碳、硝态氮、铵态氮和碳氮比的影响。综上,生物炭施用 8 年后对土壤环境因子有显著的影响,其中某些关键环境因子的改变驱动了土壤细菌群落的生态演替。     

Using Thermogravimetry as a Simple Tool for Nutrient Assessment in Fire Affected Soils

Nutrient availability can be a limiting factor in the recovery of ecosystems after wildfire. Its evaluation is therefore critical for selecting appropriate restoration strategies in the post‐fire period. This study explores, for the first time, the use of thermogravimetry (TG) as a rapid proxy for nutrient availability and soil recovery. Soil samples from five burned and unburned sites in Andisols of Tenerife (Spain) were selected to examine the medium‐term impact of fire. Key soil chemical parameters [pH, electric conductivity, cation exchange capacity (CEC), main cation and anions in the soil solution, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and available phosphorus] were determined and thermogravimetry performed. Burned soils showed significantly higher pH, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ and a lower CEC, TOC and TN than the unburned counterparts, and a site‐dependent response for soluble SO₄²⁻ and available phosphorus was observed in the medium term. Time elapsed since fire could have masked additional fire impacts. Thermogravimetry data allowed reasonable prediction of most soil properties and parameters, with r ² ranging from 0·4 to 0·9. The results demonstrate that soluble nutrient content is directly related to the amount of ash in the soil. The decrease of labile carboxyl‐C was associated with an increase of pH and decrease of CEC, whereas the increase of recalcitrant and refractory pools was associated with the amount of TOC and TN. The results suggest that this novel application of an established method can provide, following an initial calibration step, rapid and inexpensive proxies for key parameters necessary for assessing fire‐induced ecosystem degradation and designing suitable restoration strategies in the post‐fire period. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy as a tool for the characterization of biochar from guava waste

Journal of Soils and Sediments - The ability of biochars prepared from pyrolysis of guava pulp and seed industrial wastes to form complexes with the ions vanadyl (VO2+), a Pearson hard acid, and...     

Tag-encoded pyrosequencing analysis of bacterial diversity in a single soil type as affected by management and land use

Impacts of management and land use on soil bacterial diversity have not been well documented. Here we present the application of the bacterial tag encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP) diversity method, which will promote studies in soil microbiomes. Using this modified FLX pyrosequencing approach we evaluated bacterial diversity of a soil (Pullman soil; fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustolls) with 38% clay and 34% sand (0–5 cm) under four systems. Two non-disturbed grass systems were evaluated including a pasture monoculture (Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz) S.T. Blake) [P] and a diverse mixture of grasses in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). Two agricultural systems were evaluated including a cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) -winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-corn (Zea mays L.) rotation [Ct–W–Cr] and the typical practice of the region, which is continuous monoculture cotton (Ct–Ct). Differences due to land use and management were observed in soil microbial biomass C (CRP > P = Ct–W–Cr > Ct–Ct). Using three estimators of diversity, the maximum number of unique sequences operational taxonomic units (OTU; roughly corresponding to the species level) never exceeded 4500 in these soils at the 3% dissimilarity level. The following trend was found using the most common estimators of bacterial diversity: Ct–W–Cr > P = CRP > Ct–Ct. Predominant phyla in this soil were Actinobacteria, Bacteriodetes and Fermicutes. Bacteriodetes were more predominant in soil under agricultural systems (Ct–W–Cr and Ct–Ct) compared to the same soil under non-disturbed grass systems (P and CRP). The opposite trend was found for the Actinobacteria, which were more predominant under non-disturbed grass systems (P and CRP). Higher G? bacteria and lower G+ bacteria were found under Ct–W–Cr rotation and highest abundance of actinomycetes under CRP. The bTEFAP technique proved to be a powerful method to characterize the bacterial diversity of the soil studied under different management and land use in terms not only on the presence or absence, but also in terms of distribution.     

