Behavioral needs of the transition cow and considerations for special needs facility design.

Improved building designs come from a better understanding of the behavioral needs of the dairy cow. The costs to provide for these needs in the facility must be offset by improved milk production, health, and longevity. Research is still required to more fully understand the health implications of many building design considerations and their impact on disease. Perhaps the most important end result of an improved environment for the transition cow, however, is an improvement in animal well-being. Better buildings that accommodate the behavioral needs of cows present "win-win" situations where dairy cattle thrive and work is more enjoyable. This results in an improved image for the industry, greater consumer confidence in the quality and safety of the final food product, and a prosperous dairy industry.     

Animal health pharmaceutical industry

The animal health pharmaceutical industry has proactively reported on the volumes of member company antimicrobial active ingredients sold in the U.S. At the individual company level, reporting of finished product distribution data to the FDA is a regulatory requirement, with applications to surveillance and pharmacovigilance. An accounting of product manufactured is done for purposes of good business practices, as well as marketing analyses. Additional applications of antimicrobial usage data might include use in risk assessments, such as for the FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine Guidance for Industry #152 for the evaluation of the microbiological safety of antimicrobials intended for use in food animals. Compilation of national usage data will be a complex undertaking, hindered by issues such as confidentiality, auditing, field use practice variations, population dynamics (e.g. disease incidence, market conditions for poultry and livestock production), and generic usage. The amounts or volumes in pounds should be considered relative to the large number of animals under husbandry in the United States. Large volumes might seem impressive unless put into proper context. Until such time as a clearly defined application of national usage data is agreed, it is recommended that local usage programs will provide more useful information to perpetuate prudent antimicrobial use in animals.     

动物应用抗菌药的风险及防制对策

食品动物因大量应用抗菌药物产生耐药菌株，对动物和人类健康及生态环境造成危害，为此欧盟对多种促生长抗菌药颁布了禁令，导致了动物治疗用抗菌药的急剧增加及畜牧业经济效益的降低。本文就此展开讨论，强调必须开发新型抗菌药物，合理应用抗菌药，加强抗菌药药效学及药动学研究，健全食源性病原菌耐药性监测系统等。     

OIE抗菌药耐药性国际标准

兽用抗菌药耐药性已经成为一个全球普遍关注的公共健康问题,各国际组织都积极采取相应的措施控制耐药性的产生和蔓延。介绍了国际组织世界动物卫生组织OIE制定的五个国际标准,包括协调抗菌药耐药性监督和检测程序指南、畜牧业抗菌药消耗量监测指南、兽用抗菌药慎用指南、抗菌药敏感性检测的实验室方法指南、动物源抗菌药耐药性对公共健康潜在影响的风险分析方法指南,以期为我国政策制定者和决策者参照国际标准制定出符合我国国情的耐药性相关指南。     

2017年上海、河北地区奶牛乳房炎克雷伯菌分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为了摸清上海和河北地区奶牛乳房炎的主要致病菌克雷伯菌的分离率及其耐药情况,对采集自上海和河北两地的乳房炎患病奶牛乳样进行克雷伯菌的分离培养和形态学、分子生物学鉴定,并选择临床常用的抗生素对分离得到的克雷伯菌进行药敏试验。经革兰染色、镜检以及分子生物学鉴定发现,采集自上海地区的100份乳房炎患病奶牛乳样中有18份乳样存在克雷伯菌,分离率为18%;采集自河北地区的100份乳房炎患病奶牛乳样中有14份乳样存在克雷伯菌,分离率为14%;且上海和河北地区2017年下半年乳房炎患病奶牛乳样中克雷伯菌分离率均高于上半年。药敏试验结果表明,该试验分离得到的克雷伯菌对所测试的抗生素存在不同程度的耐药性,其中,单一耐药菌株占21.88%,多重耐药菌株占53.13%,全部敏感的菌株占12.50%。由该试验结果可以得出,上海、河北地区奶牛发生的乳房炎是与克雷伯菌感染有关;且分离得到的克雷伯菌对临床常用的抗生素存在不同程度的耐药性。在动物生产和兽医临床上应及时监控克雷伯菌的流行趋势和耐药性变迁,并合理使用抗生素以减少耐药菌株的产生。     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolates from dairy farms using organic versus conventional production methods

