Water balance and irrigation performance analysis: La Violada irrigation district (Spain) as a case study

Diagnosis of water management at the irrigation district level is required for the rational modernisation of the irrigation schemes and the subsequent increase in the efficiency of water allocation and application. Our objectives were to: (i) evaluate the global irrigation performance in the 5282 ha La Violada surface-irrigated district (Ebro River Basin, northeast Spain), and (ii) estimate the water that could potentially be conserved under two scenarios of modernisation and three increased irrigation efficiencies. The main district’s water inputs and outputs were measured (irrigation, precipitation, and outflow surface drainage) or estimated (canal releases, lateral surface runoff, municipal wastewaters, and actual evapotranspiration of crops) during the 1995–1998 hydrological years. The annual average water outputs were 23% higher than the corresponding water inputs, presumably due to canal seepage and lateral groundwater inflows from the 14 355 ha dry-land watershed. The district-level irrigation performance was poor (mean 1995–1998 seasonal irrigation consumptive use coefficient (ICUC)=48%), due to the low distribution (DE) and on-farm (ICUCf) efficiencies (i.e., mean estimates of 83% (DE) and 61% (ICUCf) for the 1995–1996 irrigation seasons). Thus, despite the high volume of applied irrigation water, the actual district ET was 16% lower than the maximum achievable ET, indicating that the water-stressed crops yielded below their maximums. Potential reductions in water allocation were estimated for three ICUC values (65, 75 and 85%) and two scenarios of modernisation (I and II). In scenario I, where the aim was to achieve maximum ET and crop yields, water allocation could be reduced from 8 to 30% of the current allocation. In scenario II, where the aim was to achieve the maximum conservation of water under the actual ET and crop yields, reductions in water allocation would be much higher (from 26 to 43% of current allocation). Thus, significant volumes of water could be conserved in the rehabilitation of this 50-year-old district by increasing the distribution efficiency and, in particular, the on-farm irrigation efficiency.     

Economic incentives reduce irrigation deliveries and drain water volume

This paper describes the application of an economic incentive program to achieve water quality objectives by motivating improvements in farm-level water management practices. The program includes farm-specific water allotments, tiered water pricing, and low-interest loans for purchasing irrigation equipment. The implementation of this program in a California water district has resulted in significant reductions in irrigation deliveries and drain water volume. Since the program was implemented, average irrigation depths have declined by 25% on cotton fields, 9% on tomatoes, 10% on cantaloupes, 30% on seed alfalfa, and 29% on grain fields. The average volume of drain water collected each year in subsurface drainage systems has declined from 4.8 million m³ during 1986 through 1989 to 2.6 million m³ during 1990 through 1993. These results confirm that economic incentives can be effective in generating improvements in water quality.     

Role of transpiration suppression by evaporation of intercepted water in improving irrigation efficiency

Sprinkler irrigation efficiency declines when applied water intercepted by the crop foliage, or gross interception (I_gross), as well as airborne droplets and ponded water at the soil surface evaporate before use by the crop. However, evaporation of applied water can also supply some of the atmospheric demands usually met by plant transpiration. Any suppression of crop transpiration from the irrigated area as compared to a non-irrigated area can be subtracted from I_gross irrigation application losses for a reduced, or net, interception (I_net) loss. This study was conducted to determine the extent in which transpiration suppression due to microclimatic modification resulting from evaporation of plant-intercepted water and/or of applied water can reduce total sprinkler irrigation application losses of impact sprinkler and low energy precision application (LEPA) irrigation systems. Fully irrigated corn (Zea Mays L.) was grown on 0.75 m wide east-west rows in 1990 at Bushland, TX in two contiguous 5-ha fields, each containing a weighing lysimeter and micrometeorological instrumentation. Transpiration (Tr) was measured using heat balance sap flow gauges. During and following an impact sprinkler irrigation, within-canopy vapor pressure deficit and canopy temperature declined sharply due to canopyintercepted water and microclimatic modification from evaporation. For an average day time impact irrigation application of 21 mm, estimated average I_gross loss was 10.7%, but the resulting suppression of measured Tr by 50% or more during the irrigation reduced I_gross loss by 3.9%. On days of high solar radiation, continued transpiration suppression following the irrigation reduced I_gross loss an additional 1.2%. Further 4–6% reductions in I_gross losses were predicted when aerodynamic and canopy resistances were considered. Irrigation water applied only at the soil surface by LEPA irrigation had little effect on the microclimate within the canopy and consequently on Tr or ET, or irrigation application efficiency.     

