西藏自治区首次发现螟黄赤眼蜂

为发掘西藏地区本土的赤眼蜂资源,本研究利用灭活米蛾卵卡在西藏林芝嘎玛地区的梨园采集到一个赤眼蜂种群。采用ITS2序列比对鉴定所采集的赤眼蜂种类,并测定该蜂的生物学指标。结果表明：西藏林芝嘎玛地区所诱集的赤眼蜂鉴定为螟黄赤眼蜂Trichogramma chilonis Ishii,羽化率为80%,雌性比为57.14%,耐饥饿时间为1.08 d,后足径节长度为157.6μm。本研究将为发掘西藏地区赤眼蜂资源提供参考,并为利用赤眼蜂在西藏自治区开展生物防治实践奠定基础。     

国外引进三种赤眼蜂人工繁殖简报

1979年9月下旬我国赴美国生物防治代表团从美国引入短管赤眼蜂Trichogramma pretiosum Riley;1979年9月25日德意志联邦共和国农林生物研究院生物防治研究所赠给广东省昆虫研究所的两种赤眼蜂:Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal(单性品系)及广赤眼蜂Trichogramma evanescens Westwood(玉米螟型)。前二种均为我国尚无记录的种类。     

培养小麦全蚀病菌有新发现

为了更好地保护、利用自然天敌资源以减少农药污染,作者对本县二、三代稻纵卷叶螟寄生蜂进行了初步观察。 种类(1)卵寄生蜂:拟澳洲赤眼蜂Trichogramma confusum Viggiani 占71.1％,稻螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead 28.9％。(2)幼虫寄生蜂:     

棉铃虫卵寄生蜂的调查与利用

各国用于防治棉铃虫的赤眼蜂种类及自然寄生于棉铃虫卵内的赤眼蜂种类颇不一致,如美国系采用微小赤眼蜂Trichogramma minutum Riley作为防治棉铃虫的蜂种,该种亦系自然寄生于棉铃虫卵内的种类。苏联则曾用广赤眼蜂T.evanescens来防治棉铃虫。而在英国有人认为棉铃虫卵寄生蜂=系T.lutea,但该种已不属于赤眼蜂属。我     

我国首次发现草地螟卵寄生蜂—暗黑赤眼蜂

本文报道了我国2008年8月初首次实地发现的草地螟卵寄生蜂及其寄生率和性比。所发现的卵寄生天敌为暗黑赤眼蜂(Trichogramma pintoi Voegele)(膜翅目:赤眼蜂科)。发现暗黑赤眼蜂的地区位于河北省康保县(114°11′～114°56′E,41°25′～42°08′N,海拔1400m)。暗黑赤眼蜂对2代草地螟卵的寄生率为1%左右,雌雄性比随采集日期的推迟而增加。     

吉林省稻螟赤眼蜂的发现和鉴定

采用二化螟Chilo suppressalis(Walker)卵田间诱集的方法获得赤眼蜂Trichogramma寄生卵,室内培养羽化后,解剖并观察其雄性外生殖器特征,同时进行rDNA-ITS2序列分析,确定其为稻螟赤眼蜂T.japonicum Ashmead.BLAST分析结果表明,当地采集的供试赤眼蜂ITS2与广东的稻螟赤眼蜂相似性高达99.3%～100%.本研究首次确证吉林省存在寄生水稻二化螟的稻螟赤眼蜂自然种群.     

暗黑赤眼蜂对梨小食心虫卵的寄生作用

为检验暗黑赤眼蜂Trichogramma pintoi Voegele对梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta(Busck)卵的寄生效果,在室内条件下,以松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura为对照,比较暗黑赤眼蜂对其自然寄主棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)和非自然寄主梨小食心虫的寄生效果。暗黑赤眼蜂与松毛虫赤眼蜂对梨小食心虫卵的寄生率和在被寄生卵中的羽化率差异均不显著。暗黑赤眼蜂对梨小食心虫卵的寄生率显著高于对棉铃虫卵的寄生率;在15、45、60和75粒卵/管条件下,暗黑赤眼蜂寄生梨小食心虫和棉铃虫卵后羽化率差异不显著,但在30和90粒卵/管条件下,羽化率差异显著。拟合分析显示,暗黑赤眼蜂和松毛虫赤眼蜂对梨小食心虫卵的寄生符合Holling-Ⅱ型功能反应圆盘方程,说明暗黑赤眼蜂是一种防治梨小食心虫的潜在寄生蜂。     

