不同亲和性的小麦品种和叶锈菌小种相互作用的组织病理学研究

用整叶透明染色法系统地观察了不同亲和性的小麦品种和叶锈菌小种相互作用的组织病理学表现。结果表明,(1)从气孔下泡囊形成迟早和初生侵染丝的生长开始,各组合间呈现明显的差别,暗示着品种——小种相互识别和抗性表达从这个阶段开始;(2)除了不亲和组合和慢锈组合出现过敏性反应外,在亲和组合的感病品种5389与叶锈菌小种互作中也观察到了少数侵染点有坏死细胞出现,但出现时间较晚,坏死细胞数目很少,并不影响菌丝的扩展。根据上述现象,本文讨论了过敏性坏死细胞形成的专化性和利用生理和组织学某些特征作为品种抗性鉴定的指标的意义。     

细胞骨架解聚药物对小麦与叶锈菌互作诱发的细胞过敏性反应的影响

 小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种洛夫林10和叶锈菌小种366组成不亲和组合,小麦叶片发生过敏性坏死反应(HR)是小麦抵抗叶锈菌侵染的重要因素。在接种前给小麦叶片分别预注射微管解聚药物磺草硝(oryzalin)和微丝解聚药物细胞松弛素D (cytochalasin D,CD),结果表明2种药物注射使得寄主因叶锈菌侵染诱导的细胞过敏性坏死数目明显减少,并且注射药物的浓度越大,寄主细胞发生HR的数量越少。说明肌动蛋白和微管蛋白的聚合状态是诱发小麦叶片发生HR防卫反应所必需的,细胞骨架在小麦抵抗叶锈菌侵染过程中可能起着重要作用。     

小麦与条锈病菌不亲和互作的超微结构

 采用条锈菌同一小种的野生型菌系和弱毒突变菌系,分别接种同一小麦品种的方法,研究了不亲和互作的超微结构特征。在不亲和互作中,条锈菌的胞间菌丝、吸器母细胞和吸器明显受抑。吸器可以在发育早期受抑坏死,也可迟滞至吸器体形成之后坏死。吸器外质膜严重皱褶,并出现孔洞,吸器外间质加宽,沉积大量电子致密物质。侵染位点的小麦叶肉细胞表现与过敏性坏死反应相关联的一系列变化。细胞壁内侧还出现乳突状或颗粒状沉积物等防御结构或物质。     

三唑酮拌种对小麦条锈病菌叶部侵染过程的影响

 供试小麦种子用干拌法施药,在一叶期接种小麦条锈菌(Puccinia striiformis West)毒性小种,用整叶透明染色方法研究三唑酮拌种对条锈菌叶部侵染过程的影响.结果表明,由初生吸器形成开始,三唑酮对吸器产生和菌落扩展表现出多方面的影响.拌种植株叶片中条锈菌侵染菌丝的生长和分枝严重受阻,吸器母细胞和吸器形成显著减少,菌落亦不再进一步分化,多数侵染点还出现寄主细胞坏死。这些组织病理学变化与抗病品种的过敏性坏死反应很相似.     

感染叶锈菌后小麦叶片细胞间隙液中激发子的分离纯化

我们实验室近几年的工作证明:小麦-叶锈菌互作,无论亲和组合还是非亲和组合的细胞间隙液(IWF)中均有激发子的存在。激发子作为寄主-病原菌互作系统中诱发防卫反应的一种确定的生化信号,在启动寄主抗性表达起着重要作用。分离纯化激发子,对于进一步确定其蛋白和糖基结构、作用机制等具有重要作用。1　材料与方法试验选用小麦品种洛夫林10(L10)和2个叶锈菌小种组成亲和性不同的2个组合:L10×165(亲和)与L10×366(非亲和)。用真空渗入重蒸溜水法提取IWF,分别记作IWF165和IWF366。2种来源的IWF分别经硫酸铵分级沉淀去除杂蛋白后用Sephad…     

生物间遗传学在防治河北省小麦叶锈病研究中的应用

作者应用生物间遗传学的观点和方法,对河北省的小麦品种与叶锈菌的相互作用进行了分析。供试的叶锈菌是来自河北省的177个标样,供试的28个小麦品种包括河北省的主要生产品种、区试品种(系)抗源和新鉴别寄主。用毒力频率法分析品种与叶锈菌群体的关系,有6个品种即鉴61、保麦2号、翼植88-5163、石86-2848、唐86-4043和百农3217表现较抗病。根据这6个品种对叶锈菌群体的反应、列出33种不同的毒性公式,在此基础上,根据若干品种对叶锈菌群体同时表现抵抗或感染计算抗性组合,为品种合理布局选择最佳组合,在小种鉴定方面,用新鉴别寄主对177个菌株的反应鉴定出频率在3.4%以上的小种8个,其中以V1,9-16和V1,9-12,14-16的频率较高,分别为13.6%和10.7%,也是近两年来北方冬麦区常出现的小种类型。在小种鉴定的基础上,根据28个品种与6个优势小种互作所出现的浸染型来推导品种和叶锈菌的基因型,共推导出7个抗性基因分散在不同的品种中。     

