High-temperature ferromagnetism in CaB2C2

We report a high Curie-temperature ferromagnet, CaB2C2. Although the compound has neither transition metal nor rare earth ions, the ferromagnetic transition temperature Tc is about 770 Kelvin. Despite this high T(c), the magnitude of the ordered moment at room temperatures is on the order of 10(-4) Bohr magneton per formula unit. These properties are rather similar to those of doped divalent hexaborides, such as Ca(1-x)La(x)B6. The calculated electronic states also show similarity near the Fermi level between CaB2C2 and divalent hexaborides. However, there is an important difference: CaB2C2 crystallizes in a tetragonal structure, and there are no equivalent pockets in the energy bands for electrons and holes-in contrast with CaB6. Thus, the disputed threefold degeneracy, specific to the cubic structure, in the energy bands of divalent hexaborides turns out not to be essential for high-temperature ferromagnetism. It is the peculiar molecular orbitals near the Fermi level that appear to be crucial to the high-Tc ferromagnetism.     

Photoemission studies of high-tc superconductors: the superconducting gap

Over the last several years there have been great improvements in the energy resolution and detection efficiency of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. These improvements have made it possible to discover a number of fascinating features in the electronic structure of the high transition temperature (T(c)) superconductors: apparently bandlike Fermi surfaces, flat-band saddle points, and nested Fermi surface sections. Recent work suggests that these features, previously thought explainable only by one-electron band theory, may be better understood with a many-body approach. Furthermore, other properties of the high-T(c) superconductors, which are difficult to understand with band theory, are well described using a many-body picture. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy has also been used to investigate the nature of the superconducting pairing state, revealing an anisotropic gap consistent with a d-wave order parameter and fueling the current debate over s-wave versus d-wave superconductivity.     

The cosmological kibble mechanism in the laboratory: string formation in liquid crystals

The production of strings (disclination lines and loops) has been observed by means of the Kibble mechanism of domain (bubble) formation in the isotropic-nematic phase transition of the uniaxial nematic liquid crystal 4-cyano-4'-n-pentylbiphenyl. The number of strings formed per bubble is about 0.6. This value is in reasonable agreement with a numerical simulation of the experiment in which the Kibble mechanism is used for the order parameter space of a uniaxial nematic liquid crystal.     

机载探测仪在辽宁人工增雨中的应用

依据实时探测的温度、露点温度、液态水含量等要素及计算“冰水转化”区,从而判断增雨作业区域,确定催化时机、部位和催化剂种类。结果表明,当“冰水转化”区大于零且液态水含量大于等于0．5g／m3时,条件①温度小于等于-8℃且大于等于-24℃时,开始播撒碘化银烟条;条件②温度小于0℃且大于-8℃时,开始播撒液体二氧化碳试剂。机上探测设备的应用,较好地提高了增雨作业的科学性,解决了机上催化剂选择、播撒区域、时机确定等问题。同时,利用雷达探测资料,对催化区和非催化区、催化前和催化后的雷达最大反射率进行了对比,分析得出催化区雷达最大反射率强度明显增强,因而从物理检验的角度证明了人工增雨机上催化剂播撒决策系统指挥有效。     

Broken-symmetry states in doubly gated suspended bilayer graphene

The single-particle energy spectra of graphene and its bilayer counterpart exhibit multiple degeneracies that arise through inherent symmetries. Interactions among charge carriers should spontaneously break these symmetries and lead to ordered states that exhibit energy gaps. In the quantum Hall regime, these states are predicted to be ferromagnetic in nature, whereby the system becomes spin polarized, layer polarized, or both. The parabolic dispersion of bilayer graphene makes it susceptible to interaction-induced symmetry breaking even at zero magnetic field. We investigated the underlying order of the various broken-symmetry states in bilayer graphene suspended between top and bottom gate electrodes. We deduced the order parameter of the various quantum Hall ferromagnetic states by controllably breaking the spin and sublattice symmetries. At small carrier density, we identified three distinct broken-symmetry states, one of which is consistent with either spontaneously broken time-reversal symmetry or spontaneously broken rotational symmetry.     