三种赤眼蜂寄生大豆食心虫的调查

在柳河县利用拟澳洲赤眼蜂(Trichogramma,confusum Viggiani)、松毛虫赤眼蜂(T.dendrolimi)、玉米螟赤眼蜂(T.ostriniae)三种峰作防治大豆食心虫(Leguminivoraglycinivorella)的效果试验。结果拟澳洲赤眼蜂放蜂区大豆食心虫卵寄生率达到46％,其中拟澳洲赤眼蜂寄生卵占96.4％;玉米螟赤眼蜂占3.6％。玉米螟赤眼蜂放蜂区寄生率32％,其中拟澳洲赤眼蜂占83.3％;玉米螟赤眼蜂占13.9％;松毛虫赤眼蜂占2.8％。松毛虫赤眼     

助长棉田拟澳洲赤眼蜂繁育的田间蜂笼

1975年我们分别在乐至、简阳等10个产棉县的47个公社共采集棉铃虫卵14120粒,检查鉴定全部卵的寄生物均为拟澳洲赤眼峰Trichogramma confuaum Viggiaai,寄生率为1.1～24.0％。根据赤眼峰寄主范围较广以及在早春作物上有互相转移的现象,我们于1978年开始研究在田间助长拟澳洲赤眼蜂种群数量的方法。     

利用松毛虫赤眼蜂共寄生柞蚕卵繁育玉米螟赤眼蜂

为明确玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae Pang et Chen与松毛虫赤眼蜂T. dendrolimi Matsumura共寄生柞蚕Antheraea pernyi(Guérin-Méneville)卵后能否借助松毛虫赤眼蜂在柞蚕卵上的羽化孔顺利出蜂,在不同温度(20、23、26、29、32℃)、相对湿度(50%、60%、70%、80%、90%)以及光照周期(L∶D=24∶0、19∶5、14∶10、10∶14、5∶19、0∶24)条件下对这2种赤眼蜂共寄生柞蚕卵的各项生物学参数进行了比较分析。结果表明:利用松毛虫赤眼蜂与玉米螟赤眼蜂共寄生柞蚕卵可以提高玉米螟赤眼蜂的羽化率,在温度为26℃时,2种赤眼蜂对柞蚕卵的寄生率达90.0%,羽化率达96.8%,单卵玉米螟赤眼蜂出蜂数达到最高,为3.8头;相对湿度为80%时,2种赤眼蜂对柞蚕卵的寄生率达83.3%,羽化率达92.0%,单卵玉米螟赤眼蜂出蜂数达到最高,为6.5头;光照条件为L 24 h:D 0 h时,2种赤眼蜂对柞蚕卵的寄生率达93.3%,羽化率达96.4%,单卵玉米螟赤眼蜂出蜂数达到最高,为6.9头。表明利用松毛虫赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂共寄生柞蚕卵的方法可以实现柞蚕卵正常繁育玉米螟赤眼蜂。     