Humic acid and biochar as specific sorbents of pesticides

Purpose

The aim of the research was to compare the effect of two types of organic sorbents—humic acid (HA) and biochar (BC)—in sorption-desorption processes of different polar pesticides, which residues are commonly present in arable soils and are potentially harmful for the environment. It also aims to advance the understanding of behavior of both ionizable and nonionizable pesticides in the presence of BC and HA in soils.

Materials and methods

Three different classes of pesticides were investigated: carbamates (carbaryl and carbofuran), phenoxyacetic acids (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA)), and aniline derivatives (metolachlor). Investigated humic acid was extracted by Shnitzer’s method from topsoil horizon of arable Gleyic Phaeozem. Biochar was produced from wheat straw in gasification process at 550 °C, remaining 30 s in the reactor. To obtain the experimental goal structural properties of both sorbents were determined and sorption-desorption experiments conducted. To the investigated organic matter samples (HA or BC), 10 or 15 mg L^?1 pesticide solutions in 10 mM CaCl₂ were added and the mixtures were shaken for 24 h. Afterwards, the samples were centrifuged and supernatants analyzed by LC-MS/MS for the pesticide content. Analogous experiment was performed for desorption studies (samples refilled with 10 mM CaCl₂).

Results and discussion

Humic acids exhibited strong affinity for the ionic substances, for which high-percentage uptake (74.6 and 67.9% initial dose of 2,4-D and MCPA, respectively) was obtained. Retention of nonionic carbamates on HA was much weaker (35.4% of carbofuran and 10.2% of carbaryl sorbed). Sorption of carbamates to BC was significantly reduced (76.4–84.3%) by the alkaline hydrolysis. Metolachlor was bound comparably strong both by HA (72.9%) and BC (70.2%), although different mechanisms governed its sorption. Noticeable desorption occurred only in the case of 2,4-D bound to HA (over 50%), whereas other studied compounds were released from HA within the range of 4.4–10.8% of the dose sorbed. Oppositely to HA, desorption of all studied pesticides from BC was completely inhibited, except for 2,4-D (3.7% desorbed).

Conclusions

Investigated humic acid has high affinity to polar, ionic pesticides of high water solubility, which are sorbed via specific interactions with HA functional groups. Studied biochar, due to its moderately hydrophobic character, preferentially attracts nonionic pesticides of relatively high logP values and low water solubility. Hydrophobic bonding is postulated as a main mechanism of their attraction to BC. Besides sorbent structural properties, pH is the main factor governing sorption equilibria in the studied mixtures.

     

Nutrient uptake and use efficiency of onion seed yield as influenced by nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization

Abstract

The experiment was conducted at Kulumsa, South East Ethiopia, using four levels of nitrogen (N) (0, 50,100 and 150?kg N ha^?1) and four levels of phosphorus (P) (0, 35, 70 and 105?kg P₂O₅ ha^?1) fertilizers arranged in 4?×?4 factorial arrangements in randomized complete block design with three replications. The available P was increased after harvest due to the application of N and P fertilizer at the rates of 100 or 150?kg N ha^?1 and 70 or 105?kg P₂O₅ ha^?1. More specifically, nutrients concentration and nutrient uptake were significantly (p?<?.01) varied among treatment combinations and nutrient use efficiency was declined by increasing N and P after optimum rates. The higher physiological efficiency of N (53.47?kg kg^?1) and P (580.41?kg kg^?1) and the highest apparent recovery of N (19.62%) and P (2.47%) was recorded from application of 50?kg N ha^?1 and P at 70?kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 and the highest agronomic efficiency of N (10.78?kg kg^?1) and P (15.25?kg kg^?1) was recorded from N at the rate of 50?kg N ha^?1 and P at 35?kg P₂O₅ ha^?1, respectively. The combination of N at 100?kg N ha^?1 and P at 70?kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 was promising combination that generated highest net benefit 488,878.5 ETB (Ethiopian birr) ha^?1 with the highest marginal rate of return (36638%) and gave the highest seed yield (1858.82?kg ha^?1) with yield increment of about 57.72% over the control.     