A real-time water allocation model for large irrigation systems

In this study a simulation model for real-time irrigation scheduling of water deliveries at the tertiary and secondary canal levels of large irrigation systems has been developed. The model is responsive to current season changes in weather and other variables. The irrigation scheduling of the subsequent week is found out at the end of each week by updating the status of the system with real time data up to that week and then by solving the model for the new conditions. The model is based on water balance approach for lowland paddy and a soil moisture simulation approach for determining the irrigation requirements of upland crops. Expected rainfall at different probability levels during the irrigation season was used based on past rain fall data and Leaky law. The model was applied to an irrigation system in Thailand for determining the required irrigation deliveries. Result of the application indicate that the model can be used for determining water deliveries in a real-time basis.     

灌水频率对绿洲菊芋耗水特征及水分利用效率的影响

灌水频率对作物耗水特征和水分利用效率有重要影响,但对以收获地下块茎为主要目的的经济作物研究并不多见。以菊芋为材料,分别在苗期(S)、枝繁叶茂期(L)、现蕾期(B)和开花期(F)施加不同灌水组合,包括苗期600 m3/hm2(S600,下同)处理J1、S600+L600为J2、S600+B600为J3、S600+L300+B900为J4、S600+L900+B300为J5、S600+L600+B300+F900为J6及全生育期不灌水的对照CK,研究菊芋农田水分利用状况。结果表明,枝繁叶茂期和苗期是菊芋水分消耗和需求最大的时期,其次为现蕾期。不同灌水频率下菊芋苗期耗水量、耗水强度及耗水模数差异不大(p0.05),但与不灌水相比差异显著(p0.05)。枝繁叶茂期和现蕾期缺水导致菊芋耗水量和耗水强度显著下降,而开花期灌水菊芋耗水量、耗水强度及耗水模数显著增大。菊芋全生育期耗水量随灌水频率和灌水量增大而增大,但灌水频率和总灌水量一定时,不同生育期灌水量分配对菊芋耗水量无显著影响。不同灌水频率下菊芋全生育期耗水量比不灌水显著增加55.3%~205.6%,灌水频率越高耗水量越大。菊芋水分利用效率随灌水频率和灌水量增大而降低,但相同灌水频率和灌水量下菊芋生育期内灌水量不同时水分利用效率差异不大。总体而言,以收获地下块茎为主要目的的经济作物在耗水规律和水分利用特征方面明显不同于以收获籽粒为目的的粮食作物,应保证营养生长期和并进生长阶段的水分供应以满足蒸腾需水和光合同化对水分的需求,而生殖生长期则应适当减少灌水量以抑制作物奢侈蒸腾,提高水分利用效率。     