The elusive Bose metal

The conventional theory of metals is in crisis. In the past 15 years, there has been an unexpected sprouting of metallic states in low-dimensional systems, directly contradicting conventional wisdom. For example, bosons are thought to exist in one of two ground states: condensed in a superconductor or localized in an insulator. However, several experiments on thin metal-alloy films have observed that a metallic phase disrupts the direct transition between the superconductor and the insulator. We analyze the experiments on the insulator-superconductor transition and argue that the intervening metallic phase is bosonic. All relevant theoretical proposals for the Bose metal are discussed, particularly the recent idea that the metallic phase is glassy. The implications for the putative vortex-glass state in the copper oxide superconductors are examined.     

Divergent nematic susceptibility in an iron arsenide superconductor

Within the Landau paradigm of continuous phase transitions, ordered states of matter are characterized by a broken symmetry. Although the broken symmetry is usually evident, determining the driving force behind the phase transition can be complicated by coupling between distinct order parameters. We show how measurement of the divergent nematic susceptibility of the iron pnictide superconductor Ba(Fe(1-x)Co(x))(2)As(2) distinguishes an electronic nematic phase transition from a simple ferroelastic distortion. These measurements also indicate an electronic nematic quantum phase transition near the composition with optimal superconducting transition temperature.     

Synthesis and Equation of State of (Mg,Fe) SiO3 Perovskite to Over 100 Gigapascals

Silicate perovskite of composition (Mg(0.88)Fe(0.12)) SiO(3) has been synthesized in a laser-heated diamond-anvil cell to a pressure of 127 gigapascals at temperatures exceeding 2000 K. The perovskite phase was identified and its unit-cell dimensions measured by in situ x-ray diffraction at elevated pressure and room temperature. An analysis of these data yields the first high-precision equation of state for this mineral, with values of the zero-pressure isothermal bulk modulus and its pressure derivative being K(0T) = 266 +/- 6 gigapascals and K'(0T) = 3.9 +/- 0.4. In addition, the orthorhombic distortion of the silicate-perovskite structure away from ideal cubic symmetry remains constant with pressure: the lattice parameter ratios are b/a = 1.032 +/- 0.002 and c/a = 1.444 +/- 0.006. These results, which prove that silicate perovskite is stable to ultrahigh pressures, demonstrate that perovskite can exist throughout the pressure range of the lower mantle and that it is therefore likely to be the most abundant mineral in Earth.     

Pressure Dependence of Superconductivity in Single-Phase K3C60

The superconducting compound K(3)C(60) (with transition temperature T(c) = 19.3 kelvin at ambient pressure), formed as a single phase by reaction of alkali vapor with solids of the icosahedral C(60) molecule (buckminsterfullerene), shows a very large decrease of T(c) with increasing pressure. Susceptibility measurements on sintered pellets showing bulk superconductivity are reported up to 21 kilobars of pressure, where T(c) is already less than 8 kelvin. The results are consistent with a piling up of the density of states at the Fermi level.     

Quantum-to-classical transition with single-photon-added coherent states of light

Single-photon-added coherent states are the result of the most elementary amplification process of classical light fields by a single quantum of excitation. Being intermediate between a single-photon Fock state (fully quantum-mechanical) and a coherent (classical) one, these states offer the opportunity to closely follow the smooth transition between the particle-like and the wavelike behavior of light. We report the experimental generation of single-photon-added coherent states and their complete characterization by quantum tomography. Besides visualizing the evolution of the quantum-to-classical transition, these states allow one to witness the gradual change from the spontaneous to the stimulated regimes of light emission.     

Measurement of Parity Nonconservation and an Anapole Moment in Cesium

The amplitude of the parity-nonconserving transition between the 6S and 7S states of cesium was precisely measured with the use of a spin-polarized atomic beam. This measurement gives Im(E1pnc)/beta = -1.5935(56) millivolts per centimeter and provides an improved test of the standard model at low energy, including a value for the S parameter of -1.3(3)exp (11)theory. The nuclear spin-dependent contribution was 0.077(11) millivolts per centimeter; this contribution is a manifestation of parity violation in atomic nuclei and is a measurement of the long-sought anapole moment.     