赤眼蜂寄生行为研究(Ⅲ)—雌蜂产卵时的性控行为

本文报道了赤眼蜂科(Trichogrammatidae)5种赤眼蜂(Trichogramma dendrol-imi,T.,japonicum,T.confusum,T.chilonis,和 T.ostriniae)在米蛾 Corcyracephalonica 卵以及 T.dendrolimi 在不同体积的寄主上产卵时的性控行为。观察结果表明,赤眼蜂雌蜂在产卵时,以不同的腹部运动分别产下雌性卵(受精卵)和雄性卵(未受精卵),具有对其子代的性别进行控制的能力。将观察估断的子代性别与实际羽化的仔蜂性别进行比较,估断正确率为94.20%,其中对雌性卵的估断正确率为95.48%;对雄性卵的为89.29%。赤眼蜂蜂种不同,雌蜂在产卵过程中各个行为阶段所持续的时间也不同,但在寄主相同时(如同为米蛾卵),这种差异并不明显。有些蜂种产雄性卵所花费的时间要比产雌性卵长(如 T.japonicum,T.confusum 和 T.chilonis);有些蜂种则相反(如 T.dendro-limi)。在对赤眼蜂雌蜂性控行为的观察中,我们还发现,未经交配过的赤眼蜂雌蜂(如 T.dendrolimi,T.confusum)在产卵时具有产雌性卵的腹部动作;而孤雌产雌的种类,如T.embryophayun,在产卵时的腹部动作中,不但具有产雌性卵的信号,而且尚有产雄性卵的信号。对此,本文进行了初步讨论,这些问题仍有待深入研究。     

Introduction into Israel ofTrichogramma platneri Nagarkatti,an egg parasite of Lepidoptera

Trichogramma platneri Nagarkatti (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was recently introduced into Israel to improve the control of two lepidopterous pests,Boarmia selenaria (Schiffermiiller) andCryptoblabes gnidiella (Millière). Laboratory tests showed thatT. platneri attacks the eggs of both species. A method of freezing the eggs of the host,Ephestia cautella (Walker), at -20°C and gradual defrosting, used in the large laboratory breedings of the parasites, is described briefly. In laboratory tests 68.5% of the frozenE. cautella eggs, after 2 months of storage, were parasitized, compared with 70.3% of the fresh eggs.     

Species and Mating-Type Distribution of Tapesia yallundae and T. acuformis and Occurrence of Apothecia in the U.S. Pacific Northwest

ABSTRACT Eyespot of wheat is caused by the discomycete fungi Tapesia yallundae and T. acuformis. T. yallundae is considered the most important causal agent of the disease in this region but no apothecia of either species have been found in the U.S. Pacific Northwest (PNW). Two compatible isolates of T. yallundae from the PNW were used to inoculate a field plot in the fall of 1998 and apothecia developed in the spring and fall of 2000 on standing wheat stubble. In the spring of 2000, wheat stubble from eight naturally infected fields was examined for the presence of apothecia of T. yallundae and T. acuformis. Apothecia of T. acuformis were found in two fields but no apothecia of T. yallundae were found. This is the first report of apothecia of the eyespot pathogens occurring in the PNW. Species and mating-type distribution of T. yallundae and T. acuformis in the PNW were determined from 817 isolates collected from diseased wheat over 3 years at spatial scales ranging from within fields to across states. In all, 460 isolates were identified as T. yallundae and 357 isolates were identified as T. acuformis with MAT1-1/MAT1-2 ratios not significantly different from 1:1 based on chi(2) tests at most scales tested. The apparent increase in frequency of T. acuformis from previous surveys may indicate a shift in the predominant species causing eyespot. The occurrence of apothecia under field conditions, along with the widespread distribution of mating types of both species, suggests that sexual reproduction may be occurring in both species.     

Experimental inundative releases of different strains of the egg parasite Trichogramma in Brussels sprouts

