中国螯蜂科二新纪录种(膜翅目:螯蜂科)

本文报道了采自广西稻田的两种中国新纪录螯蜂：安松单爪螯蜂ＡｎｔｅｏｎｙａｓｕｍａｔｓｕｉＯｌｍｉ和马来亚常足螯蜂ＡｐｈｅｌｏｐｕｓｍａｌａｙａｎｕｓＯｌｍｉ。黑尾叶蝉Ｎｅｐｈｏｔｅｔｉｘｃｉｎｃｔｉｃｅｐｓ（Ｕｈｌｅｒ）和白翅叶蝉ＴｈａｉａｒｕｂｉｇｉｎｏｓａＫｕｏｈ分别为它们的寄主首次纪录     

中国绒茧蜂属Apanteles Foerster一新种(膜翅目:茧蜂科)

报道采自中国福建、云南的小腹茧蜂亚科Microgastrinae绒茧蜂属Apanteles Foerster一新种，即侧脊绒茧蜂Apanteles latericarinatus,sp.nov.。模式标本存放于福建农林大学植保系益虫室。     

螯合肥料在农业上的应用效果研究

在分析我国肥料利用现状的基础上,综述了当前市场上主要螯合肥料的肥效研究现状。综合研究表明:氨基酸螯合肥、EDTA螯合肥、腐殖酸螯合肥、糖醇螯合肥的肥效明显高于普通无机肥料,不仅可以增加作物产量,而且在改善品质等方面具有显著的优势,其中,糖醇螯合肥具有易螯合的多齿结构,在植物体内输送能力强且肥料效果好,相比其它螯合肥料具有明显的优势。分析了当前螯合肥在合成与施用上存在的问题,并指出目前我国开展螯合肥料研制的重要性和必要性,积极发展糖醇螯合肥料是实现我国化肥用量零增长的有效途径。     

糖醇螯合肥在农业上的应用研究进展

糖醇是许多植物的光合作用初产物,在植物体内具有多种生物学效应,作为配体合成的糖醇螯合肥能促进钙、硼等营养元素在植株韧皮部迁移,该特性使其在农业生产中备受关注,但是糖醇螯合肥在我国的发展仍处于初始阶段,其科学研究远滞后于实际应用,根源在于当前的研究侧重糖醇螯合肥的作物效应,较少关注施用糖醇螯合肥对土壤环境及根际、叶际微生物造成的生态影响。同时,既往的研究通常忽略糖醇配体在生物体内的作用,且应用的糖醇螯合肥多为混合物,难以明确是糖醇、糖醇螯合物或按一定比例合成的混合物对作物生长起到关键作用。此外,由于糖醇螯合物的螯合机理不明,难以利用有效手段对其进行定性与定量分析,也阻碍了糖醇螯合肥的肥效机理研究。基于此,本文简要阐述了糖醇螯合技术及糖醇螯合肥的优势,并概述了糖醇配体在植物体内的生物学效应,通过当前糖醇螯合肥的应用现状指出糖醇螯合肥应用研究和开发中的不足,旨在为糖醇螯合肥的发展提供技术依据与发展方向。     

普钙、磷矿中磷的螯溶-差示光度法测定的研究

本文介绍了螯溶-差示光度分析技术用于分析高含量磷的普钙、磷矿样品.提出螯溶反应的机理及其示意式,由测定条件试验得到了螯溶剂在螯溶条件下的极限浓度及其pH值.控制溶解液中柠檬酸溶液浓度,即可防止柠檬酸对钼黄显色的抑制影响,氟离子对钼黄显色的干扰由铝离子络合以消除.用酸溶螯溶-钼酸喹啉重量法作对比试验以及磷的回收试验,验证了螯溶-差示光度法的精密度和准确度.所获结果表明,与酸溶-钼酸喹啉重量法结果比较,含磷高的磷矿,本法的相对误差小于±1%;含磷较低的普钙,其相对误差约为±1.5%.磷的回收率均在99.0-100.4%之间.本法干扰少、无污染,节省设备、试剂,溶样手续简便快速,分析结果准确可靠.     

