猪体恩诺沙星内服和肌注途径给药排泄规律的比较

给10头猪分别按体重5mg／kg单剂量内服和肌注恩诺沙星，采集自然排泄的猪粪、尿，用高效液相一荧光法测定恩诺沙星及其代谢产物环丙沙星浓度，计算采样间隔内单位时间药物排泄量占给药量的比例，比较2种不同给药途径原形药物和环丙沙星的排泄规律。结果显示，2种给药途径对恩诺沙星和环丙沙星总排泄量的影响不显著，仅对药物排泄量与时间之间的关系产生影响；2种给药途径的试验猪粪样中恩诺沙星的排泄量均高于尿样；内服与肌注给药后96h内，粪和尿中检出的环丙沙星分别占给药量的3．93％和4．02％，累积排泄的恩诺沙星和环丙沙星之和分别占给药量的9．89％（内服）和9．57％（肌注）。     

Renal excretion of N4-acetyl sulphanilamide and N4-acetyl sulphadimidine in goats

The renal excretion of N⁴-acetyl sulphanilamide and N⁴-acetyl sulphadimidine was studied in 19 experiments with 6 goats during continuous intravenous administration of the 2 sulphonamide derivatives. Deacetylation of both compounds takes place to a small extent only. Further it is shown that both sulphonamide derivatives are bound to plasma proteins to a greater extent than sulphanilamide and sulphadimidine. The excretion of the N⁴-acetylated sulphonamides is compared with the renal excretion of creatinine. The non-protein-bound fraction of the 2 N⁴-acetylated sulphonamides is excreted by filtration and active tubular secretion. The renal clearances of the acetyl derivatives are higher than those of the parent compounds.     

猪粪中洛克沙胂的HPLC检测及排泄规律

在建立猪粪中洛克沙胂HPLC检测方法基础上,选用24头育肥猪,分别混饲给予0、25、50、100 mg/kg洛克沙胂,混饲给药后不同时间采集粪样,以高效液相色谱法测定其中洛克沙胂质量浓度,了解洛克沙胂混饲给药后在猪体内的排泄情况,然后从江苏和山东省15个使用洛克沙胂的集约化猪场采集150头猪的粪样,调查猪粪样中的洛克沙胂含量。结果表明,所建立的猪粪中洛克沙胂HPLC检测方法的平均回收率为82.09%~84.03%,变异系数为2.92%~5.45%,检测限为0.05 mg/kg,定量限为0.1 mg/kg;以不同剂量混饲给药后,洛克沙胂在粪中排泄量在36~48 h达峰,峰质量浓度分别为12.31、22.52、34.78 mg/kg,猪粪中检测不到洛克沙胂的时间分别为72、108、132 h;所调查150个粪样中洛克沙胂平均质量浓度为23.13 mg/kg。     

Disposition kinetics and urinary excretion of ciprofloxacin in goats following single intravenous administration

We evaluated the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in serum (n = 6) and urine (n = 4) in goats following a single intravenous administration of 4 mg/kg body weight. The serum concentration-time curves of ciprofloxacin were best fitted by a two-compartment open model. The drug was detected in goat serum up to 12 h. The elimination rate constant (β) and elimination half-life (t_1/2β) were 0.446 ± 0.04 h^-1 and 1.630 ± 0.17 h, respectively. The apparent volume of distribution at steady state (Vd_ss) was 2.012 ± 0.37 l/kg and the total body clearance (Cl_B) was 16.27 ± 1.87 ml/min/kg. Urinary recovery of ciprofloxacin was 29.70% ± 10.34% of the administered dose within 36 h post administration. In vitro serum protein binding was 41% ± 13.10%. Thus, a single daily intravenous dose of 4 mg/kg is sufficient to maintain effective levels in serum and for 36 h in urine, allowing treatment of systemic, Gram-negative bacterial infections and urinary tract infections by most pathogens.     

Renal energy excretion of horses depends on renal hippuric acid and nitrogen excretion

The prediction of renal energy excretion is crucial in a metabolizable energy system for horses. Phenolic acids from forage cell walls may affect renal energy losses by increasing hippuric acid excretion. Therefore, the relationships were investigated between renal energy, nitrogen (N) and hippuric acid excretion of four adult ponies (230–384 kg body weight (BW)) consuming diets based on fresh grass, grass silage, grass cobs (heat‐dried, finely chopped, pressed grass), alfalfa hay, straw, extruded straw and soybean meal. Feed intake was measured; urine and faeces were quantitatively collected for three days. Feed was analysed for crude nutrients, gross energy, amino acids and neutral‐detergent‐insoluble crude protein (CP); faeces were analysed for crude nutrients and cross energy; urine was analysed for N, hippuric acid, creatinine and gross energy. Renal energy excretion (y; kJ/kg BW^0.75) correlated with renal N excretion (x₁; g/kg BW^0.75) and renal hippuric acid excretion (x₂; g/kg BW^0.75): y = 14.4 + 30.2x₁+20.7x₂ (r = .95; n = 30; p < .05). Renal hippuric acid excretion was highest after intake of fresh grass and lowest after intake of soybean meal. The ratio of hippuric acid to creatinine in urine and the excretion of hippuric acid per gram of dry matter intake was significantly higher for fresh grass than for all other rations. There was no relationship between aromatic amino acid intake and renal hippuric acid excretion. The results of the present study and literature data suggest that feed can be categorized into four groups with regard to the energy losses per gram CP intake: (i) protein supplements (e.g., soybean meal): 4.2–4.9 kJ/g CP intake (ii) alfalfa hay, grains, dried sugar beet pulp: 6.4 kJ/g CP intake, (iii) hay, preserved grass products, straw: 5.2–12.3 kJ/g CP intake (mean 8) and (iv) fresh grass. For group (iii) a negative relationship was observed between renal energy losses per gram of CP and the content of CP or neutral‐detergent‐insoluble CP in dry matter.     