Alternatives to peat as a carrier for rhizobia inoculants: Solid and liquid formulations

Many of the microbial inoculants all over the world are based on solid peat formulations. This has been mostly true for well developed legume inoculants based on selected rhizobial strains, due to peat bacterial protection properties. Six carriers (bagasse, cork compost, attapulgite, sepiolite, perlite and amorphous silica) were evaluated as alternatives to peat. Compost from the cork industry and perlite were superior to peat in maintaining survival of different rhizospheric bacteria. Other tested materials were discarded as potential carriers for soybean rhizobia. Also, different liquid culture media have been assayed employing mannitol or glycerol as C sources. Some media maintained more than 10⁹ cfu ml^?1 of Sinorhizobium (Ensifer) fredii SMH12 or Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110 after 3 months of storage. Rhizobial survival on pre-inoculated seeds with both solid and liquid formulations previously cured for 15 days led to a higher bacterial numbers in comparison with recently made inoculants. An additional curing time of solid inoculants up to 120 days had a beneficial effect on rhizobial survival on seeds. The performance of different formulations of two highly effective soybean rhizobia strains was assayed under field conditions. Soybean inoculated with cork compost, perlite and liquid formulations produced seed yields that were not significantly different to those produced by peat-based inoculants.     

Recycling of Chicken and Duck Litter Ash as a Nutrient Source for Japanese Mustard Spinach

ABSTRACT

Recycling combusted poultry litter ash as a soil amendment would potentially ameliorate problems normally associated with poultry waste management. We evaluated the effect of chicken litter ash (CLA) and duck litter ash (DLA) as nutrient sources for Japanese mustard spinach (Brassica rapa L. var. perviridis) grown on a sand dune soil. Chicken and duck litter were ashed at five temperatures: 200, 400, 600, 800, and 900°C and the resulting ash samples were applied at the rate of 100 kg phosphorus (P) ha^?1. Laboratory analysis showed the highest P extraction with citric acid from CLA and DLA obtained at 600°C. Chicken litter ash was richer in P and potassium (K) than DLA but the later contained more calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). The amount of ammonium acetate soluble calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and K recovered increased with increasing temperature except for Ca and Mg at the highest temperatures, 800 and 900°C. Plants grown in pots with the CLA and DLA obtained at 400°C had the highest P concentration, yielding significantly more biomass with dense green leaf color but on average, the DLA amended soil had greater biomass. However, the P level was higher in CLA treated plants than DLA due to the higher available P level (citric acid soluble). Increases in electrical conductivity and pH of the soil were noted after harvest due to litter ash application. Our experiment demonstrated that poultry litter is potential source of P and other nutrients for horticutural crops.     

