柑橘大实蝇滞育蛹海藻糖酶和山梨醇脱氢酶活性的动态变化

柑橘大实蝇Bactrocera minax(Enderlein)是我国西南和华中地区柑橘的主要害虫,以滞育蛹在土壤中越冬。为探讨温度对柑橘大实蝇滞育蛹生理状态的影响,本文测定了12、16、20℃和24℃下柑橘大实蝇滞育蛹海藻糖酶和山梨醇脱氢酶活性的变化。结果显示,低温(12℃)下,海藻糖酶活性逐渐上升,高温(24℃)下,海藻糖酶活性逐渐下降;不同温度下山梨醇脱氢酶活性变化不尽相同,在起始阶段(10 d时),柑橘大实蝇滞育蛹山梨醇脱氢酶活性普遍较强,随滞育时间的延长,酶活性出现不同的变化,12℃和20℃下,山梨醇脱氢酶活性呈现"U"形变化趋势,16℃下酶活性逐渐减弱,24℃下酶活性先升后降。16℃下,两种酶活性基本低于同时期其他温度处理。交互作用分析显示,温度和化蛹后天数的交互作用对滞育蛹海藻糖酶和山梨醇脱氢酶活性存在显著影响。上述结果表明,柑橘大实蝇自身生理状态应对不同越冬温度的反应不同,说明越冬温度与柑橘大实蝇滞育期生理水平有着密切的关系。本研究结果对深入了解温度调控柑橘大实蝇滞育期代谢生理机制有一定的参考价值。     

嗜线虫致病杆菌对棉铃虫的生物活性研究

嗜线虫致病杆菌HB310(Xenorhabdus nematophila HB310)菌液中主要的杀虫活性物质是一种高分子量的复合蛋白—毒素Ⅱ。以该菌液和毒素Ⅱ分别饲喂棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera幼虫,检测其对棉铃虫生长发育的影响,同时通过生化分析研究了该毒素对幼虫中肠内几种蛋白酶活力的影响。结果表明:菌液和毒素Ⅱ对棉铃虫幼虫的取食量和生长发育均有显著的影响,取食拌有菌液和毒素Ⅱ的人工饲料的棉铃虫食量明显减少,发育速度延缓,发育历期比对照明显推迟;尽管一直取食混合原菌液(6.5×108 cells/mL)人工饲料的棉铃虫2龄幼虫前期死亡率很低,但是其生长发育几乎完全被抑制,该处理组所有幼虫均不能化蛹;原菌液对4龄幼虫的食量、发育历期、蛹重及化蛹率均有显著影响。菌液对棉铃虫幼虫的影响与菌液的浓度和幼虫的龄期成反比,稀释50倍的菌液对2龄和4龄幼虫的生长发育仍有一定影响;毒素Ⅱ(51.9 μg/mL)对4龄棉铃虫的生长发育也有明显的抑制作用。短时间(2 d)饲喂原菌液后更换正常饲料,仅延缓了棉铃虫幼虫的发育历期,而对其化蛹率、蛹重及羽化率均无明显影响。饲喂毒素Ⅱ的棉铃虫幼虫中肠主要蛋白酶的活性受到明显的抑制。     

小菜蛾高致病力绿僵菌的筛选、鉴定及培养特性研究

为开发蔬菜害虫小菜蛾Plutella xylostella的高致病力真菌生物农药,以3龄小菜蛾幼虫为供试虫源,测定了25株虫生真菌菌株对小菜蛾的致病力,从中筛选出1株对小菜蛾幼虫有较高致病力的菌株CQM125。生测结果显示,在20℃、1.0×108孢子mL 1菌株CQM125菌液处理小菜蛾幼虫的LT50为3.97 d;25℃、5.0×107孢子mL 1菌液的LT50为2.44 d;在25℃下,第7 d的LC50为2.31×104孢子mL 1;接种处理后,20℃、8 d的小菜蛾死亡率为84.22%,对小菜蛾表现出良好的控制效果。依据菌株的形态特征、培养性状和rDNA ITS序列分析将菌株CQM125鉴定为金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae。对该菌株的培养基和培养条件进行了优化,优化后的产孢培养基为PPDA,其中葡萄糖2%,蛋白胨0.5%;最适产孢温度30℃,最适产孢pH值为6.0;最适光照条件为前6 d黑暗,后8 d光照。     

蛹虫草国内外研究的新进展

蛹虫草Cordyceps militaris具有多种药用功效,以及重要的经济价值,其人工培养已产业化。蛹虫草作为一种药食通用的虫生真菌被深入研究,在人工培养、菌种选育、分子生物学、活性成分等方面取得了良好的进展。本文根据最近的研究结果概述蛹虫草研究的进展。     