数量抗性对小麦条锈菌侵染初期菌体发展的影响

数量抗性对小麦条锈菌侵染初期菌体发展的影响为了研究小麦条锈菌一个侵染过程的最初６天里，数量抗性对真菌发展的影响，采用在３个具有数量抗性的小麦品种和一个高感品种的旗叶上，接种条锈菌的夏孢子。结果表明，抗性的最重要机制是附着胞形成的频率降低。在抗病品种上...     

再谈植物的水平抗性

抗病育种希望选育的品种的抗性能持久。1963年Vanderplank提出水平抗性的概念后,有些植病和育种工作者感兴趣,因为如果一个品种对病菌的所有生理小种都能抵抗,它的抗性将是长命的。也有不少人对水平抗性表示怀疑或反对。国际间的争论,至今仍未完全平息。 我组近来进行了一些小麦叶锈病试验,涉及抗性变异问题,现在就水平抗性问题提些看法。 Browder于1985年来保定讲生物间遗传学时提了水平抗性问题。他列举了Parlevliet,Heyne Royer、Tomerlin等的研究结果,指出了构成水平抗性组分的潜伏期,侵染率,产孢量和产孢期等性状都是小种专化的,因此无法证明水平抗性是非小种专化的。 我组近年来进行了3项试验,通过不同小麦品种与不同的叶锈菌小种的相互作用,研究锈菌寄生适合度和品种抗性组分的变异性、专化性,都证明潜伏期,侵染率和产孢量的变异都可因品种与小种组合不同而表现出极显著的差异。这与上述Browder等以及与Clifford和Clothier,Brennan,以及Milus和Line等对慢锈品种的研究结果是一致的。     

在叶锈菌侵染过程中小麦过氧化物酶同工酶的变化

本文研究了抗叶锈性不同的小麦品种和毒力不同的叶锈菌小种相互作用过程中过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶谱的变化。结果表明:(1)不亲和组合在接种后48小时出现新酶带3,酶带4活性明显增强,120小时后又出现新酶带9。但亲和组合没有新酶带出现,而在接种后96小时酶带4活性也明显增强;(2)慢锈品种在接种后120小时以前,酶带4活性稍有增强,在120小时后其活性骤然增强。这可能是慢锈品种的特点。如果这些特点在更多的品种上得到验证,则POD同工酶谱分析有可能作为鉴定品种抗叶锈性和区分感病或慢锈品种的一种生理生化指标。     

小麦叶锈菌相对寄生适合度变异研究

 本研究采用小麦叶锈菌的4个单孢菌株和由这4个单孢菌株组成的1个混合菌株,分别对5个小麦慢锈品种接种,继代繁殖8代和16代后,对所表现的潜伏期、侵染效能和产孢量进行测定,并提出用病害量=1/潜伏期×侵染效能×产孢量作为参数来评价相对寄生适合度。结果表明,继代互作后,潜伏期、侵染效能或产孢量在某些特定的品种:菌株组合中发生了显著变化,并相应地导致病害量也发生了显著变化。说明通过小麦叶锈菌与小麦品种间的继代互作,可以导致叶锈菌的相对寄生适合度发生变异。但这些变异,未能导致慢锈品种变为快锈品种或快锈品种变为慢锈品种。
为了检查寄生适合度属性的变异是否由于锈菌本身的变异,对各组合的第1、8和16代的叶锈菌的夏孢子芽管的核相进行了观察,并进行小种鉴定。结果表明,继代互作后锈菌出现的异核现象仅占0.18-2.00%,不能解释是寄生适合度发生变化的原因。小种鉴定,也没有观察到毒性发生变异。作者认为,在寄主和病原物长期相互作用的过程中,一些微观上的变异未必能在宏观上观察到,当人们检查到明显的变化时,可能是由于突变,也可能是由于渐变造成的。量变质变,质变建立在量变基础上。     