OBJECTIVE: To compare antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Escherichia coli isolates cultured from fecal samples from cows and calves on dairy farms that used organic (ie, no or severely limited antimicrobial use) versus conventional production methods. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Fecal samples from 10 cows and 10 calves on each of 30 organic dairy farms and 30 neighboring conventional dairy farms in Wisconsin. PROCEDURE: E. coli isolates obtained from the fecal samples were tested for susceptibility to 17 antimicrobials by means of a microbroth dilution test. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was compared between organic and conventional dairy farms. RESULTS: E. coli was isolated from 1,121 (94%) fecal samples. Farm type (organic vs conventional) and animal age (cow vs calf) were significantly associated with odds that E. coli isolates would be resistant to various antimicrobials. After controlling for age, logistic regression analyses indicated that isolates from conventional dairy farms had significantly higher rates of resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole than did isolates from organic dairy farms. However, no significant differences were detected for the 10 other antimicrobials that were tested. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicated that compared with isolates from conventional dairy farms, E. coli isolates from organic dairy herds have significantly lower prevalences of resistance to 7 antimicrobials; however, prevalence of resistance was not significantly different for 10 other antimicrobials. Resistance was more common for isolates from calves than for isolates from adult dairy cows.     

Antimicrobial resistance in beef and dairy cattle production

Observational studies of cattle production systems usually find that cattle from conventional dairies harbor a higher prevalence of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) enteric bacteria compared to organic dairies or beef-cow operations; given that dairies usually use more antimicrobials, this result is not unexpected. Experimental studies have usually verified that application of antimicrobials leads to at least a transient expansion of AMR bacterial populations in treated cattle. Nevertheless, on dairy farms the majority of antibiotics are used to treat mastitis and yet AMR remains relatively low in mastitis pathogens. Other studies have shown no correlation between antimicrobial use and prevalence of AMR bacteria including documented cases where the prevalence of AMR bacteria is non-responsive to antimicrobial applications or remains relatively high in the absence of antimicrobial use or any other obvious selective pressures. Thus, there are multi-factorial events and pressures that influence AMR bacterial populations in cattle production systems. We introduce a heuristic model that illustrates how repeated antimicrobial selection pressure can increase the probability of genetic linkage between AMR genes and niche- or growth-specific fitness traits. This linkage allows persistence of AMR bacteria at the herd level because subpopulations of AMR bacteria are able to reside long-term within the host animals even in the absence of antimicrobial selection pressure. This model highlights the need for multiple approaches to manage herd health so that the total amount of antimicrobials is limited in a manner that meets animal welfare and public health needs while reducing costs for producers and consumers over the long-term.     

杨陵区鲜奶倒进污水渠事件对秦都奶业的启示

杨陵区奶牛养殖户高撑宽因奶价过低而倒掉鲜奶事件引起了一系列连锁反应,给畜牧工作者以深刻的启示。建议政府的农业部门要在牛奶的生产和消费两个方面进行调控,使产和销有机结合;奶农要有市场意识,应积极应对市场风险;农业科技人员要利用科技优势,为奶农服务,降低农民养奶牛的风险,使奶业有序发展。     

Prophylactic and metaphylactic antimicrobial use in Belgian fattening pig herds

The monitoring of antimicrobial use is an essential step to control the selection and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Between January and October 2010 data on prophylactic and metaphylactic antimicrobial use were collected retrospectively on 50 closed or semi-closed pig herds. Ninety-three percent of the group treatments were prophylactic whereas only 7% were methaphylactic. The most frequently used antimicrobials orally applied at group level were colistin (30.7%), amoxicillin (30.0%), trimethoprim-sulfonamides (13.1%), doxycycline (9.9%) and tylosin (8.1%). The most frequently applied injectable antimicrobials were tulathromycin (45.0%), long acting ceftiofur (40.1%) and long acting amoxicillin (8.4%). The treatment incidences (TI) based on the used daily dose pig (UDD(pig) or the actually administered dose per day per kg pig of a drug) for all oral and injectable antimicrobial drugs was on average 200.7 per 1000 pigs at risk per day (min=0, max=699.0), while the TI based on the animal daily dose pig (ADD(pig) or the national defined average maintenance dose per day per kg pig of a drug used for its main indication) was slightly higher (average=235.8, min=0, max=1322.1). This indicates that in reality fewer pigs were treated with the same amount of antimicrobials than theoretically possible. Injectable products were generally overdosed (79.5%), whereas oral treatments were often underdosed (47.3%). In conclusion, this study shows that prophylactic group treatment was applied in 98% of the visited herds and often includes the use of critically important and broad-spectrum antimicrobials. In Belgium, the guidelines for prudent use of antimicrobials are not yet implemented.     

