以羽毛、人发为枯草芽胞杆菌KD-N2液体发酵碳、氮源生产角蛋白酶模型的建立

以枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)KD-N2为发酵菌种,分别以羽毛、人发为碳、氮源,研究了5 L发酵罐内角蛋白酶的发酵动力学。根据Logistic方程和Luedeking-Piret方程建立了菌体生长和产物生成动力学模型。根据实验数据确定了模型参数,以羽毛为唯一碳、氮源发酵过程中菌体生长动力学模型为dX/dt =0.1013(1－X/0.3742)X,角蛋白酶生成动力学模型为dP/dt =276.69dX/dt －3.6X,以人发为碳、氮源底物发酵过程中菌体生长动力学模型为dX/dt =0.0728(1－X/0.197)X,角蛋白酶生成动力学模型为dP/dt =422.34dX/dt + 5.187X。     

农药在土壤中降解反应的动力学模型

文章认为,农药在土壤中降解过程为化学降解反应与生物降解反应的平行总包反应,并推导其动力学方程:-(dx/dt)=k₁x+k₂xm; x=(A₁x₀)/[(A₁+A₂x₀)exp (A₁t)-A₂x₀]应用该方程对3种农药在土壤中降解过程的实验数据作回归拟合,全相关系数R值都达到0.001水平显著相关。由方程得出的降解反应动力学参数,都具有确切的物理涵义。预计此动力学模型对于其它类型农药在土壤中降解过程,有一定应用前景。     

分枝杆菌降解植物甾醇制备雄烯二酮转化过程研究

在分批发酵中研究了分枝杆菌（Mycobacterium sp-UV-8）的菌体生长、基质消耗及产物生成的特征,基于Logistic方程和Leudeking-piret方程建立了描述分批发酵过程的动力学模型及模型参数,并对实验数据与模型进行了验证比较,平均相对误差均小于7 ％,模型计算值与试验数据拟合良好,基本反映了Mycobacterium sp-UV-8分批发酵过程的动力学特征,表现出很好的适用性,为产业化设计和生产提供了可靠的保障。     

pH Effect on kinetics of Heavy Metal Sorption in Soils

The pH effect on the sorption kinetics of heavy metals in soils was studied using a constant flow leaching method.The soil samples were red soil collected from Yingtan,Jiangxi,and yellow-brown soil from Nanjing,Jiansu,The heavy metals tested were zinc and cadmium.Assuming that the experimental data diffed to the following kinetic rate equation:1/c.dx/dt=kx∞-kx,the rate constant k of sorption could be determined from the slope of the straight line by plotting of 1/c,dx/dt vs.x.The results showed that the pH effect on the rate constants of heavy mental sorption in soils was very significant.The values of k decreased with increasing pH.The sorptions were more sensitive to pH in red soil than in yellow-brown soil.     

磁场及流速场条件下盐渍液快速腌渍芥菜

为了实现对芥菜的快速腌渍,采用磁场和流动盐液相结合的方式对样品进行处理,并与静置条件下的腌渍进行了对比。利用不同磁感应强度的磁场(200、1 000、2 000 Gs)和流速场(0.03、0.06、0.22 m/s)完成对芥菜的腌渍处理,同时考察了传质动力学方程。结果表明:当腌渍条件于磁感应强度2 000 Gs和流速0.06 m/s时,可在180 min时间内使样品表层盐分达到饱和,盐分扩散系数为k=2.35×10-2 min-1,而当腌渍液处于湍流(0.22 m/s,雷诺数Re=4 132)的情况下则不利于盐分扩散,只施加磁场的静置腌渍对传质无显著提高(P0.05),而当腌渍液在层流状态下(雷诺数Re=563和1 127)则有利于盐分向多孔状原料的渗透,最佳工艺参数为磁感应强度B=2 000 Gs和流速v=0.06 m/s且该条件下的传质动力学模型可采用Logistic方程进行描述,预测方程决定系数为R2=0.976,该研究为农产品快速浸渍加工提供了参考。     

耕作土壤释钾速率及其与钾有效性的关系研究

对 1 0个不同母质土壤进行生物吸钾试验和化学测定 .结果表明 ,二级动力学方程dkt/dt=k(k0 -kt) 2 可以很好地描述连续提取条件下土壤释钾特性。初始释钾速率与有效钾含量呈极显著正相关 ,与黑麦草生物总量及吸钾总量均呈极显著正相关 .2mol/LHNO3提取的释钾速率相关显著性明显高于氢质树脂法 ,其中 0～ 2h的土壤释钾速率能较好地描述土壤钾的有效性     