食蚜瘿蚊最佳冷藏条件的研究

在对食蚜瘿蚊各虫态发育历期、发育起点温度以及有效积温研究的基础上,进行不同低温对食蚜瘿蚊成虫羽化率影响的试验,筛选出蛹的最适冷藏温度。结果表明:食蚜瘿蚊蛹的发育起点为(7.13±1.51)℃,有效积温为(156.30±22.21)日度;确定蛹的最佳冷藏温度为4-5℃,冷藏60 d后平均羽化率达70.8%。     

植物青枯菌噬菌体保存方法的研究

噬菌体可用于防治植物青枯病, 但不易保存?本文对青枯病菌短尾噬菌体P1?P2?P3和P4株系的保存方法和条件进行了研究; 将各噬菌体原液?噬菌体原液∶青枯菌液=1∶1?噬菌体原液∶青枯菌液∶40%甘油=1∶1∶2?噬菌体原液∶青枯菌液∶80%甘油=1∶1∶2的处理分别置于-75?-25?4℃?室温下保存, 再分别于90?180?270?365 d后取样测定噬菌体的效价?结果表明, -75℃和-25℃下, 噬菌体原液∶青枯菌液∶40%或80%甘油=1∶1∶2保存的效果最好, 365 d后效价仅下降0~2个数量级; 噬菌体原液∶青枯菌液=1∶1在4℃和室温下保存效果也较好, 4℃保存365 d后效价仅下降1~3个数量级; 此处理在室温条件下保存也可达270 d?因此, 以资源长期保存为目的可采用噬菌体原液∶青枯菌液∶40%或80%甘油=1∶1∶2保存于-75℃或-25℃下; 短期保存可采用噬菌体原液∶青枯菌液=1∶1保存于室温下?     

杨黄褐锉叶蜂蛹发育起点温度和有效积温

在18~34℃范围内的5个温度下,对杨黄褐锉叶蜂蛹发育起点温度和有效积温进行了研究。结果表明,杨黄褐锉叶蜂蛹在18、22、26℃和30℃4个温度下可正常生长发育,而在34℃条件下不能完成发育;杨黄褐锉叶蜂蛹发育起点温度为5.7℃,有效积温为360.9日.度;越冬后蛹发育历期预测式为N=(360.9-K0)/(T-5.7)。     

甘蓝多酚氧化酶的生物化学性质及其杀虫剂的诱导作用

采用时间动力学法,在研究了甘蓝多酚氧化酶的最适反应条件的基础上,对有机溶剂和杀虫剂对多酚氧化酶活性的影响进行了研究。结果表明:甘蓝多酚氧化酶反应的最适pH值为6.4,最适反应温度为55℃;丙酮和乙醇对多酚氧化酶活性有明显的激活作用;高效氯氰菊酯、灭多威和辛硫磷以及小菜蛾和桃蚜取食的胁迫会对多酚氧化酶的活性产生影响。     

茶毛虫实验种群生命表

通过室内饲养观察,测定各发育阶段的存活率、雌雄性比、产卵量,组建了茶毛虫(Euproctis pseudoconspersa)实验种群生命表.在(23.5±0.5)℃恒温条件下饲养,种群趋势指数为19.5;而卵至蛹前期在(23.5±0.5)℃恒温,蛹后期至成虫期分别在日平均温度18、23、27℃的自然变温条件下饲养,种群趋势指数分别为25.4、62.4和44.0,以日平均温度23℃的自然变温条件下种群趋势指数最高,为恒温条件下饲养的3.2倍.茶毛虫室内饲养的最适条件为卵～蛹前期在(23.5±0.5)℃恒温条件下饲养,成虫羽化后在日平均温度23℃的自然变温下饲养.     

卵和蛹短时高温对草地贪夜蛾生长发育的影响

为明确草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda卵和蛹经短时高温处理对其生长发育的影响,将草地贪夜蛾卵和蛹在34、38、42、46℃高温下分别处理2、4、6 h后,测定短时高温下草地贪夜蛾卵的孵化率、不同虫态的发育历期、蛹的羽化率和雌成虫及其子代的繁殖力等指标。结果表明:随着温度升高和高温持续时间延长卵的孵化率逐渐降低,卵在38℃及以上处理6 h或高温46℃处理2 h以上孵化率显著降低;46℃处理6 h的孵化率最低为12.21%,幼虫不能成活;在42℃处理4 h以上和46℃处理2 h以上卵的发育历期延长,与对照差异显著,幼虫的发育历期显著短于对照,蛹的发育历期与对照比无显著差异;38℃处理6 h、42℃处理6 h成虫的产卵量显著低于对照。短时高温处理蛹后,雌蛹和雄蛹在46℃处理2～6 h后羽化率分别为0～15.00%和0～6.75%,均显著低于对照,雌蛹在42、46℃下的羽化率高于雄蛹,蛹在38℃处理6 h和42℃处理2 h以上后羽化的成虫产卵量较低,为121.25～186.75粒。表明高温38℃以上持续6 h或42℃以上持续2 h以上草地贪夜蛾种群生长会受到抑制。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.