改良山羊生长发育的分析

本文主要对宁夏中卫山羊与天津地区土种山羊杂交后代某些血液理化指标和肌肉中蛋白质脂肪氨基酸含量进行测定,并与本地土种山羊进行了对比,以分析杂交后代的生长发育特征.     

Urinary excretion of purine derivatives and plasma allantoin level in sheep and goats during fasting

The relationship between blood plasma level and urinary excretion of allantoin (AN) was examined in sheep and goats during fasting to investigate the possible use of purine derivatives (PD) in urine and/or plasma for estimating the microbial protein production in the rumen, and the further digestion in the lower guts of ruminants. Urinary AN excretion decreased markedly during fasting (0.13 mmol/kgW^0.75 per day), although urinary levels of other PD, hypoxanthine + xanthine and uric acid did not differ irrespective of the feeding condition, that is, feeding, fasting and refeeding in both species. The AN concentration in blood plasma also decreased drastically in the starvation period, and was suddenly increased on refeeding in sheep and goats, and these phenomena were very similar to those of urinary AN excretion. Therefore, there was a high positive correlation between plasma AN level and urinary AN excretion, and the coefficient of correlation was statistically significant (P < 0.01). These results clearly indicate that changes in urinary AN reflect change in plasma AN, which is induced by the catabolism of purine base in the body.     

柴达木绒山羊与当地山羊杂交改良试验

为了提高当地山羊的生产性能,用柴达木绒山间对当地山羊进行杂交改良。结果表明,杂一代在体重、产绒量及绒层厚度上均显著高于当地山羊羔羊（P〈0.05）,杂一代在当地适应性好、杂交优势明显。     

Renal percent clearance ratios in cattle

Renal percent clearance ratios for various electrolytes were determined on nine clinically normal Holstein heifers. Endogenous creatinine serum and urine levels were used to calculate the ratios. The average percent clearance ratios and standard deviations of Na, K, Cl, P, and Ca were 1.97+/-0.63, 49.3+/-9.2, 3.16+/-1.l2, 15.6+/-14.3, and 1.38+/-1.41, respectively. The correlation between Na and Cl percent clearance ratios within a sample was 0.92. A very strong direct correlation of urine creatinine and urine specific gravity was demonstrated.     

乐至黑山羊与营山黑山羊杂交改良效果初探

本试验利用乐至黑山羊(父本)杂交改良营山黑山羊(母本)以提高生产性能。分别测定了两品种羊及乐×营杂交一代羊6月龄的体高、体长、胸围、胸宽和管围以及2月龄、6月龄、12月龄和24月龄的体重,结果表明:杂交一代羊的所有指标明显高于营山黑山羊(P0.05),其中6月龄杂交一代公羊的体高、体长、体重、胸围和胸宽较营山黑山羊分别提高23.3%、25.2%、18.39%、38.9%和27.7%(P0.01);母羊体高、体长、体重、胸围和管围分别提高19.3%、21.7%、22.72%、26.4%和13%(P0.01),胸宽提高6.2%(P0.05)。说明杂交改良效果显著。     

山羊冰川棘豆中毒的病理学观察

8只杂种奶山羊，按每日每千克体重10g的剂量饲喂冰川棘豆（Oxytropis glacialis)草粉，第25天起，出现以中枢神经系统机能紊乱为特征的中毒症状。病理组织学检查，心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑、卵巢等组织发生空泡变性，空泡变性普遍而且严重，并且观察到淋巴结和脾脏中巨噬细胞胞核空泡变性，淋巴细胞胞核淡染，呈空泡样。肝、肾脑组织电镜观察，病理变化以空泡变性为主，细胞中线粒体肿胀、空泡化，粗面内织网断裂，溶酶体增加。     

