Reconstructing the good farmer identity: shifts in farmer identities and farm management practices to improve water quality

All farmers have their own version of what it means to be a good farmer. For many US farmers a large portion of their identity is defined by the high input, high output production systems they manage to produce food, fiber or fuel. However, the unintended consequences of highly productivist systems are often increased soil erosion and the pollution of ground and surface water. A large number of farmers have conservationist identities within their good farmer identity, however their conservation goals often need to be activated to rebalance the production-conservation meanings they give to their roles in society. In this paper we analyze US Cornbelt farmer interviews and surveys to trace how the performance-based environmental management process can be used to influence the farmer social identity and shift the overall good farmer identity towards a stronger conservationist standard. We find the continuous feedback loop in performance-based environmental management mimics the hierarchically organized feedback control processes of identity verification and can be used to help farmers activate their conservationist farmer identities at the person, role, and social levels to establish new norms for the practice of more sustainable agriculture.     

B/S结构银行业务系统中三重身份认证的设计与实现

针对独立于Internet网络的企业电子业务处理系统普遍采用的静态的“用户名 密码”的二元身份认证方法抗攻击能力弱的问题,并从方便、可靠,尽可能降低成本的设计思想出发,设计并实现了基于三重认证技术的系统身份认证方法:利用IP认证方法防止非法客户端的访问;利用服务器用户认证方法防止非法角色的访问;通过随机码认证和操作员号/密码认证,防止利用程序对用户密码的分析破解。在混合结构电子联行系统中的应用结果表明,该方法简单有效,实现了设计要求。本研究可为其他基于B/S结构的系统提供参考。     

中西园林艺术比较研究

中西园林艺术,尤其是古典园林艺术,不仅有明显不同的艺术风格,亦存在着深刻的同一性.作者首先从历史源渊、自然条件、社会文化背景、宗教因素等方面分析了造成中西园林艺术差异的原因,继而又分别论述了中西园林艺术的人类同一性、社会同一性和物质同一性,并以中西园林艺术相互交流的史实旁证了这种同一性的存在.最后指出,中西园林艺术在共同的环境问题面前,异途同归,共同走向自然、生态的新园林.     

Cliff swallow colonies as information centers

Colonies of cliff swallows (Aves: Hirundo pyrrhonota) appear to be information centers in which colony residents acquire information on the location of food sources. Individuals that have been unsuccessful on a foraging trip return to the colony, locate a successful forager, and follow that individual to a food source. Individuals often follow, and are followed by, their neighbors within the colony, possibly because neighbors can observe foraging success through food brought back to nestlings. All individuals are equally likely to follow others or be followed, and thus all individuals benefit from opportunities to receive information.     

民族国家认同与超国家阶级认同

具有共同身份的人往往具有一种认同,从而形成了一个个人类社会共同体。不同的阶级就是由一群群具有基本相同经济地位的人形成的人们共同体。当今的民族国家是由同一个民族或几个具有紧密联系的民族组成的共同体。一个人往往具有阶级成员和国家成员两种身份,因此也往往存在着民族国家认同和阶级认同。在国际层面上,人的民族国家认同高于其超国家的阶级认同。     

Dynamic optimization of odor representations by slow temporal patterning of mitral cell activity

Mitral cells (MCs) in the olfactory bulb (OB) respond to odors with slow temporal firing patterns. The representation of each odor by activity patterns across the MC population thus changes continuously throughout a stimulus, in an odor-specific manner. In the zebrafish OB, we found that this distributed temporal patterning progressively reduced the similarity between ensemble representations of related odors, thereby making each odor's representation more specific over time. The tuning of individual MCs was not sharpened during this process. Hence, the individual responses of MCs did not become more specific, but the odor-coding MC assemblies changed such that their overlap decreased. This optimization of ensemble representations did not occur among olfactory afferents but resulted from OB circuit dynamics. Time can therefore gradually optimize stimulus representations in a sensory network.     

rDNA-ITS2应用于赤眼蜂分子鉴定的研究

本研究通过对拟澳洲赤眼蜂Trichoramma confusum，甘蓝夜蛾赤眼蜂T.brassicae，广赤眼蜂T.evanescens，食胚赤眼蜂T.embryophagum，及松毛虫赤眼蜂T.dendrolimi的6个地理种群的rDNA-ITS2进行克隆测序，又运用软件DNAStar的MegAlign程序对不同赤眼蜂属间，赤眼蜂属种间，同种不同地理种群之间以及同一赤眼蜂个体不同拷贝之间的ITS2序列的遗传分歧及相似性进行了分析。结果表明：赤眼蜂属与外群ITS2序列的遗传相似性很低，赤眼蜂属内不同种之间IT2序列保守性适中，种内或不同的地理种群之间以及同一个体不同ITS2拷贝间非常保守。说明ITS2序列可作为赤眼蜂种级水平分类鉴定的良好靶标序列。     

Interdigital regulation of digit identity and homeotic transformation by modulated BMP signaling

The developmental mechanisms specifying digital identity have attracted 30 years of intense interest, but still remain poorly understood. Here, through experiments on chick foot development, we show digital identity is not a fixed property of digital primordia. Rather, digital identity is specified by the interdigital mesoderm, demonstrating a patterning function for this tissue before its regression. More posterior interdigits specify more posterior digital identities, and each primordium will develop in accordance with the most posterior cues received. Furthermore, inhibition of interdigital bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling can transform digit identity, suggesting a role for BMPs in this process.     