基于Meta分析的黑龙江省水稻水土肥资源协同优化调配

水稻灌溉水量、氮肥和种植面积的高效管理有助于提升农业经济效益,提高资源利用效率和改善生态环境。以黑龙江省13个市（区）为研究区域,利用Meta分析量化不同灌溉方式和施氮量对水稻产量和温室气体（CO2、CH4、N2O）排放的影响,并建立水肥生产函数。在此基础上,以经济效益、温室气体排放量、水肥利用效率为目标函数构建多目标优化模型,以优化分配各地区的水肥资源,调整水稻种植面积。优化结果表明：控制灌溉和施加氮肥不同程度影响产量和温室气体排放,优化后水稻种植面积减少3.76%,水利用效率提高18.4%,灌溉水量均值为4513.54m3/hm2,氮肥施用量减少11%,氮肥利用效率提高32%,氮肥施用量均值为100kg/hm2;经济效益增加8.1%,温室气体排放降低10.6%。本模型可以量化表征区域尺度基于控制灌溉的水肥施用与产量及温室气体排放的响应关系,协同优化稻田水土肥资源最佳配比,平衡经济、温室气体排放和资源利用效率,有助于黑龙江省水稻不同目标间的水肥资源优化和种植面积调整,促进农业可持续发展,可为水稻水土肥资源优化与管理提供参考。     

The effect of partial wetting of the root zone on yield and water use efficiency in a drip-and sprinkler-irrigated mature grapefruit grove

Summary The effect of partial wetting of the root zone on yield and water use efficiency in a drip- and sprinkler-irrigated mature grapefruit grove was tested in a long-term experiment from 1976 to 1979. Three different percentages of the surface soil areas ( 30%, 40% and 70%) were wetted by the use of single and double drip laterals and sprinklers, respectively. Irrigation frequencies were 3 and 7 days for the drip treatments and 14 and 21 days for the sprinkler-irrigated plots.Two amounts of water, 80% and 100% of the total seasonal water application as previously determined from the soil moisture depletion data (ca. 630 and 800 mm), were applied at the different irrigation intervals for the drip- and sprinkler-irrigated treatments during the irrigation season (April–November). Soil moisture and salinity patterns were determined by the neutron scattering method and by gravimetric sampling. The partition of water extraction from the wet and dry zones in the drip-irrigated treatments was determined. About 86% of the total amount of water depletion was from the wet zone and 14% from the dry zone. Percolation losses in the irrigated treatments receiving 80% of the total seasonal water application decreased as compared with the 100% irrigated plots. Salts accumulated during the irrigation season were leached out by the winter rainfall.The effect of the reduction of irrigation application amount, first introduced in 1976, on the grapefruit yield was cumulative. The average yield (for the three years 1977, 1978, 1979) in the 80%, drip-irrigated plots at 3-day intervals, was 89 t/ha, compared with 98 t/ha in the 100% irrigated plots. The average yields obtained in the sprinkler and trickle irrigation treatments receiving 100% of the water application was 84 t/ha and 100 t/ha, respectively. Yield reductions in the plots receiving reduced water application of 80% were 11% for the drip treatments and 13% for the sprinkler treatment; the extent of the yield reduction varied according to the time interval between irrigations. The fruit quality was up to the required standards in all treatments. Water use efficiency was greater in the drip-irrigated plots than in the sprinkled ones, and also greater in the plots given the reduced water applications (80% of the maximum seasonal amount of the irrigation water applied), as compared with plots receiving the full amount of irrigation.Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O.B. 6, Bet Dagan 50–250, Israel. No. 175-E, 1981 series     

不同水量交替灌溉对木薯产量和水分利用的影响

为探讨作物旱后复水的补偿效应,采用不同水量交替灌溉方式研究木薯的生长、产量及水分利用效率的变化规律,设计了5种水分处理模式,分别为3种常规灌水处理(T1,T2和T3处理的灌水定额分别为10,20,30 mm)和2种交替灌水处理(T4处理:即对灌水定额10和20 mm进行轮回交替;T5处理:即对灌水定额10和30 mm进行轮回交替).结果表明:与T2处理相比,T5处理的总叶面积、总干物质质量、产量和水分利用效率分别显著增加31.1%,20.3%,64.6%和114.0%.与T3处理相比,T5处理节水33.3%,其总干物质质量下降较小,而根系干物质质量、水分利用效率和产量分别显著增加11.2%,119.0%和13.3%.因此,T5处理是有利于木薯产量和水分利用效率提高的最佳灌溉模式.     