Luteal lifespan and fertility after estrus synchronization in goats

The present experiment aims to examine the efficiency of estrus synchronization using progesterone and equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) and to look at luteal function. During the non-breeding and breeding season, 5 adult female Korean native goats were injected intramuscularly with 2.5 ml of physiological saline as the control. A progesterone impregnated intravaginal sponge was then kept in the same goats for 10 days followed, after a week, by an intramuscular injection of 500 IU eCG. Five adult female Nubian goats were mated with a fertile buck during the non-breeding season. During the non-breeding season 2 of the 5 goats showed a normal estrous cycle (ranging from 18 to 21 days) and 3 a short estrous cycle (ranging from 3 to 6 days). During the breeding season the equivalent figures were 1 and 2. The major axes of the corpus luteum (CL) were measured by means of calipers built into the ultrasonography system, and the concentrations of plasma progesterone (P₄) were determined by double antibody radioimmunoassay. The mean major axes of the CL in goats showing the short cycle (6.1 ± 0.5 mm) was significantly smaller than in those showing the normal cycle (8.9 ± 0.5 mm; p < 0.01) and also the value of P₄ in goats showing the short cycle (4.2 ± 2.1 ng/ml) was significantly lower than for those showing the normal cycle (10.3 ± 4.3 ng/ml; p < 0.05) at day 3 following ovulation. Three out of 5 Nubian goats became pregnant but only one goat carried to full term. The present experiment indicated that a combination of progesterone and eCG was effective in inducing estrus, although it resulted in a high incidence of short luteal lifespan. The low kidding rate and high incidence of embryonic loss may be due to the instability of the luteal lifespan.     

Performance of dairy goats fed whole sugarcane

Five lactating goats were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square experiment to determine the effects of feeding whole sugarcane (WSC) on intake, total tract nutrient digestibilities, milk yield and milk composition. Goats were fed diets containing 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 g kg-1 WSC and 400, 300, 200, 100, and 0 g kg-1 tifton hay (TH). Intake of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) decreased linearly (p < 0.05) as the level of WSC in the diet increased. Total tract nutrient digestibilities were not influenced by WSC inclusion except for the digestibility of NDF which decreased linearly (p < 0.05) as the level of WSC in the diet increased. Inclusion of WSC linearly (p < 0.05) decreased milk yield without affecting milk composition. It was concluded that WSC had a lower feeding values than TH for lactating goats.     

猪苏氨酸营养的研究与应用

苏氨酸通常是猪的第二或第三限制性氨基酸,对其生长具有重要作用。猪日粮中添加合成苏氨酸,可提高其生产性能,节约日粮蛋白质,增加养猪效益。本文综述了苏氨酸的理化性质、生物学功能,并介绍了苏氨酸在猪生产中的应用和猪对其需要量及其影响因素。     

Growth-related changes in the pulmonary function of goats

Growth-related changes in pulmonary function values were investigated in 20 healthy French Alpine goats, aged between 20 and 550 days, weighing 7–55 kg. Pulmonary ventilation, mechanics of breathing and arterial oxyten tension were measured using standardized techniques and methods adapted for goats of different body sizes. The Ppl values and the tI/tTOT ratio showed no significant changes with age and body size. The ventilation values (Vt, Ve, mVI and mVE) increased linearly with growth. There was a significant correlation of age and body weight with dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn), total pulmonary resistance (RL), viscous work of breathing (Wvis tot) and minute viscous work (Wvis min) throughout the age range studied. Cdyn, Wvis tot and Wvis min increased and RL decreased with age and body weight. Arterial blood gases (PaO₂ and PaCO₂) did not show significant changes over the age range studied. Regression equations for each pulmonary function parameter are given with body weight as the independent variable. Data for the mechanics of breathing were compared with those elsewhere for cattle, horses, man and dogs.     

Surgical treatment for different forms of hernias in sheep and goats

Sheep and goats are frequently presented with different forms of hernias to veterinary clinics. The aim of this study is to investigate the outcome of the surgical treatment of abdominal, umbilical, inguinal and scrotal hernias in sheep and goats. Fifty-eight clinical cases (sheep = 44, goat = 14) were presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia from September, 2003 to September, 2006. These animals had abdominal (sheep = 30, goat = 10), umbilical (sheep = 6, goat = 4), inguinal (sheep = 7) and scrotal (sheep = 1) hernias. All the cases of hernias in sheep and goats were subjected to full study including the history of the case, classification of hernias, the size of the hernial ring, surgical repair of the hernias, adhesions between the hernial sacs in each case, the postoperative care and follow up of the cases. The results revealed that gender had an effect on the incidence of hernia. The incidence of abdominal hernias was higher in females and the incidence of inguinal hernia was higher in males. There was a positive correlation between the history of hernia and the degree of adhesion. For the sheep, 26 out of 30 cases of abdominal hernia had good outcomes and the healing was excellent. There were postoperative complications in 4 ewes. For the goats, there were slight swellings at the site of operation in 2 out of 10 cases of abdominal hernia, while the remaining 8 cases had good outcomes. There was one case of umbilical hernia with an umbilical abscess that had broken down with sepsis formation at the surgical site. In conclusion, the success rates of surgical treatment for all types of hernias were very high and there were no significant differences in the success rates among the different types of hernias in both sheep and goats. The types of suture materials and the types of hernias had no significant effect on the outcome of the surgical treatment.