珠江和长江水系赤眼鳟D-loop基因序列遗传变异分析

利用PCR技术扩增得到珠江和长江水系共29个赤眼鳟(Squaliobarbus curriculus)线粒体DNA D-loop基因片段,并测定其序列。对599 bp的D-loop基因序列进行分析,共检测到24个单倍型,25个单突变位点,39个简约信息位点。在81个突变位点中,转换位点50个,颠换位点14个,插入或缺失位点17个;A+T的含量(68.8%)明显高于C+G的含量(31.2%)。5个水域个体间的遗传变异率在0到6.03%之间。单倍型多样性(H)为0.977 8,平均核苷酸差异数(K±SD)为17.271 0,核苷酸多样性(π)为0.029 7。对5个群体D-loop序列进行分化指数分析,结果表明:不同水系群体间有显著的遗传差异,而同一水系内的不同群体间差异不显著。对5个群体进行分子方差分析,结果表明:5个群体间存在显著性遗传差异。分子系统树显示:两大水系5个不同水域赤眼鳟29个个体的系统树明显分为两支:珠江15个个体聚为一支,长江14个个体聚为另一支,且都有较高的置信度。可见,长江和珠江群体间已经出现了明显的遗传变异,是因珠江和长江的地理隔离导致的生殖隔离。但在同一水系内,群体间的遗传距离和群体内的遗传差异不显著,系统树也是两大水系内的不同水域混杂在一起,说明同一水系不同水域间没有出现遗传分化,分属"长江群体"或"珠江群体"。     

基于回购契约的风险厌恶零售商的供应链协调

应用LSTAR模型对我国通货膨胀率的动态特征进行的实证研究结果表明：我国通货膨胀率自身调整有明显的非线性特征，分为显著的低通货膨胀区制和高通货膨胀区制，区制转移的平滑参数较大，转移变量为滞后1期通货膨胀率，转折点为0.01036。同时，我国通货膨胀率存在一定程度的非对称性调整，随冲击大小、方向、区制不同而表现不同。此外，我国通货膨胀率具有较高的持久性，高通货膨胀区制的持久性明显低于低通货膨胀区制。     

Formation of glasses from liquids and biopolymers

Glasses can be formed by many routes. In some cases, distinct polyamorphic forms are found. The normal mode of glass formation is cooling of a viscous liquid. Liquid behavior during cooling is classified between "strong" and "fragile," and the three canonical characteristics of relaxing liquids are correlated through the fragility. Strong liquids become fragile liquids on compression. In some cases, such conversions occur during cooling by a weak first-order transition. This behavior can be related to the polymorphism in a glass state through a recent simple modification of the van der Waals model for tetrahedrally bonded liquids. The sudden loss of some liquid degrees of freedom through such first-order transitions is suggestive of the polyamorphic transition between native and denatured hydrated proteins, which can be interpreted as single-chain glass-forming polymers plasticized by water and cross-linked by hydrogen bonds. The onset of a sharp change in ddT( is the Debye-Waller factor and T is temperature) in proteins, which is controversially indentified with the glass transition in liquids, is shown to be general for glass formers and observable in computer simulations of strong and fragile ionic liquids, where it proves to be close to the experimental glass transition temperature. The latter may originate in strong anharmonicity in modes ("bosons"), which permits the system to access multiple minima of its configuration space. These modes, the Kauzmann temperature T(K), and the fragility of the liquid, may thus be connected.     

黄绿木霉T1010适宜的发酵条件分析

木霉广泛存在于土壤、根际及其它基质中,木霉对植物土传病具有拮抗作用.优化生防因子黄绿木霉(Trichoderma aureoviride)突变体T1010发酵条件是扩大生产、大面积应用的前提.试验通过测定黄绿木霉T1010的菌丝生长和分生孢子生长,优化了培养条件,确定最适宜种子培养用PD培养基,摇瓶培养,生长时间为3天,此时菌丝生长量为5.75 g/ml;最经济适宜扩大培养基为玉米15 g/L,豆粉5 g/L,摇瓶培养时间为3天,此时菌丝生长量为5.83 g/ml,发酵罐培养时间2.5天为宜;最适宜经济的固体发酵培养基为麦麸:醋渣∶水=2∶1∶3.3,尿素为0.3%,发酵温度为(26±2)℃,发酵产物孢子量为2.46×1010cfu/g.通过该研究确定的发酵工艺参数为高效率、低成本、标准化生产黄绿木霉制剂提供了科学依据.     

