圈养华南虎自然分娩及育幼行为研究

华南虎是极度濒危的国家Ⅰ级保护动物,现有种群都在中国各地动物园的人工圈养之下,幼仔哺育也多采用人工手段介入,本研究对南昌动物园的雌虎"昌昌"自然分娩及育幼等行为进行分析总结,发现在母性较强的情形下应尽可能减少人为干扰,优先考虑以母乳喂养。母虎的产前行为大都是为分娩做准备,如整理产床、舔舐阴部,同时也表现出不安,如来回走动、调整姿态。产后的行为几乎完全是为了便于照顾幼虎,如哺乳、舔衔幼虎等,并且变得平静。虽然产后休息和睡眠行为较产前有增加,由产前53%增至62%,但显然母虎睡眠的深度不如产前,并且即使在母虎休息和睡眠状态下,也有被动的哺乳行为同时存在,这从幼虎吸乳的频率(54%)大大超过母虎主动哺乳的频率(3%)可以看出来。母虎产前由于不安,移动频率多达17%,而产后则降至2%。产前母虎特别注意对产道的清理,舔舐阴道达到了8%,而产后只有1%。分娩前后都有调整姿态的行为,虽频率相当但动机不同,产前是因为不安,而产后明显是出于对幼虎庇护和哺育的需要。母虎带大的幼虎具有较强的野性,表现为对人的恐惧和攻击性,生长速度也较理想。     

小鸊鷉冬季日活动节律和亲代育雏

为了分析各种行为的时间预算分配以及小(辟鸟)(?)的亲代育雏行为,2010年10月11日～2011年1月11日共93 d,以曲靖师范学院南湖的所有小(辟鸟)(?)为研究对象进行观察。结果表明,冬季日各种行为的活动时间分配分为觅食行为、游动行为、休息行为、理羽行为、争斗行为、振羽行为、飞行行为和起舞行为,所占比例依次为36.9%、30.2%、17.7%、9.7%、2.9%、1.3%、1.0%、0.4%,都呈明显的节律性变化,其中觅食行为与游动行为、休息行为与理羽行为的发生呈显著的负相关(P<0.05);起舞行为与游动行为的发生呈极显著的正相关(P<0.01)。在不同育雏期的亲鸟喂雏次数是不同的,一天中12:30～13:30时段喂食活动的频次达到最高值,各个年龄组之间的喂食频次除了第1期和第3期(每1期为10 d)相比为显著差异(P<0.05),其他各种行为都存在极显著性差异(P<0.01)。随着雏鸟的成长发育,亲鸟与雏鸟的距离变化都呈现抛物线的变化,雌性亲鸟对雏鸟的保护及警戒投入多于雄性亲鸟。     

不同乳糖添加量对早期断奶仔猪全价料中营养物质消化率和仔猪生产性能影响的研究

将6窝(共58头)1日龄长大哺乳仔猪分三个阶段进行试验,结果表明:7～21日龄阶段,两处理组间营养物质消化率差异不显著(P>0.05),哺乳仔猪的平均日增重差异不显著(P>0.05);22～40日龄阶段,2.0%乳糖组中营养物质消化率极显著低于4.0%乳糖组(P<0.01),4.0%乳糖组仔猪平均日增重显著高于2.0%乳糖组(P<0.05);在41～60日龄阶段,1.0%乳糖组蛋白质、粗纤维、总磷、铜和铁的消化率极显著低于3.0%乳糖组(P<0.01),3.0%乳糖组仔猪平均日增重显著高于1.0%乳糖组(P<0.05)。     

冀西北高寒半干旱区冬季母羊补饲对杂交羔羊体重的影响

试验旨在研究冀西北高寒半干旱区,经济杂交母本不同营养水平对羔羊增重的影响。结果表明:70%营养组与160%营养组羔羊初生体重差异显著(P<0.05);哺乳30d时,70%营养组与130%营养组、160%营养组羔羊体重差异显著(P<0.05),100%营养组与160%营养组羔羊体重差异显著(P<0.05);哺乳60d时,100%营养组与130%营养组、160%营养组羔羊体重差异极显著(P<0.01)。说明不同的营养水平直接反映在羔羊的增重差距上,建议在该地区,冬季繁殖母羊在怀孕后期(产前30d)和产后60d的哺乳期中,最佳的精料补喂量要达到130%的营养标准水平,羔羊增重较为理想。     