普通小麦-华山新麦草易位系H9015-17抗条锈病基因的标记定位

 采用我国当前流行的小麦条锈菌小种和重要致病类型, 在常温条件下对普通小麦-华山新麦草易位系H9015-17进行苗期抗条锈性鉴定, 并用当前主要流行小种CYR32对H9015-17与铭贤169的杂交后代及其双亲进行抗条锈性遗传分析, 以揭示H9015-17抗条锈性遗传基础。结果显示, H9015-17对小麦条锈菌小种CYR31、CYR32、CYR33和致病类型Su11-4、Su11-7、V26、Su11-11均有良好的抗病性, 对当前主要流行小种CYR32的抗病性由1对显性基因控制, 暂命名为YrHua1。 采用分子标记定位技术,筛选到5个与抗病基因YrHua1连锁的RGAP标记(M1、M2、M3、M4和M5)和1个SSR标记(Xgwm292),这些标记与抗病基因YrHua1的遗传距离分别为17.3、15.7、13.1、3.3、2.9和11.2,并将基因YrHua1定位在小麦染色体5DL上。研究结果将为分子标记辅助选择改良小麦抗条锈性提供宝贵的种质材料,建议在抗病育种加以利用。     

Histological investigation of stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici) development in resistant and susceptible wheat cultivars

The wheat cultivar Kariega expresses complete adult plant resistance against stripe rust, whereas cv. Avocet S is susceptible. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy, initial fungal penetration into flag leaves was identical in both cultivars, with directional germ-tube growth towards stomata that were penetrated without the formation of an appressorium, followed by differentiation of a substomatal vesicle, infection hyphae, haustorial mother cells and haustoria. During the following 4 days, further fungal development occurred more quickly in the resistant than in the susceptible cultivar. However, by 7 days postinoculation (dpi) the situation changed, with exponential growth of the pathogen occurring only in the susceptible line. Induced cellular lignification, a typical defence reaction of cereals, was observed at 4 dpi in the resistant cultivar, and 2 days later lignified tissue completely surrounded the fungal colonies. In the susceptible cultivar, isolated lignified host cells occurred at 6 dpi, and long, unbranched fungal hyphae outgrowing the resistance reaction were observed.     

Histological Characterization of Resistance to Uromyces viciae-fabae in Faba Bean

ABSTRACT Components of resistance to the faba bean rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae) were studied at the histological level in seedlings and adult plants of nine faba bean (Vicia faba) lines differing in their level of resistance. Resistance of these lines was previously shown to be characterized macroscopically by an increased latent period, a decreased colony size, and a relatively decreased infection frequency. In some lines, the resistance also was associated with macroscopically visible necrosis. Histological investigations revealed few differences in spore germination and appressorium formation. Significant levels of aborted stomatal penetration by the rust fungus were found on all resistant lines. However, differences among lines were more evident once the stomata were penetrated by the infection structures. Resistance was mainly due to a restriction of haustorium formation with varying levels of early abortion of the colonies, a reduction in the number of haustoria per colony, and smaller colony size. In addition, necrosis of the host cells associated with infection hyphae was detectable in some lines from the beginning of colony development. This microscopically visible necrosis became stronger from 4 days after inoculation, resulting in a reduced growth of the colony. Differences in resistance levels were more marked in adult plants than in seedlings.     

云南省小麦品种(系)苗期抗秆锈性评价及3个重要抗病基因的分子检测

正小麦秆锈病是严重影响小麦产量的病害之一。小麦秆锈菌新小种Ug99及其变异菌株的出现~([1]),随后在肯尼亚和埃塞俄比亚引起的流行,引起了全球对小麦抗秆锈性的再次关注~([2,3])。云南省地处中国西南边境,历史上是中国小麦秆锈菌主要越冬区,为小麦秆锈病的流行提供初菌源。近几年我们对小麦秆锈病的调查研究发现,即使在全国各地几乎见不到该病的情况下,云南省每年均有小麦秆锈     

小麦条锈菌国际鉴别寄主Lee对中国条锈菌系CY23的抗性遗传分析

采用常规杂交方法,以国际小麦条锈菌鉴别寄主Lee与感病品种铭贤169杂交、自交、测交,获正、反交的F1、F2和BC1代。根据条锈菌小种的毒性谱,选用CY23单孢菌系,对其双亲及其杂交后代进行苗期抗性鉴定和统计分析,明确抗性基因数目、显隐性、互作方式和抗性特点。结果表明,在正交情况下,Lee对CY23菌系的抗性由1对显性基因和1对隐性基因互补控制,反交情况下也由1对显性基因和1对隐性基因互补控制,正反交分析结果一致,说明Lee对CY23的抗性属核遗传,由1对显性基因和1对隐性基因互补控制。通过对CY23毒性分析和对Yr7、Yr22和Yr23遗传特点研究,表明Lee对CY23抗性的1对显性基因和1对隐性基因分别为Yr7和Yr23,两者互补控制对CY23的抗性。在抗性鉴定中可用CY23区别Yr22与Yr23,并作为标准菌系用于基因推导分析。     