黄腐酸吸附土壤Cr6+的模型研究

在单因素实验的基础上,针对黄腐酸(FA)吸附土壤中的Cr6+的研究,采用了二次回归正交旋转组合设计对其实验条件进行了优化,并建立了土壤Cr6+潜在去除率(y)与FA浓度(x1)、溶液pH值(x2)、反应时间(x3)和反应温度(x4)这4个因素间的正交回归模型。从模型推知,当在FA浓度为2.11g/L,溶液pH值为5.65,反应时间为8.8h和反应温度为23.8℃时,土壤Cr6+潜在去除率最大,达78.27%,验证结果表明,实验结果与模型结果较为吻合。     

红壤侵蚀坡地上百喜草的施肥效应和合理施肥技术

在红壤侵蚀坡地小区试验条件下,进行百喜草N、P、K肥效试验和单施N肥效应研究,结果表明:在供试土壤区域,促进百喜草生长及鲜草量的最优施肥方案为氮肥单施,施用氮肥的曲线回归模型为y=b0 b1x b2x2-b3x3,效应方程为y=51000.0 275.5995x 3.3750x2-0.1335x3,合理的氮肥用量范围为189.0~598.5 kg/hm2,经济最佳氮肥施用量为250.5 kg/hm2。     

秸秆合成气合成甲醇的动力学研究

为了实现农业废弃物转化为化工产品(燃料甲醇),有效地利用生物质能,在直流流动等温积分反应器中,采用C301铜基催化剂,催化剂粒度0.175 mm x 0.147 mm,在压力为5 MPa,反应温度220～270℃,质量空速15532.67～26343.47 NL/(kgcat.h)条件下,对秸秆合成气合成甲醇动力学进行了研究.用Langmuir-Hinshelwood本征动力学模型和改进的高斯-牛顿法确定了该反应的动力学参数.残差分析和统计检验结果表明,所得到的本征动力学模型方程与试验数据吻合良好,为生物质(秸秆)气制备甲醇中试研究及甲醇合成反应器的设计提供了参考.     

茶园土壤中氟去除模型研究

在单因素试验基础上,采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计对土壤中的氟去除进行了优化,建立了土壤氟潜在去除率(y)与EDTA浓度(x1)、溶液pH值(X2)、表面活性剂(SDS)投加量(x3)和土壤含氟量(x4)4个因素间的正交回归模型:Y=62.92642-6.80471x1+2.85102x2+3.74368x3-6.65557x12-4.74638x42+2.70625x1x4+2.70625x2x3.从模型推知,当EDTA浓度0.085 mol/L、溶液pH值8.9、SDS投加量21.70 mL和土壤含氟量650.65 mg/kg时,土壤氟潜在去除率最大,达71.70%,验证结果与模型值相近.     

缓冲体系对产弹性蛋白酶芽孢杆菌EL31410发酵的影响

摘要: 弹性蛋白酶是以降解弹性硬蛋白为特征的蛋白水解酶。培养芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.) EL31410产弹性蛋白酶的过程中，pH的波动对产酶有较大影响。菌体最适生长pH为6.0～7.0，最适产酶pH为6.4～6.6。采用单因素实验和二次通用旋转回归设计研究了缓冲体系对产弹性蛋白酶芽孢杆菌EL31410发酵的影响。优化结果显示：15 h后添加pH 6.4 KH2PO4-NaOH缓冲液，使其在培养基中浓度为0.02 mol/L时，对控制发酵液pH和提高菌体生长及酶活性的综合效果为最佳。验证实验证明该模型是较可靠的。     

土壤中有机化学品降解动力学的某些模型与机理建模中的相似观

如果不同事物的机理可被函数形式严格相同的数学模型所描述。我们就认为在这些事物之间存在机理相似性。机量相似性可以帮助我们在机理建模方法的科学探索。降解有机化学品的微生物在机理上相似于相互用种群的Ｖｏｌｔｅｒｒａ模型中的捕食者种群；但有机化学品浓度的变化在数理上不同于Ｖｏｌｔｅｒｒａ模型中被捕食者种群密度的变化。     

土壤有机复合物降解的动力学模型

A set of equations in suggested to describe the kinetics of degradation of organic ompounds applied to soils ad the kinetics of growth of the inolved microorganisms:-dx/dt=jx kxm dm/dt=-fm gxm where x is the concentration of organic compound at time t,m is the numer of microorganisms capable of degrading the organic compound at time t,while j,k,f and g are positive constants,This model can satisfactorily be used to explain the degradation curve of organic compounds and the growth curve of the involved microorganisms.     