论破产法的价值定位及相关制度完善

随着社会主义市场经济体制的确立和加入WTO ,我国的经济结构呈现出利益主体多元化。破产不可避免地导致主体之间的利益冲突。为此 ,新修订的破产法应最大限度地满足与破产案件有关的各主体的利益 ,将实现均衡利益作为其价值目标。相应地 ,破产法应增设重整、监督和惩治破产犯罪的规定     

Drawing lines in the cornfield: an analysis of discourse and identity relations across agri-food networks

In this article, I analyze discourse and identity relations within so-called ‘conventional’ agri-food networks as well as how the conventional sphere perceives, constructs and responds to alternative food movements in Canada. The paper is structured around three primary research questions: (1) How are conventional actors understanding conditions, changes, and challenges within conventional networks? (2) How do conventional actors apply this understanding in advancing conventional interests and discourses, and defending conventional networks? (3) How do conventional actors and discourse construct AFMs? For this research, I draw from survey, focus group, and in-depth interview data alongside text analysis from online sources. I elucidate the interests and motivations behind the identities, stories and messages emerging from the conventional sphere. I conclude that relationship building and communication between diverse agri-food actors may help to expand the range of agricultural knowledge, philosophies and solutions available to farmers, especially those whom are currently quite divided.     

侵染广东黄秋葵的木尔坦棉花曲叶病毒及伴随卫星DNA的分子特征

从广东省表现黄脉曲叶的黄秋葵病株上分离到病毒分离物Okra06,PCR检测结果显示,该病毒属双生病毒科Geminiviridae菜豆金色花叶病毒属Begomovirus.基因克隆及序列分析结果表明,其基因组仅含A组分(DNA-A),全长为2 737 nt,推导编码6个开放阅读框(Open reading frame,ORF).该组分与木尔坦棉花曲叶病毒(Cotton leafcurl Multan virus,CLCuMV)分离物G6的核苷酸序列相似性最高,为99.7%;二者编码的6个ORF相似性分别为100%、100%、99.6%、99.8%、100%和99.7%.该病毒还伴随有卫星分子β(DNAβ),全长为1 346 nt,推导其互补链上编码1个ORF(C1).该分子与伴随CLCuMV分离物G6 DNAβ的核苷酸序列相似性也最高(99.5%).DNAβ系统进化分析显示,Okra06 DNAβ与CLCuMV-[G6]DNAβ、CLCuMV-[Gx08]DNAβ亲缘关系最近,三者形成一个独立分支;进一步与其他CLCuMV DNAβ和CLCuV DNAβ聚类在一起.这些结果证明,侵染广东黄秋葵的病毒分离物Okra06属于CLCuMV,且该分离物与引起广东朱槿曲叶病的CLCuMV-G6应同属木尔坦棉花曲叶病毒朱槿株系.     

Microfluidic digital PCR enables multigene analysis of individual environmental bacteria

Gene inventory and metagenomic techniques have allowed rapid exploration of bacterial diversity and the potential physiologies present within microbial communities. However, it remains nontrivial to discover the identities of environmental bacteria carrying two or more genes of interest. We have used microfluidic digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify and analyze multiple, different genes obtained from single bacterial cells harvested from nature. A gene encoding a key enzyme involved in the mutualistic symbiosis occurring between termites and their gut microbiota was used as an experimental hook to discover the previously unknown ribosomal RNA-based species identity of several symbionts. The ability to systematically identify bacteria carrying a particular gene and to link any two or more genes of interest to single species residing in complex ecosystems opens up new opportunities for research on the environment.     

Development of a real-time computer vision system for tracking loose-housed pigs

Changes in regulations for livestock animals will in the near future call for loose-house pig breeding systems. These new systems will increase the workload for the farmers, as location and identification of animals will require more time than before. This paper presents a real-time computer vision system for tracking of pigs in loose-housed stables. The system will ease the workload for farmers in identification and locating individual animals. The system consists of a camera and a PC. The PC runs a tracking-algorithm, estimating the positions and identities of the pigs. The tracking algorithm operates in 2 steps. The first step builds up support maps, pointing to preliminary pig segments in each video frame. In the second step the support map segments are used to build up a 5D-Gaussian model of the individual pigs (i.e. position and shape). The system has software correction for fisheye distortion coming from the camera lens. The fisheye lens allows the camera to monitor a much larger area in the stable. The algorithms are developed in MatLab, implemented in C and runs in real-time. Experiments in the lab and in the stable demonstrate the robustness of the system. The system can track at least 3 pigs over a longer time span (more than 8 min) without loosing track and identity of the individual pigs in a realistic experiment.     