乳酸菌防治奶牛乳房炎的作用效果及前景展望

乳房炎是奶牛常见的疾病之一,患病奶牛因其废弃奶的产生,以及治疗和淘汰等相关费用的增加,给奶牛养殖业带来了巨大的经济损失.目前,对于奶牛临床性乳房炎的治疗主要依赖于抗生素,而抗生素的长期大量使用会导致耐药性病原菌的产生和牛奶中的药物残留等问题.作为抗生素的潜在替代品,乳酸菌在防治病原微生物方面很有潜力,现综述了乳酸菌防治...     

Public health advocate

With antimicrobial resistance mounting, an important public health goal is to preserve therapeutic effectiveness of remaining antimicrobials. To that end, fewer antimicrobials should be used in human medicine and in agriculture. Public health initiatives to reduce antimicrobial overuse could benefit from concurrent collection of agricultural usage data; they could aid scientific understanding of the resistance problem and confirm the efficacy of interventions. Data collection in this context should be a priority. However, usage data are nonessential to achieving the public health goal. U.S. regulation of agricultural antimicrobials today is very reliant on risk assessment. While more data can be useful for use in risk assessment, microbial risk assessment itself may not be well suited to the purpose of reducing antimicrobial overuse. Among other recognized shortcomings, current microbial risk assessment models typically fail to account for the essential ecological nature of antimicrobial resistance. This makes it inadequate for fully characterizing the human health or ecological risks of animal antimicrobials. European success at phasing out unnecessary antimicrobial usage in agriculture, on the other hand, has derived from decisions based on public health concerns and political will, and not on the collection of usage data or on the successful completion of a risk assessment.     

甘肃奶业发展报告（2013年）

2013年在政策、市场、价格等方面的强力作用下，甘肃奶产业发展势头好，奶牛存栏量增加单产提高，规模养殖快速攀升，生鲜乳价格一路飙升，品种改良步伐加快，奶站监管规范有效，饲料生产稳步推进，疫病防控措施严格，乳企稳定利润上升，奶农合作社健康发展。目前甘肃奶业正处在自我调整、重组和升级的关键时期，而产业发展中仍然存在的困难和问题需要各级政府和技术推广部门高度重视，要从政策扶持、资金投入、规模生产、标准化养殖、现代奶业技术培训、奶站监管等方面给予支持，走农牧结合推进、牛草同步发展的可持续发展之路。     

添加番茄渣单贮和混贮对奶牛生产性能和经济效益的影响研究

研究番茄渣单贮或混贮替代部分全株玉米青贮对奶牛生产性能和经济效益的影响,为今后在奶牛科学养殖中开发和利用非常规饲料资源提供理论依据和技术支持。试验选择体重、泌乳期、胎次和产奶量相近且健康无疾病的30头泌乳前中期荷斯坦奶牛于内蒙古巴彦淖尔市临河区双河镇嘉益奶牛养殖合作社进行为期50 d的饲养试验。结果表明,番茄渣经过单贮或混贮(分别与梨渣、玉米秸秆、小麦秸秆混贮)后用于奶牛日粮中替代部分全株玉米青贮,可有效的降低玉米青贮的使用,降低生产成本,显著提高乳蛋白率(P<0.05)、乳脂率(P<0.05)和奶牛产奶量(P<0.05),提高养殖效益。番茄渣单贮或混贮可提高奶牛生产性能和经济效益,并可作为一种非常规饲料资源在奶牛业中进行推广应用。     

A comparison of somatic cell count between organic and conventional dairy cow herds in West Germany stressing dry period related changes

Mastitis is one of the major threats to animal health and thus to productivity in all dairy farming systems. Previous studies of organic dairy herds have indicated better udder health in organic herds, as compared to conventional herds but opposite results have also been reported. In view of the great implications that the dry period (DP) has on udder health, we aimed to compare milk performance data between organic and conventional dairy herds by specifically addressing the relation of somatic cell counts in milk (SCC) before and after the DP. On 68 farms (35 organic, 33 conventional) in Western Germany individual cow and herd production data were recorded next to data on SCC (herd, individual) between June 2002 and June 2004. For data analysis, SCC values > 150,000 cells/mL were defined as indicative for disorders of udder health.     

