紫红笛鲷人工繁殖及育苗技术研究报告

利用海水土池或网箱养殖三龄以上的紫红笛鲷成鱼,于催产前三个月进行强化培育。在水温达到 20.0℃以上的春、夏季,用绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)和释放激素(LRH-A_(2-3))进行催产,混合或单一使用,剂量视亲鱼性腺成熟度而定。受精卵在盐度27.9-33.5,水温26.5-30.5℃,pH8.2的水环境中经15-17h孵化。开口仔鱼在土池水温27.2-35.5℃.盐度:23.5-35.6.pH8.0-9.5的条件下,经28-30d培育.鱼体全长为2.5-3.2cm,仔鱼变态完全,成为幼鱼。     

珠母贝人工育苗

笔者于2005年在徐闻县大井育苗场进行了珠母贝人工育苗试验.在水温27.3℃,盐度30.8,pH 8.1的条件下,选取雄贝3只,雌贝12只进行人工授精,受精率为89.6%,受精6.25h胚胎发育至担轮幼虫,19h发育至直线绞合幼虫.在水温27.1℃～30.2℃,盐度30.4～31.3,pH 8.1的条件下,幼虫经56d的培育,共培育出4cm±0.3cm的珠母贝苗163.8只,取得了珠母贝人工育苗试验的成功.     

褐毛鲿仔鱼室内培育与稚幼鱼土池生态育苗技术研究

褐毛鲿(Megalonibea fusca)育苗采用仔鱼室内高密度培育和稚幼鱼土池生态培育相结合的育苗方式.孵化后的仔鱼在室内培育到稚鱼期,移入土池前先用鱼浆肥水培养饵料生物,鱼苗下池后一直用鱼浆或鱼糜投喂,直到出塘.土池4口总面积2.27 hm2,同时投放全长范围9.9～12.6 mm的稚鱼共53.0×104尾.秋季土池培育期间水温范围18.4 ～23.0℃,盐度13～ 25,pH 8.3～8.8.经过50 d的培育,共培育出全长范围35 ～ 69 mm,平均全长48 mm的苗种28.68×104尾,土池阶段育苗成活率为54.1％.用鱼浆肥水的水色为清绿色,水质稳定,饵料生物种群数量丰富,投放较大规格仔稚鱼可以提高育苗成活率.     

褶皱臂尾轮虫土池低盐度培育及其脂肪酸营养评价

2003年4～5月利用低盐度(12)河口水在上海崇明进行了轮虫土池培育实验,并对其脂肪酸营养进行了分析和评价。经过33d培养,结果表明,(1)只要管理得当,低盐度、自然水温(平均水温为18.2℃)条件,土池培育轮虫可以实现持续稳定供应,采收时间、每日采收量和亩总产量分别达到28～29d、9.2kg/667m2·d和259kg/667m2,最高密度可达45个/ml;(2)敌害生物和饵料条件是土池培育轮虫持续稳产的关键因素;(3)土池培育轮虫EPA、DHA、AA等HUFA含量高于酵母和微绿球藻培育的轮虫,因此土池培育轮虫的营养价值好,适用于海水苗种培育。     

卵形鲳鲹人工养殖试验

卵形鲳鯵是新开发的的海水养殖经济鱼类,本试验利用海水网箱及土池进行养殖,投喂配合饲料,叉长4~5 cm的种苗,在水温18℃~32℃、盐度15~31、pH值7.8~8.1的养殖条件下,经4~5个月养殖,体重可达400~600g,当年达到商品规格。     

莫桑比克鳗鲡养殖生物学主要特性研究

对莫桑比克鳗鲡（Anguillamor morata）玻璃鳗经形态学鉴定品种后,开展了主要养殖生物学特性研究。耐受高温和低温分别为39℃和7℃,适宜生存水温15℃～33℃;耐受盐度与水温相关,水温30℃致死盐度2．9％,适宜盐度小于1．1％,20℃致死盐度2．7％,适宜盐度小于1．8％,10℃致死盐度2．1％,适宜盐度小于2．0％;耐受pH值与水温相关,30℃致死pH值分别为3．5和11．0,适宜pH值6．0—7．0,20℃致死pH值分别为4．0和11．0,适宜pH值6．0～8．0,10℃致死pH值分别为3．5和10．5,适宜pH值5．5—8．5。常用药物S高聚碘、二氧化氯、三氯异氰尿酸、苯扎溴铵、溴氯海因、甲醛、敌百虫的安全浓度高于或接近常用浓度,硫酸铜、溴氰菊脂乳油、氯氰菊脂、甲苯咪唑的安全浓度低于常用浓度。水体中非离子态氨的安全浓度为2．51mg／L,亚硝酸氮的安全浓度为55．12mg／L。     

黄鳍东方鲀人工育苗技术初步研究

本文报道了福建省水产研究所2005年黄鳍东方鲀人工育苗技术研究结果.在水温18.6～20.2℃、盐度27.3～28.6条件下,亲鱼催产效应时间为39～49h;在水温18～21℃、盐度27.3～28.6条件下,受精卵孵化时间为120～216h;在水温18～21℃、盐度20.0～30.0条件下,室内水泥池前期培育13d,仔鱼成活率69.7%;在水温26.0～29.0℃、盐度15.0～30.0条件下,30万尾稚鱼经池塘50d后期培育,共培育出平均全长3.9cm、平均体重1.1g幼鱼5.0万尾,成活率16.7%.     