条带种植模式下微喷带对冬小麦产量和耗水特性的影响

【目的】缓解华北平原淡水资源匮乏与冬小麦高耗水的矛盾,解决当地水资源利用率低的问题。【方法】以济麦22为试验材料,在条带种植微喷带灌溉设置了4个灌水量处理:在小麦拔节期、灌浆初期、灌浆中期(灌浆期5月下旬)3个生育时期设灌水15 mm(W1)、22.5 mm(W2)、30 mm(W3)、37.5 mm(W4),以等行距种植常规地面畦灌在拔节期和灌浆初期各灌60mm为对照(CK),分析了不同灌溉处理的耗水特性、籽粒产量及水分利用特征。【结果】小麦生育期内总耗水量在306.46～399.4 mm,W1、W2、W3、W4处理和CK土壤水占总耗水的比例分别为44.2%、42.97%、41.24%、40.15%和38.41%;随着灌水量的增加,灌溉水占总耗水的比例增加;冬小麦拔节至灌浆初期耗水量最大,占全生育期的45.33%～53.68%,条带种植模式各处理在播种至灌浆初期耗水所占比重较大,CK则在灌浆初期至成熟期较大。微喷带灌溉条件下冬小麦籽粒产量随着灌水量的增加而增加,W4处理产量最高达9 682.66 kg/hm2;W3处理的水分利用率最高,比CK提高了7.54%。【结论】微喷带灌溉灌水量在135～157.5mm,耗水量在367.5～400 mm时,冬小麦能获得最高的产量和水分利用效率。     

Influence of single and multiple water application timings on yield and water use efficiency in tomato (var. First power)

A greenhouse experiment was conducted at Japan International Research Center for Agriculture Science (JIRCAS), Okinawa Subtropical Station, Ishigaki, Japan with three multiple water application and two single water applications to study the effects of them on tomato yield, soil water content and water use efficiency. Multiple water application is a technique use to add the required amount of water during irrigation in multiple equal parts a day instead of one complete set (single water application) during the irrigation event. The multiple water application treatments were the day time (DT), day-night time (DNT) and night time (NT) while the single water application treatments were morning time (MT) and evening time (ET). In multiple water irrigation treatments the water was added to the soil into three equal parts. The supplied irrigation water was the same for all treatments and gradually increased with plant age to cover the crop water requirement during the growing season.The results revealed that multiple water application increased tomato yield by 5% over the highest yield of single water application. The DT treatment increased tomato yield by 5% and 15% compared to ET and MT treatments, respectively. For multiple water application, the DT was the best irrigation timing because it increases the tomato yield by 8% and 12% compared to DNT and NT, respectively. ET irrigation was better than MT irrigation for single water application. Multiple water application led to an increased in soil water content compared to single water application. By applying the same amount of water for all treatments, the DT treatment increased water use efficiency by 5-15% compared to ET and MT treatments of single water application. In conclusion, multiple water application is better than single water application and by choosing the proper irrigation timing, higher tomato yield resulting from efficient water management can be obtained.     

Comparison between the efficiencies of surface and pressurized irrigation systems in Jordan

A study was carried out to determine the efficiencies of water use in irrigation in the Jordan Valley Project. The study aimed to evaluate, the overall or project efficiency (E_p) which includes: the irrigation system efficiency, being the combined conveyance and distribution efficiency (E_s); and the field application efficiency (E_a). Evaluation of these efficiencies includes the comparison of open canals with surface irrigation versus pressurized pipes with sprinkler or drip irrigation systems. Data was collected from different sources to achieve the above mentioned purposes, beside the field experiments which were carried out specially for this study.It was found that the overall or project efficiency (E_p) for open surface canal with surface irrigation under citrus was 53%. While it was 42% under vegetables. Whereas E_p for pressurized pipe systems was 68%, and 70% for sprinkler and drip irrigation methods, respectively.The E_s for an open canal, (King Abdullah Canal, KAC) was 65%. While it was 77% for pressurized pipe projects during 1989–1991. Concerning the E_a, it was found to be equal to 82% and 64%, for surface irrigation on citrus and vegetables, respectively. Whereas it was 88% for citrus under sprinkler, and 91% for vegetables under drip irrigation. These values for the field application efficiency are acceptable according to Finkle (1982). The low E_s value for the canal is due, mainly, to high evaporation and seepage, unreported deliveries, and unavoidable measurement losses. Whereas, in pressurized pipe projects, it is due to the unreported deliveries, unavoidable measurement losses, and leakage.     