福州动物园华南虎丰容效果评估研究

为探讨评估福州动物园华南虎丰容效果,本研究使用豪猪粪便、含稻草纸箱和麻布袋对福州动物园2只华南虎(雄虎444和雌虎442)进行丰容,采用一零法对其行为变化进行观察记录,研究3种丰容对2只华南虎行为(运动行为、观望行为、休息行为和其他行为)的影响。结果发现,含稻草纸箱丰容能显著降低雄虎444的休息行为(P0.05);豪猪粪便丰容能显著降低雄虎444的观望行为(P0.05);豪猪粪便丰容和含稻草纸箱丰容能显著提高雌虎442的运动行为(P0.05)和显著降低雌虎442的休息行为(P0.05)。3种丰容都能提高雄虎444的运动行为,但效果不显著(P0.05);豪猪丰容和麻布袋丰容能降低雄虎444的休息行为,但效果不显著(P0.05);麻布袋丰容能提高雌虎442的运动行为和降低雌虎442的休息行为,但效果不显著(P0.05)。3种丰容对雄虎444的其他行为影响不大,3种丰容对雌虎442的观望行为和其他行为影响不大。结果表明,本次丰容对福州动物园两只华南虎行为有明显的改善作用。     

泌乳奶牛采食、反刍、逍遥行为和日粮纤维性物质表观消化率对比分析

为了对比不同泌乳阶段奶牛的采食、反刍、逍遥行为和日粮营养物质表观消化率,选择体重、胎次相近的8头健康荷斯坦泌乳奶牛,其中,4头处于泌乳盛期(泌乳盛期组),4头处于泌乳后期(泌乳后期组),进行了采食行为观察和消化试验,两组奶牛预饲期20 d,正试期15 d。结果表明,泌乳盛期组奶牛每天的干物质采食量为21.2 kg,极显著高于泌乳后期组的14.1 kg(P<0.01),但两组奶牛的采食时间和采食次数无显著差异(P>0.05),泌乳盛期组奶牛每千克DM采食的时间也极显著低于泌乳后期组奶牛(P<0.01);一昼夜总反刍时间泌乳盛期组奶牛极显著低于泌乳后期组(P<0.01),每千克DMI需反刍时间泌乳盛期组奶牛极显著低于泌乳后期组(P<0.01)。泌乳盛期组奶牛躺卧、走动和站立时间与泌乳后期组奶牛相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。泌乳盛期组奶牛日粮中NDF和ADF的表观消化率极显著低于泌乳后期组(P<0.01),两组奶牛NDF的表观消化率分别为55.8%、67.8%,ADF的表观消化率分别为44.2%、60.7%。     

复合营养性膏剂对新生仔猪生长性能的影响

为了研究复合营养性膏剂对新生仔猪生长性能的影响,特选取136窝1 465头新生仔猪,其中124窝1 324头健康仔猪和12窝141头弱小仔猪,平均分成2组。试验组仔猪初生后12 h内口服2 mL复合营养性膏剂,弱仔猪初生后12 h内再口服2 mL膏剂,对照组不做其他处理。分别记录仔猪的初生重、哺乳7d成活率、断奶数、断奶重、哺乳成活率、正品率等数据。结果发现,新生健仔猪12 h内口服2 mL营养膏剂,可极显著提升哺乳7 d的成活率(P<0.01)和断奶成活率(P<0.01),可极显著提升断奶正品率(P<0.01)。新生弱仔12 h内口服2 mL营养膏剂,12 h内再口服1次,可极显著提升哺乳7 d成活率(P<0.01)和断奶成活率(P<0.01);可极显著提升断奶正品率(P<0.01)。由此得出,新生仔猪口服复合营养性膏剂,可显著提升仔猪成活率和生长性能。     