The effectiveness of inundative releases of four strains of the egg parasiteTrichogramma (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) to control five lepidopterous species infesting Brussels sprouts crops in the Netherlands was examined in small-scale field experiments in 1982–1985. Strains were selected on the basis of behavioural characteristics investigated in laboratory experiments, i.e. parasitization activity at low temperature and host-species preference.Mamestra brassicae (Noctuidae) was the most abundant host species. Its density usually averaged between 0.5 and 2.0 eggs/plant throughout most of the season (June–September). A very high peak density of 12 eggs/plant occurred in 1982. In other years the peak was below 2.5 eggs/plant.Correspondence between the observed patterns of parasitism and behavioural characteristics of the strains was in general present. A strain ofT. evanescens (no. 57), with a high activity at 12°C, performed best againstM. brassicae. However, even its highest rate of parasitism (52%) was not sufficiently effective. A strain ofT. maidis (no. 11) performed best againstPieris brassicae andP. rapae (Pieridae), but parasitism remained low (<30%) and was generally limited to peak densities (<0.5 eggs plant) occurring in 1982 and 1985.Plutella xylostella (Yponomeutidae) was an abundant species in some years, but parasitism of its eggs was never observed. Egg densities ofEvergestis forficalis (Pyralidae) remained low in all years. The relationship between parasitims and host density and the influence of the parasite-release rate are discussed. Low host densities may have been a limiting factor for effective parasitism.Samenvatting In spruitkool kan schade veroorzaakt worden door rupsen van vijf soorten Lepidoptera. Inundatieve biologische bestrijding met de eiparasietTrichogramma (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) zou een alternatief kunnen zijn voor intensieve chemische gestrijding. In veldexperimenten (1982–1985) is de effectiviteit van vierTrichogramma spp. stammen vergeleken om de uitkomsten van laboratoriumonderzoek naar criteria voor de selectie van geschikte natuurlijke vijanden te evalueren. Selectiecriteria zijn gebaseerd op eigenschappen van het zoek- en parasiteringsgedrag van de parasieten, o.a. parasiteringsactiviteit bij lage temperatuur en gastheer-preferentie. Mamestra brassicae (Noctuidae) was de talrijkste gastheersooort, met een gemiddelde dichtheid van 0,2–2,0 eieren/plant gedurende een groot deel van het seizoen (juni–september). Een extreem hoge piekdichtheid (12 eieren/plant) deed zich voor in 1982. In andere jaren was de piekdichtheid ongeveer 2,5 eieren/plant. Eieren vanM. brassicae werden het meest geparasiteerd door stam 57 (T. evanescens), maar zelfs het hoogste gemiddelde seizoenspercentage parasitisme (52%) was niet voldoende voor een effectieve bestrijding. EenT. maidis stam (11) gaf de beste resultaten tegenPieris brassicae enP. rapae (Pieridae), maar parasitisme was laag (<30%) en vrijwel beperkt tot piekdichtheden hoger dan 0,5 eieren/plant, die voorkwamen in 1982 en 1985.Plutella xylostella (Plutellidae) was soms talrijk, maar eiparasitisme leek niet voor te komen. De dichtheid vanEvergestis forficalis (Pyralidae) was gering in alle jaren.Relatief lage gastheerdichtheden kunnen een beperkende factor geweest zijn voor het optreden van een effectieve percentages eiparasitisme. De resultaten tonen aan dat er een overeenstemming is tussen selectiecriteria die in het laboratorium zijn onderzocht en de effectiviteit van geselecteerde stammen in het veld.     

The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in Tunisia: current status and management strategies

The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) was first identified in the region of Akkouda in October 2008 before it spread to all tomato‐producing areas in Tunisia. The introduction of this pest disturbed existing pest control programmes in greenhouses and open fields, forcing Tunisian growers to use more chemicals to reduce its impact on their crops. A national programme was adopted to control T. absoluta, including cultural practices, the use of pheromones, the installation of insect‐proof screens in greenhouses, and the use of organic insecticides including Bacillus thuringiensis Kurstaki (Bt) and plant extract‐based products. In addition, a few experiments in biological control, using the predatory Mirid Nesidiocoris tenuis Reuter (Heteroptera: Miridae) and the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), were conducted in greenhouses and open‐field crops (producing tomatoes for fresh consumption as well as for processing). This paper describes the status of T. absoluta in Tunisia, including data collected from sex pheromone traps installed in six tomato‐producing areas (Takelssa, Korba, Teboulba, Bekalta, Sousse and Kairouan) between 2009 and 2011, and control strategies in greenhouses and open fields.     