水肥气耦合滴灌提高温室番茄土壤通气性和水氮利用

【目的】探索温室作物水肥气耦合滴灌下掺气量、灌水量和施氮量适宜组合方案,为提高水氮利用效率提供理论依据。【方法】设置施氮量(低氮和常氮)、掺气量(常规滴灌和曝气滴灌)和灌水量(低水量和高水量)3因素2水平随机区组试验,以地下滴灌为供水方式,通过系统监测土壤水分饱和度、氧气扩散速率(ODR)、氧化还原电位(Eh)、矿质氮量及作物水氮利用等指标,研究了水肥气耦合滴灌对温室番茄土壤通气性及水氮利用的影响。【结果】与常规滴灌相比,高水量条件下曝气处理的土壤水分饱和度有所降低,ODR和Eh显著提高。灌水量、施氮量和掺气量影响土壤矿质氮量,曝气滴灌下土壤硝态氮和铵态氮量较常规滴灌平均降低21.4%和15.5%(P<0.05),高水量处理土壤硝态氮和铵态氮量较低水量处理平均降低22.7%和14.7%(P<0.05),常氮处理土壤硝态氮和铵态氮量较低氮处理平均增加29.0%和17.8%(P<0.05)。高水量和常氮条件下番茄灌溉水利用效率较低水量、低氮处理平均降低6.7%和增加40.9%(P<0.05),高水量和常氮条件下番茄氮素吸收利用效率较低水量、低氮处理平均增加13.6%和12.7%(P<0.05),曝气滴灌下番茄灌溉水利用效率和氮素吸收利用效率较常规滴灌平均增加22.9%和12.4%(P<0.05)。【结论】水肥气耦合滴灌可有效改善土壤通气性,提高水氮利用效率,促进番茄生长,实现作物增产。本试验中,常氮曝气高水量处理是温室番茄适宜的水肥气组合方案。     

灌区灌溉用水时空优化配置方法

将传统的灌溉水量在作物间的优化分配模型和建立的渠系工作制度多目标优化模型与地理信息系统相集成,提出了基于空间决策支持系统的灌区灌溉用水优化配置的新方法.综合考虑了灌区内作物、土壤、气象站点、渠系布置的空间差异、年季间气象以及作物不同生育阶段对应参数的时间差异.与传统优化方法相比,该方法可根据管理者对优化精度的要求,灵活选择优化尺度,同时,简化了求解时空优化配水问题的繁琐程度,结果表现形式更加丰富.在此基础上建立的空间决策支持系统界面友好,运行效率高,可移植性和通用性强.经实例验证,优化后的配水方案与原配水方案相比较,灌溉总用水量减少296％,产量增加243％,水分生产率提高05 kg／m3,灌溉净效益增加168％.优化后配水方案具有将有限的水资源向经济价值较高作物转移的趋势.该方法为灌区灌溉用水优化配置提供了新思路.     

Soil moisture variation and water consumption of spring wheat and their effects on crop yield under drip irrigation

A field study for the arid northwest China has been conducted to find water-saving strategies of drip irrigation for dense-planted crops. The annual water consumption for optimal growth was 420 mm, of which soil evaporation was 27% and the foliage transpiration 73%. A relationship between soil water consumption and the irrigation amount, crop yield and water use efficiency were established. It was found that for high crop yield, it is important to maintain rather high soil water content during the two sensitive growth stages: elongation and milky filling stages. It is concluded that with drip irrigation higher yield was achieved although much less water was applied than what was used in block irrigation experiment.     