An outbreak of dictyocaulosis in lactating cows on a dairy farm

CASE DESCRIPTION: The owner of a herd of 74 Holstein-Friesian cattle reported decreased milk production, weight loss, and coughing among lactating cows. Owner-initiated antimicrobial treatment was unsuccessful; 1 lactating cow died, and 50% of the lactating cows had clinical signs of respiratory distress, such as tachypnea and coughing. CLINICAL FINDINGS: On the basis of history, physical examination findings, and fecal examination results, affected animals were determined to have Dictyocaulus viviparus (lungworm) infestation. The disease history suggested that the herd contained cows with subclinical patent lungworm infestations; after introduction of susceptible heifers, the pastures had become heavily infested with D viviparus and clinical problems subsequently developed in both newly introduced and resident cows. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: Affected and unaffected heifers and adult cows were treated with a pour-on formulation of eprinomectin (0.5 mg/kg [0.23 mg/lb]). One animal died, but 2 weeks after treatment, clinical signs among affected cattle were markedly improved. Ten weeks after treatment, milk production improved from 23 kg/cow/d (51 lb/cow/d) to 28 kg/cow/d (62 lb/cow/d). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The outbreak provides additional evidence that dictyocaulosis is becoming more common among adult dairy cattle, rather than almost exclusively affecting young stock. This may be attributable to anthelmintic use and management practices on dairy farms. Combined with anecdotal reports of an increase in the incidence of dictyocaulosis among adult cattle in North America, D viviparus infestation should be included as a differential diagnosis for decreased milk production, weight loss, and coughing among adult dairy cattle.     

新疆昌吉州生鲜乳产品标准化调研报告

近年,农业部已批准创建176家奶牛标准化示范场,有效促进我国奶牛养殖业生产方式转变,提升了标准化生产水平。同时,国家标准化委员会、农业部、环保部等部门先后制定了多项涉及奶牛养殖的国家、行业标准,基本涵盖了奶牛场舍区建设、卫生要求、管理规范、投入品要求、生鲜乳产品质量等方面。     

Overview of issues pertaining to the manufacture, distribution, and use of antimicrobials in animals and other information relevant to animal antimicrobial use data collection in the United States

This paper provides condensed literature review and contextual information concerning antimicrobial use in animals and antimicrobial use data collection techniques. Information is summarized into the following topics: (I) antimicrobial use for animal growth promotion; (II) regulatory framework for approval of veterinary antimicrobials and feed additives in the United States; (III) animal health product manufacturing and distribution networks; (IV) existing estimates of animal antimicrobial use in the United States; (V) additional sources for animal use data in the United States; (VI) recommendations from international expert groups; (VII) animal antimicrobial use surveillance systems in other nations and (VIII) human use data collection systems in the United States.     

Review of antimicrobial therapy of selected bacterial diseases in broiler chickens in Canada

This paper reviews common therapeutic applications of antimicrobials in broiler chicken production in relation to Canadian guidelines, surveillance data, and emerging public health concerns about antimicrobial use (AMU). Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, and Staphylococcus spp., were reviewed because of their animal health and economic significance. Enterococcus cecorum and Salmonella were included because of their importance in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance. This review identified that i) antimicrobials are available in Canada to treat infections by these agents, but may be through over the counter or extra-label use, ii) prevalence rates for these diseases are unknown, iii) antimicrobial use estimates in broilers are lacking, and iv) AMR has emerged in clinical isolates, though data are very sparse. This review highlights the need for surveillance of AMU and AMR in broiler chickens in Canada.     

中国奶牛周期的初步探索

本文对改革开放后我国生鲜乳价格、奶牛扩群和生鲜乳产量增速变化特点进行分析,提出奶牛养殖业存在类似典型畜牧业周期的“中国奶牛周期”,跨度长达8～9年,每个周期可分为“景气”+“调整”两阶段。牛奶消费增速不均衡、从业者非理性和奶牛繁殖长周期共同导致的生鲜乳供需错配,可能是中国奶牛周期产生的深层原因。通过4轮周期更替,当前我国奶牛养殖业在产业素质、一体化程度和产业成熟度方面均呈现积极变化。中国奶牛周期的探索对奶牛养殖业经营管理有积极参考意义。     

奶牛乳房炎研究进展

奶牛乳房炎是造成奶牛养殖业经济损失的重要传染病之一,随着我国奶牛养殖业的不断发展,牛奶产量的不断提升,奶牛乳房炎的发病率也呈上升趋势,尤其是隐性乳房炎给奶牛养殖场带来的经济损失更是十分巨大。基于此,本文综述了奶牛乳房炎的病因、发病机理、危害、临床症状、检查方法以及治疗手段,以期为奶牛养殖场预防奶牛乳房炎的发生提供理论基础。