环境因子对条石鲷生长的影响

通过模拟工厂化养殖模式,采用单因素实验方法进行水质环境因子（溶解氧、水温、光照、盐度及pH值）梯度饲养试验,经过30d或60d饲养,对条石鲷的增长率及饵料系数进行比较分析。结果表明：适宜工厂化养殖条石鲷的水质环境为溶解氧≥6mg／L、水温24～26℃、光照300～900Lux、盐度25—30‰、pH值7．5-8．5。     

点篮子鱼人工繁育技术研究

2008年4~6月在海南进行了点篮子鱼的人工繁殖试验,共产卵610×104cell,孵化出仔鱼342.4×104ind,经过30 d土池生态培育,培育出体长约2.5 cm幼鱼32.5×104ind,土塘培育苗种成活率达16.1%。点篮子鱼适宜催产的环境条件为:水温25.5~27.7℃,盐度33.0~34.5,pH值7.9~8.5,DO值6.0~8.8 mg/L。A、B、C三种药品配伍进行催产效果最好,获产率、受精率、孵化率均最高,分别达到60.0%~80.0%、83.2%~90.5%和71.2%~76.8%,效应时间缩短到15~16 h。点篮子鱼受精卵为半浮性卵,孵化积温为649.25时度。当盐度低于26.5时,点篮子鱼受精卵沉于水底;盐度高于38.5时,则浮于水面。水温对胚胎发育影响较大,15℃、20℃试验组胚胎分别发育至原肠晚期、胚孔封闭期死亡,35℃条件下胚胎发育终止于胚体形成期,30℃试验组初孵仔鱼的活力差,畸形率高。点篮子鱼胚胎发育的适温为25℃左右。盐度对点篮子鱼的胚胎发育的影响较大。在盐度34.4~45.7范围内,随着盐度的增加,孵化率降低,畸形率升高。在盐度30.2~34.4范围内,孵化率在60%以上,畸形率在10%以下,最适盐度范围30.2~34.4。初孵仔鱼全长为1.00~1.20 mm,油球一个,出膜3~4 d开始摄食小型轮虫和藻类。点篮子鱼苗15日龄前生长缓慢,之后生长迅速,平均全长与日龄回归方程式为:y=1.120 7e0.109 4x,R2=0.979 5。     

赤眼鳟人工繁殖与苗种培育技术

试验进行了野生赤眼鳟（Squaliobarbus curriculus）的人工驯养、繁殖及苗种培育,并对其受精卵的胚胎发育情况进行了观察,结果表明：单独使用或组合使用促黄体素释放激素类似物（LRH-A2）、马来酸地欧酮（DOM）,以胸腹注射法进行一针或两针人工催产,效果都较好,效应时间一般随水温升高而缩短,24℃～27.5℃一针注射后的效应时间为10～12 h;22℃～23℃两针注射（距第二针）的效应时间为8h左右;浮盘与水泥池组合式孵化方式合理、可靠,3年累计孵出鱼苗218.2万尾;赤眼鳟的孵化时间与水温呈负相关,水温越高,孵化时间越短,在21～24℃时,一般需32 h孵出,而当水温上升至24～27.5℃时,则仅需20～24h即可出膜;鱼种培育阶段,生长较快,冬片鱼种规格也能达到10 cm～15 cm,3年累计育出赤眼鳟冬片鱼种22.81万尾,平均成活率达82.95%.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of cortisol on hepatic carbohydrate metabolism and responsiveness to hormones in the sea raven,Hemitripterus americanus