河套灌区种植结构变化对农田系统水量平衡的影响

种植结构调整是灌区农业节水的重要措施。1990年以来,河套灌区种植结构发生了剧烈变化,小麦等粮食作物种植面积大幅减小,葵花等经济作物种植面积大幅增加,对灌区水循环系统带来显著影响。针对这一问题,系统解析了灌区种植结构变化对农田系统的影响机制,采用阿维里扬诺夫经验公式、修正的Penman公式(1948)、Penman-Monteith公式(1973)等分别计算了河套灌区1990—2013年潜水蒸发量、蒸散耗水量等各水量平衡要素的变化情况,并从多个时间尺度分析了种植结构的变化对灌区农田系统水量平衡要素的影响。结果表明,1种植结构变化对垂向水量平衡要素蒸发耗水量和潜水蒸发量影响最为显著,其通量值明显减小;其次是对灌溉水量和田间入渗量的影响;对水平向水量平衡要素地表排水量影响最小。2潜水蒸发量、蒸发耗水量、灌溉用水量和田间入渗量在丰、平、枯3种典型年均呈不同程度的减小趋势,而地表排水量在不同水平年变化差异较大。3月尺度上,5月灌溉水量和6月潜水蒸发量与经济作物种植比例增加显著相关。4农田系统总输入水量与总输出水量总体呈下降趋势,水循环通量减小,水循环强度减弱。1990—2005年水分蓄变量整体呈现负平衡的状态,2006—2013年土壤层水分蓄变量为正,但由于实际土壤层增厚、土壤含水率仍然呈下降趋势。     

北京市不同类型喷灌设备应用效果试验

选取北京市常用的半固定式喷灌设备和圆形喷灌机,在房山区窦店镇、密云区河南寨镇开展实地喷灌效果试验,从灌溉设备质量、灌溉强度、灌溉均匀度和灌溉前后的土壤水分变化等方面,对半固定式喷灌设备和圆形喷灌机应用效果进行分析。结果表明,半固定式喷灌设备喷灌均匀度为86.8%,圆形喷灌机喷灌均匀度为92.3%,与传统管灌相比,在冬小麦灌溉中应用半固定式喷灌设备和圆形喷灌机可分别节水1 514.55、1 771.2 m3/hm2,节水率分别达到31.71%和34.88%。在产量方面,应用半固定式喷灌设备和圆形喷灌机可分别提高小麦产量0.45%和2.99%。结合设备应用成本和节水效果,建立了喷灌设备应用规模数学模型,结果显示,当连片灌溉面积超过22.08 hm2时,使用圆形喷灌机综合效益更高。试验结果为北京市进一步推广大田节水喷灌技术提供了理论依据和设备支撑。      

Yield response of a semi-dwarf wheat variety to irrigation on a calcareous brown flood plain soil of Bangladesh

Field studies were conducted to determine the yield performance of a semi-dwarf high yielding variety of wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. ‘Sonalika’) in response to irrigation provided at various critical stages of growth. Determination of an irrigation schedule for most efficient water management was attempted. The study, conducted on a calcareous brown flood plain soil, comprised a randomized block design experiment with eight irrigation treatments applied at critical growth stages.The yield of wheat was the highest and the irrigation efficiency maximum, when two irrigations, totalling 9.5 cm, were given at tillering and booting stages. The quantity of irrigation water applied was calculated on the basis of deficit from field capacity level of soil water content. The lowest grain yields were obtained in treatments receiving either no irrigation or only one irrigation at the grain-filling stage. The percent increase over control (no irrigation) in grain yield, due to various irrigation treatments, ranged from 21 to 92%. The data revealed that the depletion of soil water increased as the amount of irrigation water increased.The results indicate that the present yield levels of wheat in Bangladesh can easily be increased by 50–100% by irrigating with only one-third to one-half of the water currently being used, provided it is scheduled and managed efficiently, keeping in view the need of the crops as well as the soils.     