温度对固定化酵母酒精分批发酵的影响及动力学模型

该文以甜高粱茎秆汁液为原料,探讨了温度（25～37 ℃）对甜高粱汁固定化酵母酒精分批发酵的影响,并对不同温度下固定化酵母乙醇发酵的动力学模型进行了研究。结果表明：温度的升高可以提高细胞生长速率,但过高的温度却阻碍了细胞的生长,从而影响了酒精的产量。应用Hinshelwood模型,分别对酒精发酵过程中细胞生长动力学和酒精合成动力学进行了模拟,得到25～34℃范围内不同温度下各种动力学参数。在此基础上,进一步研究了温度同细胞生长动力学参数之间的内在联系,得到酒精分批发酵过程中酵母细胞质量浓度的变化同温度以及底物质量浓度之间的一般关系式,验证试验结果表明,该模型具有很好的适用性。     

Cancer risk to Japanese population from the consumption of inorganic arsenic in cooked hijiki

The cancer risk posed by inorganic arsenic (iAs) ingestion via the consumption of hijiki seaweed, a common Japanese food item known to accumulate pentavalent arsenic, was estimated. Fourteen households were asked to supply three portions of cooked hijiki (boiled and fried with vegetables and fried bean curd, etc.), as usually cooked and served per person in each household. The monthly consumption frequency of cooked hijiki was assessed by questionnaire: it was typically two to three times a month in most households. The mean daily consumption of cooked hijiki was estimated to be 6.5 g/day (range = 1.1-14 g/day, median = 5.5 g/day) by multiplying one serving quantity (grams) by the monthly frequency of consumption. The concentration of iAs [As(III) + As(V)] in the cooked hijiki was determined after homogenization, freeze-drying, 0.07 mol/L HCl extraction, and high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICPMS). The concentration of iAs ranged from 0.4 to 2.8 mg/kg (wet weight basis) in the cooked hijiki, and iAs intake from cooked hijiki was calculated to be 0.0005-0.023 mg/day. On the basis of these data and the oral slope factor [1.5E0 (mg/kg/day) (-1)] reported by the U.S. EPA for iAs, the mean skin cancer risk through cooked hijiki consumption was calculated to be 2.4 x 10(-4) (range = 1.6 x 10(-6) -7.0 x 10(-4)), which exceeded the acceptable level of 10(-5). Taking the risk of other cancers (bladder, lung, etc.) into consideration, the contribution to cancer occurrence through the consumption of hijiki seaweed may not be negligible.     

Performance Evaluation of Fixed Bed of Nano Calcium Oxide Synthesized from a Gastropod Shell (Achatina achatina) in Hexavalent Chromium Abstraction from Aqua System

The shell of a gastropod (Achatina Achatina) was used as a precursor for the synthesis of nano calcium oxide (NC) via the sol–gel technique. The NC was characterized and the performance evaluation in chromium (Cr) (VI) abstraction was assessed in a fixed bed. The operating characteristics of the NC-Cr (VI) system were analysed with the mass transfer model and the mass transfer zone parameters were found to fluctuate with changes in the initial Cr (VI) concentration. The evaluation of the equilibrium data, generated from the fixed bed studies, showed that the sorption of Cr (VI) occurred via monolayer adsorption mechanism, and the monolayer sorption capacity was 833.33 mg/g. Different kinetic models (i.e., Adams–Bohart, Thomas, Wolborska, and Yoon–Nelson models) were applied to experimental data to predict the breakthrough curves and to determine the parameters of the column useful for process design. The kinetic analysis showed that the Yoon and Nelson model had the best fitting of the experimental data. The data obtained for Cr (VI) removal, when the NC bed height was optimized, were well described by bed depth service time model.     

Environmental photochemistry of tylosin: efficient, reversible photoisomerization to a less-active isomer, followed by photolysis

The environmental photochemical kinetics of tylosin, a common veterinary macrolide antibiotic and growth promoter, were investigated under simulated sunlight. An efficient, reversible photoisomerization was characterized using kinetic, mass spectrometry, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance data. The photoisomerization was confirmed to occur by a rotation about the distal alkene of the ketodiene functionality. Concurrent forward (quantum yield = 0.39 +/- 0.09) and back (quantum yield = 0.32 +/- 0.08) reactions lead to a photochemical equilibrium near a tylosin/photoisomer ratio of 50:50, completed in less than 2 min under a spectrum equivalent to noontime, summer sunlight. The activity of the isomer for the inhibition of Escherichia coli DH5alpha growth was observed to be less than that of tylosin. On a longer time scale than that of isomerization, the isomer mixture undergoes photolysis with a quantum yield of (1.4 +/- 0.3) x 10(-3). The observed quantum yields and UV-vis absorbance data allow for the prediction of the photochemical behavior of tylosin in most environmental systems. Indirect photosensitization was not a significant loss process in solutions of Suwannee River fulvic acid with concentrations from 1 to 20 mg L(-1).