非稻田生境中稻飞虱卵寄生蜂群落结构研究

研究发现稻田周围田埂、路边禾本科杂草上栖息着能寄生于稻飞虱卵的寄生蜂有缨小蜂科和赤眼蜂科两类,它们是非稻田生境中稻飞虱卵寄生蜂群落的重要成员.群落中,缨小蜂科数量较多,其四个属中,数量上Anagrus＞Gonatocerus＞Neurotes＞Mymar;赤眼蜂科数量较少,所占比率小于9%.非综防区化学农药的毒性和残效加重了生境中寄生蜂生存压力,造成群落中多个物种占有优势地位,而稻飞虱主要天敌-缨小蜂的优势被削弱,不如综防区群落中缨小蜂的优势地位突出.     

Economically Important Leatherjackets of Grassland and Cereals: Biology, Impact and Control

Despite the large number of cranefly species only two have been convincingly associated with crop damage. The larvae of Tipula paludosa are commonly found as pests in both grassland and spring cereals whereas those of T. oleracea are only established as pests of winter cereals following crops of oilseed rape in the rotation. The latter, however, is probably the species involved in opportunistic situations involving various minor crops. These epidemiological contrasts are attributable to differences in the morphology and behaviour of the adults of the two species in relation to crop rotations. Larvae are sufficiently similar as to cause confusion in identification and this has hampered development of a clear picture of the ecology of the two species. Little is known about the distribution of T. oleracea larvae but T. paludosa larvae are largely regulated by climatic factors, especially rainfall, although the operation of these varies across the distribution range. Many natural enemies have been identified but a commercially viable control method using them has not yet been developed for either species. Control of T. paludosa is relatively easy using broad-spectrum insecticides but inconsistent kills have been observed with winter pesticide applications against T. oleracea. Determination of those fields requiring applications in advance of the damage remains the major problem, especially in grassland and winter cereals, to be resolved for the management of leatherjacket pests.     

Green Mold Diseases of Agaricus and Pleurotus spp. Are Caused by Related but Phylogenetically Different Trichoderma Species

ABSTRACT Producers of champignon (Agaricus bisporus) and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) are facing recent incidents of green mold epidemics in Hungary. We examined 66 Trichoderma strains isolated from Agaricus compost and Pleurotus substrate samples from three Hungarian mushroom producing companies by a polymerase chain reaction-based diagnostic test for T. aggressivum, sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region 1 (ITS1) and ITS2 and (selectively) of the fourth and fifth intron of translation elongation factor 1alpha (tef1alpha), and restriction fragment length polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA. Seven Trichoderma species were identified: T. aggressivum f. europaeum (17 isolates), T. harzianum (three isolates), T. longibrachiatum (four isolates), T. ghanense (one isolate), T. asperellum (four isolates), T. atroviride (nine isolates), and a still undescribed phylogenetic species, Trichoderma sp. DAOM 175924 (28 isolates). T. aggressivum f. europaeum was exclusively derived from A. bisporus compost, whereas Trichoderma sp. DAOM 175924 exclusively occurred in the substrate for Pleurotus cultivation. Sequences of the latter strains were co-specific with those for Trichoderma pathogens of P. ostreatus in Korea. The widespread occurrence of this new species raises questions as to why infections by it have just only recently been observed. Our data document that (i) green mold disease by T. aggressivum f. europaeum has geographically expanded to Central Europe; (ii) the green mold disease of P. ostreatus in Hungary is due to the same Trichoderma species as in Korea and the worldwide distribution of the new species indicates the possibility of spreading epidemics; and (iii) on mushroom farms, the two species are specialized on their different substrates.     

Attraction ofTrichogramma platneri to eggs of some lepidopterous pests of avocado

The attraction ofTrichogramma platneri Nagarkatti (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to eggs of two lepidopterous avocado pests,Boarmia sel-enaria (Schiffermüller) (Geometridae) andCryptoblabes gnidiella (Millière) (Phycitidae), was evaluated in olfactometer tests. The mobility of the wasp as measured by a mobility index was 0.6 for males and 1.8 for females; the males had a lower mobility and a lower search capacity index than the females. Frozen and fresh youngB. selenaria eggs had the greatest attraction forT. platneri, which diminished with increasing age of the eggs. The eggs ofC. gnidiella were also attractive to the parasitoid. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization. No. 2704-E, 1989 series.