The sea raven, Hemitripterus americanus, is a sit-and-wait, low metabolic rate, marine teleost. The objective of this study was to determine i) whether cortisol implantation (50 mg. kg^-1) for 7 days altered hepatocyte metabolism, and hepatocyte responsiveness to epinephrine, glucagon and insulin, and ii) whether 8 weeks of food-deprivation modified the above response. Cortisol implantation significantly increased hepatocyte total glucose production and oxidation from alanine compared to the sham group. There was no cortisol effect on glycogen breakdown, suggesting that the activation of other pathways, including gluconeogenesis, are required to account for the increased glucose production. Epinephrine-mediated (10^-5M) glycogen breakdown and insulin-mediated (10^-8M) total glucose production were enhanced in hepatocytes of cortisol implanted sea ravens, but there were no change in any glucagon (10^-7M) effects. The enhanced glycogen breakdown in the absence of similar increases in total glucose production with epinephrine indicates mobilization of carbohydrate reserves for endogenous use by the liver. Food-deprivation for 8 weeks significantly decreased condition factor, plasma cortisol concentration and liver glycogen content in the sea raven, but had no effect on plasma glucose concentration. Hepatocyte total glucose production and flux rates from alanine increased significantly with food-deprivation. Moreover, food-deprivation increased responsiveness of total hepatocyte glucose production to the actions of glucagon and insulin, but not to epinephrine; none of these effects were modified by cortisol implantation. Our results indicate that cortisol in the sea raven exerts both a direct and an indirect or permissive effect on hepatocyte metabolism by modifying hepatocyte responsiveness to epinephrine and insulin stimulation. Cortisol implantation did not modify the effects of glucagon or food-deprivation in this species.     

Simulation and quantification of enrichment and retention processes in the southern Benguela upwelling ecosystem

Important environmental processes for the survival and recruitment of early life stages of pelagic fishes have been synthesized through Bakun's fundamental triad as enrichment, concentration and retention processes (A. Bakun, 1996, Patterns in the Ocean. Ocean Processes and Marine Population Dynamics. San Diego, CA, USA: University of California Sea Grant). This conceptual framework states that from favourable spawning habitats, eggs and larvae would be transported to and/or retained in places where food originating from enrichment areas would be concentrated. We propose a method for quantifying two of the triad processes, enrichment and retention, based on the Lagrangian tracking of particles transported within water velocity fields generated by a three‐dimensional hydrodynamic model. We apply this method to the southern Benguela upwelling ecosystem, constructing putative maps of enrichment and retention. We comment on these maps regarding main features of the circulation in the region, and investigate seasonal variability of the processes. We finally discuss the results in relation to available knowledge on the reproductive strategies of two pelagic clupeoid species abundant in the southern Benguela, anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardinops sagax). Our approach is intended to be sufficiently generic so as to allow its application to other upwelling systems.     

Effects of capture,loading density and transport stress on the mortality,physiological responses,bacterial density and growth of rohu <Emphasis Type="Italic">Labeo</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic"> rohita</Emphasis> fingerlings

This study evaluated the effects of three levels of loading density (200, 300 and 400 g L⁻¹) and four levels of duration (1, 3, 6 and 9 h) on the mortality, plasma cortisol and chloride levels and growth of rohu Labeo rohita fingerlings in a transport simulation. While total immediate mortality was low (4–12%), delayed mortality was high (27–49%). Initial capture and handling were found to constitute the most stressful phase as indicated by elevated plasma cortisol. The levels of cortisol continued to rise at 6 and 9 h after transport, with the highest level observed at 9 h after transport. The level of plasma chloride fell after transport across all density levels and treatment durations. Specific growth rate (SGR, %/day) and total bacterial density (cfu/g) were not different between and within treatments, and between treatments and the controls. This study demonstrates that transport has a profound effect on the stress responses of rohu fingerlings. Although the level of immediate mortality was low, the higher level of delayed mortality has serious implications in terms of production inefficiency for grow-out farmers.     

The effects of introduced tilapias on native biodiversity

• 1. The common name ‘tilapia’ refers to a group of tropical freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae (Oreochromis, Tilapia, and Sarotherodon spp.) that are indigenous to Africa and the southwestern Middle East. Since the 1930s, tilapias have been intentionally dispersed worldwide for the biological control of aquatic weeds and insects, as baitfish for certain capture fisheries, for aquaria, and as a food fish. They have most recently been promoted as an important source of protein that could provide food security for developing countries without the environmental problems associated with terrestrial agriculture. In addition, market demand for tilapia in developed countries such as the United States is growing rapidly.
• 2. Tilapias are well‐suited to aquaculture because they are highly prolific and tolerant to a range of environmental conditions. They have come to be known as the ‘aquatic chicken’ because of their potential as an affordable, high‐yield source of protein that can be easily raised in a range of environments — from subsistence or ‘backyard’ units to intensive fish hatcheries. In some countries, particularly in Asia, nearly all of the introduced tilapias produced are consumed domestically; tilapias have contributed to basic food security for such societies.
• 3. This review indicates that tilapia species are highly invasive and exist under feral conditions in every nation in which they have been cultured or introduced. Thus, the authors have concluded that, despite potential or observed benefits to human society, tilapia aquaculture and open‐water introductions cannot continue unchecked without further exacerbating damage to native fish species and biodiversity. Recommendations include restricting tilapia culture to carefully managed, contained ponds, although exclusion is preferred when it is feasible. Research into culture of indigenous species is also recommended.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.