Thermal environment of cotton irrigated using canopy temperature

The threshold canopy temperature method for controlling a drip irrigation system includes a physiologically based threshold temperature and irrigation application rate that responds to the environment. Energy input from the environment causes canopy temperature to exceed the threshold value and irrigation is then applied. This study evaluated temperature distributions, amount of optimum time, and the amount of irrigation control time for cotton where irrigation scheduling was controlled by different threshold temperatures during the years 1988 to 1991. Optimum time for cotton growth was defined as the accumulated time that canopy temperatures were between 25 and 31 °C and the time accumulated above different threshold temperatures was designated as irrigation control time. Threshold temperatures over a 26 to 32 °C range altered the frequency distribution of temperature within the optimum temperature range (25–31 °C) by reducing temperatures above the threshold. Frequency of canopy temperatures of a 28 °C threshold temperature treatment decreased in the 28 to 29 °C increment and then remained below air temperature. Irrigation control time was more sensitive than optimum time to changes in threshold temperature between 26 and 31 °C. Optimum time and irrigation control time of the 28 °C threshold temperature varied by 37% and 29%, respectively. Lint yields in 1988 and 1990 were high while those in 1989 and 1991 were low because of unfavorable weather. Irrigation amounts applied during DOY 198–273 that were above 20 cm in high yield years or 12 cm in low yield years did not increase yield.     

不同灌水量对滴灌猕猴桃光合、产量与水分利用效率的影响

【目的】揭示不同灌水量对滴灌猕猴桃生长、产量及水分利用效率的调控效应。【方法】以7 a生"金艳"猕猴桃为试材,在果实膨大期(Ⅲ期)、果实成熟期(Ⅳ期)各设置1个对照(CK)和4个灌水处理,即高水(HW)、中水(MW-1)、偏低水(MW-2)和低水处理(LW),灌水量分别为CK的55%、65%、75%和85%。【结果】猕猴桃叶片光合特性因生育期和灌水量的不同而呈现明显差异,其光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(gs)均随灌水量的减小而减小,但Ⅲ-HW、Ⅳ-HW处理的Pn与CK差异不显著(P>0.05),Ⅲ-HW和Ⅳ-MW-2处理的瞬时水分利用效率较CK分别显著提高了2.70%、5.41%(P<0.05);各处理猕猴桃产量较CK仅下降0.09%～6.24%,产量水分利用效率(WUEy)则提高了2.82%～23.16%,其中Ⅲ-HW、Ⅳ-MW-1处理产量仅下降了0.09%、2.45%,而WUEy提高了2.82%、10.73%。【结论】滴灌猕猴桃果实膨大期高水处理、果实成熟期中水处理保持产量无明显下降,有效提高WUEy,并节水2.50%、11.62%(分别节水156、726 m3/hm~2),具有较好的节水稳产效果。     

石津灌区储水灌溉条件下土壤水分动态及灌水适宜阈值研究

从土壤水分能态角度,研究储水灌溉条件下土壤水分的动态变化及空间分布,探求适宜储水灌溉定额阈值范围。研究结果表明,灌水定额大于200 mm时,2 m以下土层出现水分深层渗漏,灌水定额300、2502、00 mm时,深层渗漏量分别达到587.63、236.32、152.05 m3/hm2;灌水定额75～150 mm,2 m以下土层无水分渗漏。因此,储水灌溉灌水定额阈值范围控制在750～1 500 m3/hm2,可以把灌溉水储存于深层土体内,以供作物生长期使用;储水灌溉模式在石津灌区可有效解决灌区来水与灌溉用水的错位矛盾,满足作物正常生长对水分的需求。