玉米秸秆生物炭对褐土微生物功能多样性及 细菌群落的影响

生物炭施入土壤被认为是一种有效的固碳减排措施,可增加土壤有机碳及矿质养分含量,提高土壤的持水能力及保肥能力。为探明其施入土壤后对土壤微生物活性及多样性的影响,本文在盆栽试验条件下,采用Biolog与高通量测序相结合的方法,研究了CK(不施生物炭)和施用5 g·kg~(-1)、10 g·kg~(-1)、30 g·kg~(-1)、60 g·kg~(-1)玉米秸秆生物炭对土壤微生物碳源利用能力(AWCD)、功能多样性指数以及土壤细菌的丰度和多样性的影响。结果表明,随着生物炭施用量的增加,表征土壤微生物活性的AWCD值呈下降趋势,表现为:5 g·kg~(-1)处理≈CK10 g·kg~(-1)处理30 g·kg~(-1)处理60 g·kg~(-1)处理,其中CK和5 g·kg~(-1)处理间差异不显著(P0.05),而10 g·kg~(-1)、30 g·kg~(-1)和60 g·kg~(-1)处理在整个培养期间的AWCD值显著低于CK处理(P0.05);土壤微生物群落代谢功能多样性指数(H′)、碳源利用丰富度指数(S)均随生物炭施用量的增加而呈下降趋势,但均匀度指数(E)表现出相反趋势,5g·kg~(-1)、10 g·kg~(-1)、30 g·kg~(-1)、60 g·kg~(-1)各处理的H′较CK处理分别增加0.16%、-0.88%、-3.14%、-11.09%,S分别增加-2.82%、-11.27%、-18.31%、-47.89%,E分别增加1.14%、3.00%、3.73%和13.76%。主成分分析表明,与CK处理比较,5 g·kg~(-1)处理对土壤微生物群落碳源利用方式没有显著影响(P0.05),而10 g·kg~(-1)、30 g·kg~(-1)和60g·kg~(-1)处理对土壤微生物群落碳源利用方式影响显著(P0.05)。随着生物炭施用量的增加,土壤细菌OTU数目及丰富度指数(Chao1)呈增加趋势,5 g·kg~(-1)处理与CK处理差异不显著,而10 g·kg~(-1)、30 g·kg~(-1)、60 g·kg~(-1)处理的OTU数目较CK处理分别增加1.09%、5.26%、24.42%,Chao1分别增加5.73%、10.21%、37.68%。土壤中施用生物炭后土壤细菌变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的丰度在CK处理和5 g·kg~(-1)处理间差异不显著(P0.05),而10g·kg~(-1)、30 g·kg~(-1)、60 g·kg~(-1)处理较CK处理分别增加32.3%、21.1%、16.7%,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)的丰度随着生物炭施用量的增加各处理较CK处理分别减少22.1%、55.3%、66.8%、50.5%。生物炭施入土壤后降低了土壤可培养微生物的活性,减少或改变了土壤微生物碳源利用的种类,使土壤原有微生物群落组分发生改变,生物炭也影响了土壤细菌各菌群在土壤中的丰度,使其分布的均匀性降低。为了不影响微生物群落结构和功能,石灰性褐土上生物炭一次还田量不能超过5 g·kg~(-1)(干土)。     

餐厨垃圾生物炭、炭基肥对种植芥菜土壤细菌群落结构的影响

餐厨垃圾的炭化、肥料化利用是解决餐厨垃圾环境污染问题的有效途径之一.目前有关餐厨垃圾生物炭、炭基肥等肥效以及对土壤环境的影响还缺乏研究.餐厨垃圾生物炭分别与复合肥和农业废弃物制备炭基复混肥和炭基有机肥.利用盆栽试验比较研究等氮量输入下餐厨垃圾生物炭制肥对种植芥菜土壤理化性质和细菌群落结构的影响.与不施肥处理(对照组)相...     

Nutrient supplementation increased growth and nitrate concentration of lettuce cultivated hydroponically with biogas slurry

Abstract

Recycling of biogas slurry via vegetable production is a multi-benefit and sustainable utilization strategy regarding agriculture and environment. A glasshouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) supplementation on growth and quality of lettuce cultivated hydroponically with diluted biogas slurry. The results showed that direct supplementation of P into diluted biogas slurry together with Fe improved the lettuce growth significantly, and decreased the root to shoot ratio. However, growth responses of lettuce to single addition of P or Fe into diluted biogas slurry were not significant. In addition, supplementation of P and Fe improved leaf chlorophyll content (determined as SPAD value), nitrate concentration significantly or slightly of the lettuces but not vitamin C content. However, addition of P and Fe or microelements through foliar spray is not effective in enhancement of growth and quality except for improving leaf SPAD. In conclusion, as a nutrient solution, the tested biogas slurry needs Fe and P supplementation, and P should be added together with Fe or post Fe supplementation in terms of lettuce yield. Also, direct addition of Fe into diluted biogas slurry was better than foliar spray.