外源茉莉酸甲酯诱导小麦抗条锈病的研究

 本文探讨了不同浓度茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)对小麦抗病性的诱导作用,同时电镜观察了不同浓度MeJA对小麦条锈菌(Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici)与寄主细胞超微结构的影响。结果表明,2.00 mmol·L^-1 MeJA对小麦条锈病的诱导抗性效果最好,可达到35.87%,而0.50 mmol·L^-1 MeJA在小麦条锈菌夏孢子开始萌发4 h时呈显著抑制作用。经外源MeJA处理后,条锈菌的胞间菌丝、吸器母细胞和吸器的发育明显受到抑制,其中侵染位点的叶肉细胞呈抗性症状。因此,MeJA可使小麦幼苗产生诱导抗性从而提高其抗病性。     

Expression of adult plant resistance and its effect on the development of Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici in some Australian wheat cultivars

The onset of adult plant resistance (APR) to Puccinia striiformis was examined in seven Australian wheat cultivars under field conditions and in 14 cultivars under controlled environmental conditions. In most cultivars under field conditions the percentage leaf area affected by stripe rust at mid-tillering (GS 22–26; third leaf) was significantly less ( P < 0.05) than on the more susceptible cultivar Teal. The expression of APR was more conspicuous during tillering to node formation; at these growth stages chlorosis and/or necrosis developed in association with rust colonies on the most resistant cultivars. Under controlled conditions, the primary leaves of all cultivars except Olympic and Flinders displayed some resistance when compared with Teal (lower infection types, longer latent periods and/or less percentage leaf area affected). Studies on the spread of stripe rust from infection foci established in selected cultivars in the field indicated that the resistance detected at early growth stages in Suneca in controlled environmental studies also appeared to be effective in the field.     

Histopathology of compatibility and incompatibility between oilseed rape and Albugo Candida

Cotyledons of one resistant and three susceptible rape lines/cultivars were inoculated with zoospores of Albugo Candida race 7. Samples of whole cotyledons were examined by differential interference contrast microscopy. The time course of the infection process was followed histologically. Germination of zoospore cysts occurred 2-3 h after inoculation. Infection was initiated with germ-tubes penetrating through stomata. Haustorium formation was first observed in the palisade mesophyll cells adjacent to the substomatal chambers 8 h after inoculation.
Only after the establishment of the first haustorium did compatible and incompatible interactions begin to differentiate. In the resistant cultivar, most primary hyphae produced single haustoria. Necrosis of the invaded host cell was first observed 12 h after inoculation followed by cessation of fungal growth. The death of host cells was largely restricted to the penetration site; the adjacent non-penetrated cells remained apparently unaffected. In the susceptible hosts, necrosis of infected cells occurred only infrequently, and hyphal growth continued unabated, resulting in mycelial ramification into the mesophyll. Numerous haustoria were produced.
Histological studies showed that the earliest event distinguishing a compatible from an incompatible interaction occurred after formation of the first haustorium and that resistance was not manifested until the host mesophyll cell had come into contact with the first haustorium. The distinction between compatibility and incompatibility was substantiated by quantitative analysis of white rust development on both resistant and susceptible lines/cultivars.     

Phenotyping Kariega × Avocet S doubled haploid lines containing individual and combined adult plant stripe rust resistance loci

The bread wheat cultivar Kariega has maintained its stripe rust resistance since the first detection of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) in South Africa during 1996. Doubled haploid mapping population (MP) lines derived from a Kariega × Avocet S cross, carrying consistently detected adult plant resistance (APR) quantitative trait loci (QTLs)/gene combinations, were phenotyped at macroscopic and microscopic levels. Field data obtained over four seasons revealed that MP lines carrying a combination of any two of the APR loci QYr.sgi-2B.1, QYr.sgi-4A.1 or Yr18 displayed low coefficients of infection. Lines MP 45 and MP 65, carrying all three gene regions, showed leaf area infected and host reaction type ratings similar to Kariega. The microphenotype of lines was studied in flag leaves sampled from field plots during two seasons using fluorescence microscopy. Pst colony length, number of haustorial mother cells per colony and hypersensitivity index supported the phenotypic data. All three microscopy variables attested to low levels of disease in lines containing multiple stripe rust resistance loci. Lines MP 51 and MP 223 with a single QYr.sgi-2B.1 and Yr18, respectively, also showed adequate resistance, in contrast to lines carrying only QYr.sgi-4A.1 which showed significantly more disease symptoms. Host cell necrosis and lignification were revealed as mechanisms of resistance in some lines.