中华绒螯蟹的低剂量中子刺激生长研究

本文研究了中华绒螯蟹7日龄大眼幼体经55.24~73.66MGY低剂量中子刺激处理后,不同养殖时期生化参数变化与生长的关系。结果表明,处理与对照相比蛋白中巯基(-SH)含量提高23.40%~69.59%,自由基水平降低7.67%~32.86%,蛋白含量提高4.99%~22.69%,碱性磷酸酶(AKP)降低、羟脯氨酸(HYP)升高,蟹壳颜色加深,中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长快,抗逆能力增强,规格整齐,并有抑制性早熟的表现。     

中华绒螯蟹平面运动三维观测和动力学分析

为给适应复杂路面的多足仿生机器人或步行移动平台的研究提供理论依据,该文以中华绒螯蟹为研究对象,使用三维运动图像采集系统采集其运动图像,并使用三维运动图像分析系统得到中华绒螯蟹质心的运动学参数,分析结果表明：中华绒螯蟹在平面运动时主要使用跳跃步态;质心动能、重力势能以及总机械能呈正弦波动,动能与重力势能同相;使用恢复系数表示动能和重力势能相互转换的效率,其平均值为31.73%±17.29%,恢复系数和平均速率没有相关关系;质心机械能比质量功率随平均速率的增长呈线性增加;质心水平动能比质量功率和重力势能比质量功率对中华绒螯蟹身体的加速和抬升起主要作用。该研究可为研究适应复杂路面的仿生机器人或移动平台提供理论依据。     

推广壁蜂授粉技术 提高果树座果率

在小流域治理过程中 ,有些经济林果座果率低下 ,无法达到高产优质水平。壁蜂是一类独栖性的野生蜂 ,是多种落叶果树的重要传粉昆虫 ,适应性强 ,释放技术简便 ,不需人工喂养 ,只需在开花前为其准备巢管、巢箱并放置在果园内 ,花后将箱内巢管取回 ,放在自然条件下保存即可 ,省工省力效果好 ,是一项投资少、效益高的新技术     

南北中华绒螯蟹挥发性物质的比较研究

为探讨南北两地中华绒螯蟹挥发性物质的差异,以江苏阳澄湖和辽宁盘锦的中华绒螯蟹为材料,采用电子鼻研究新鲜、100℃和150℃加热温度下的蟹肉挥发性物质,并利用顶空固相微萃取-气质联用仪(HS-SPME-GC-MS)对挥发性物质的种类和含量进行定性和定量分析。结果表明,新鲜的南北中华绒螯蟹均检测出较高的醇类、醛类和碳氢类物质;经100、150℃加热后,相对含量较高的物质变成酯类和碳氢类物质。两地新鲜的中华绒螯蟹中均检测出1-戊烯-3-醇、三甲胺和柠檬烯等物质;经100℃加热后,2种蟹均检测出2-戊基呋喃;150℃加热后,阳澄湖蟹还能检测出高含量的柠檬烯。本研究结果对开发螃蟹风味食品具有指导意义。     

北京昌平区农业景观野生蜂多样性的时空动态分布

近年来,由于生境质量的下降和生境丧失,野生蜂多样性急剧下降,严重威胁传粉服务和农业的可持续发展。为揭示野生蜂在农业景观镶嵌体中的时空分布格局及不同生境对野生蜂保护的重要性,本研究于2016年4—9月采用网捕法调查了北京昌平农业景观4种主要生境类型(人工林、自然灌木林、荒草地和桃园)中的野生蜂,分析不同生境类型中野生蜂多样性及其时间动态变化特征。结果表明:野生蜂及其中的大体长蜂和独居蜂的物种数和个体数,以及中体长蜂的个体数均在自然灌木林中最高,人工林中小体长蜂个体数最多,野生蜂总个体数和总物种数均在桃园中最低。在不同月份,所有功能群野生蜂均在自然或半自然生境中最高,5月桃园中最低,原因可能与桃园中对地表杂草的集约化管理有关。多度最大的4个优势物种依次为黄胸彩带蜂、铜色隧蜂、黄芦蜂和隧淡脉隧蜂,其在生境间的时间动态特征不同。调查的4种生境均为野生蜂提供了可利用资源,但自然生境和半自然生境的作用更大;其中,自然灌木林维持了较多具有较高潜在传粉效率的中体长和大体长野生蜂,具有更高的保护价值。为了促进该地区农业景观中不同功能群野生蜂多样性及传粉服务,需提高生境类型的多样性,同时在野生蜂活动高峰季节采取低集约化的生境管理方式。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.