First occurrence of the garnet-ilmenite transition in silicates

Pyrope garnet (Mg(3)Al(2)Si(3)O(12)) has been found to transform to an ilmenite-type phase at a loading pressure between 240 and 250 kilobars and at about 1000 degrees to 1400 degrees C in a diamond-anvil press coupled with laser heating. The lattice parameters for the ilmenite-type phase of (Mg(.75) Al(.25))(Si(.75) Al(.25))O(3) are a(0) = 4.755 +/- 0.002 and c(0) = 13.360 +/- 0.005 angstroms. The zero-pressure volume change associated with the garnet-ilmenite transition is calculated to be -7.1 percent. This result verifies the prediction that pyrope garnet would transform to the ilmenite structure at high pressure first suggested in 1962 by Clark et al. and Ringwood.     

(RbxK1-x)3C60 Superconductors: Formation of a Continuous Series of Solid Solutions

By means of an approach that employs alkali-metal alloys, bulk single-phase (RbxK1-x)(3)C(6O) superconductors have been prepared for all x between 0 and 1. For x = 1 it is shown that the maximum superconducting fraction, which approaches 100% in sintered pellets, occurs at a Rb to C(60) ratio of 3:1. More importantly, single-phase superconductors are formed at all intermediate values of x, and it is shown that the transition temperature (T(c)) increases linearly with x in this series of materials. The formation of a continuous range of solid solutions demonstrates that the rubidium- and potassium-doped C(60) superconducting phases must be isostructural, and furthermore, suggests that the linear increase in T(c) with x results from a chemical pressure effect.     

Voronoi多边形的边数分布规律及其在林木格局分析中的应用

Voronoi空间分割算法在各个领域已得到广泛应用,目前Voronoi图已经成功应用于林木竞争分析中竞争木数量的选择上。本研究旨在将Voronoi多边形边数分布规律应用于样地的林木格局分析中。借助德国Stochastic Geometry统计软件和R语言程序绘制并分析不同分布格局林分的Voronoi多边形边数分布规律,研究发现:1)不同分布格局的林分,其Voronoi多边形边数分布都呈近似正态分布,频数最大值基本聚集于5或6株;2)无论何种格局分布,Voronoi多边形边数均值皆为6株左右;3)不同分布格局的林分,其Voronoi多边形边数分布标准差的均值具有较为明显的差异,表现为:团状随机均匀。进一步模拟500个随机分布林分发现,Voronoi多边形边数的标准差分布遵循正态分布。基于此,本文利用95%概率,即1.96倍标准差为置信区间的方法,确定了随机分布林分Voronoi多边形边数标准差的分布范围为:μ±1.96σ=1.333±0.035×1.96,即随机分布林分的Voronoi多边形边数标准差(SD)的置信区间为[1.264,1.402];当SD1.264时,该林分格局为均匀分布,当SD1.402时为团状分布。将这种基于Voronoi多边形的林木格局判定方法(Vs)应用于5块不同类型的现实林分,并与目前常用的基于4株最近相邻木的角尺度(W)方法进行了对比,得到的格局分布类型Vs与W二者完全相同。可见,Vs可作为一个间接判定林木分布格局的新途径。      

Rotational symmetry breaking in the hidden-order phase of URu2Si2

A second-order phase transition is characterized by spontaneous symmetry breaking. The nature of the broken symmetry in the so-called "hidden-order" phase transition in the heavy-fermion compound URu(2)Si(2), at transition temperature T(h) = 17.5 K, has posed a long-standing mystery. We report the emergence of an in-plane anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility below T(h), which breaks the four-fold rotational symmetry of the tetragonal URu(2)Si(2). Two-fold oscillations in the magnetic torque under in-plane field rotation were sensitively detected in small pure crystals. Our findings suggest that the hidden-order phase is an electronic "nematic" phase, a translationally invariant metallic phase with spontaneous breaking of rotational symmetry.