基于IOCDGA的模糊目标柔性作业车间调度优化

具有模糊目标要求的柔性作业车间调度，是柔性作业车间调度的扩展，它能够满足生产实际中对成本、生产周期及交货期等多方面指示的要求。与多目标调度相比，它还能够处理非精确指标要求问题，并且可以满足关键零件的特殊要求。为了实现对具有模糊目标柔性作业车间调度优化，提出了一种具有个体优化群体多样性的遗传算法（IOCDGA），以加快收敛速度，避免早熟问题。该算法针对文中的编码方法，定义了群体平均差及熵，用来表示群体的多样性指标。通过多样性指标控制交叉率和变异率，该算法的进化侧重于单个或少数个体达到最优，而不是传统GA中的全部个体均为最优。计算结果表明，该算法可行，并减少了迭代次数。     

水稻自动调节与产量

在密、稀、超稀和极端稀植群体中 ,初步研究了水稻群体条件下的个体自动调节与分蘖生长、干物质生产和产量形成的关系。研究结果表明 ,水稻在一定的密度范围内具有很强的调节能力 ,生育初期的调节能力较小 ,随着群体系统的不断发展调节能力逐步增强。提高光合势和净同化率有利于增加产量。施肥量、密度与产量分别呈显著水平 ,二者互作效应不显著。群体的产量因素可相互调节 ,稀植条件下单位面积穗数减少 ,千粒重和成熟度增高 ,克服了密植条件下千粒重和成熟度低的不利影响     

Encoding of olfactory information with oscillating neural assemblies

In the brain, fast oscillations of local field potentials, which are thought to arise from the coherent and rhythmic activity of large numbers of neurons, were observed first in the olfactory system and have since been described in many neocortical areas. The importance of these oscillations in information coding, however, is controversial. Here, local field potential and intracellular recordings were obtained from the antennal lobe and mushroom body of the locust Schistocerca americana. Different odors evoked coherent oscillations in different, but usually overlapping, ensembles of neurons. The phase of firing of individual neurons relative to the population was not dependent on the odor. The components of a coherently oscillating ensemble of neurons changed over the duration of a single exposure to an odor. It is thus proposed that odors are encoded by specific but dynamic assemblies of coherently oscillating neurons. Such distributed and temporal representation of complex sensory signals may facilitate combinatorial coding and associative learning in these, and possibly other, sensory networks.     

芜菁花叶病毒两分离物的CP基因及HC-Pro基因的比较

芜菁花叶病毒杭州分离物(HZWT)和昆明分离物(YNQC)在7种寄主上的致病性相似.利用IC-RT-PCR对两分离物的CP和HC-Pro基因进行PCR扩增,扩增产物克隆后进行序列测定,CP基因序列长度均为864个核苷酸,编码288个氨基酸;HC-Pro基因序列长度均为1374个核苷酸,编码458个氨基酸.两分离物的CP和HC-Pro基因的核苷酸同源率分别为99.3%和94.5%,氨基酸同源率分别为100%和98.7%.HZWT和YNQC的CP基因与已报道的TuMV其他分离物的核苷酸序列同源率为89.2%～99.3%,氨基酸同源率分别为88.5%～99.7%;HC-Pro基因与TuMV其他分离物的核苷酸序列同源率分别为80.6%～97.0%,氨基酸同源率分别为95.0%～99.6%.     

东方蜜蜂采集行为初步观察

 分析了东方蜜蜂发生采集行为的基本条件,研究了采集粉蜜的同一性,并初步测定了采集范围.结果表明:东方蜜蜂具有调整蜂群结构以最大生态效率来利用自然资源的特性.     

昭通天麻种子萌发菌的筛选

自昭通本地野生乌天麻原球茎上分离获得的两株天麻种子萌发菌（SNm-01、SNm-02）。研究了它们的生长特性及促进天麻种子萌发的效果。结果显示,两株菌的生长特性相似。在PDA上生长时,菌落白色、绒毛状,菌丝分枝、无色透明,具有分隔和锁状联合,均具有气生菌丝。SNm-01菌落生长速度较快,室内促天麻种子萌发效果好。与传统的天麻种子播种方法相比,SNm-01在野外林间大田萌发试验中表现优良,天麻种子的萌发率较高,空穴率为零,原球茎平均达100个/塘,而且对萌发后原球茎的生长也具有较好的促进作用,所以菌株SNm-01是一株优良的昭通本地萌发菌.