饲养密度对新西兰白兔生长性能、行为、免疫器官指数和血清抗氧化指标的影响

试验旨在探讨饲养密度对家兔生长性能、行为方式、免疫器官指数和血清抗氧化指标的影响。试验选取35日龄体重相近(943.86±51.13)g,健康的雄性新西兰白兔120只，随机分为4组，每组6个重复(笼),即Ⅰ组每个重复(笼)2只(5只/m²)、Ⅱ组每个重复(笼)4只(10只/m²)、Ⅲ组每个重复(笼)6只(15只/m²)、Ⅳ组每个重复(笼)8只(20只/m²)。预饲期5 d,试验期35 d。结果显示：在生长性能方面，Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组家兔的末重和平均日增重显著高于Ⅲ组(P<0.05),且极显著高于Ⅳ组(P<0.01),Ⅲ组的末重和平均日增重显著高于Ⅳ组(P<0.05);平均日采食量Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组极显著高于Ⅲ组(P<0.01),Ⅲ组高于Ⅳ组(P<0.01)。在趴卧行为发生率方面，家兔的趴卧行为Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组极显著低于Ⅲ组(P<0.01),Ⅲ组极显著低于Ⅳ组(P<0.01);Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组的运动和站立行为发生率差异均不显著(P>0.05),其余各组之间差异均极显著(P<0...     

开食料中性洗涤纤维水平对羔羊消化道组织形态和消化酶活性的影响

本试验旨在研究开食料中性洗涤纤维(NDF)水平对羔羊消化道组织形态和消化酶活性的影响。选择健康的初生湖羊公羔[(初生重(3.01±0.12)kg]18只,随机分为3组,每组6只羊。对照组随母羊哺乳,试验组随母羊哺乳同时于7日龄开始补饲NDF水平分别为15.13%(高NDF水平组)和10.00%(低NDF水平组)的开食料。35日龄时屠宰。结果表明:1)高NDF水平组的瘤胃乳头长度、肌层厚度,网胃乳头长度、乳头宽度、肌层厚度,瓣胃瓣叶宽度、肌层厚度以及皱胃肌层厚度均极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),瓣胃瓣叶长度、皱胃黏膜层厚度均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。高NDF水平组的瘤胃乳头长度、网胃肌层厚度均极显著高于低NDF水平组(P<0.01),瓣胃瓣叶宽度、肌层厚度以及皱胃黏膜层厚度均显著高于低NDF水平组(P<0.05)。2)高、低NDF水平组的十二指肠隐窝深度极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),高、低NDF水平组的十二指肠肌层厚度极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。高NDF水平组的空肠绒毛长度极显著高于对照组和低NDF水平组(P<0.01),高、低NDF水平组的空肠隐窝深极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),高NDF水平组的空肠肌层厚度显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。高、低NDF水平组的回肠绒毛长度极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),高、低NDF水平组的回肠肌层厚度极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。3)对照组的瘤胃蛋白酶活性极显著高于高、低NDF水平组(P<0.01),高NDF水平组极显著高于低NDF水平组(P<0.01);低NDF水平组的瘤胃α-淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。低NDF水平组的空肠α-淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组和高NDF水平组(P<0.05),低NDF水平组的十二指肠、空肠和回肠胰蛋白酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。由此可见,15.13%NDF水平的开食料有利于断奶前羔羊消化道的发育。     

山羊对不同植物蛋白质日粮养分的代谢利用研究

试验选用4只装有瘤胃瘘管、十二指肠瘘管的山羊,饲喂不同植物蛋白质的日粮(A、B、C、D4组),用全收粪尿法研究山羊在不同蛋白质日粮下对CP、CF、Ca、P和DE的影响。结果表明:①CP表观消化率,B组与C、D组均差异极显著(P<0.01),B组与A组差异显著(P<0.05),A组与C、D两组差异显著(P<0.05)。②CP表观生物学价值,B组最高,其余依次是D、C、A组,差异不显著(P>0.05)。③CF表观消化率,C组与D组差异显著(P<0.05)。④Ca的消化率,A组与D组差异极显著(P<0.01),与C组差异显著(P<0.05),而与B组无显著差异;B组与D组差异显著(P<0.05)。⑤P消化率,A组与B、C两组有极显著差异(P<0.01),B组和C组之间不存在显著差异,B组和D组之间有极显著差异(P<0.01),C组和D组之间有极显著差异(P<0.01)。⑥各组间DE差异不显著。     

初配东北虎的繁殖

通过对一对初配东北虎繁殖全过程的总结，即对母虎发情行为、公母虎合笼交配、妊娠判定、产前准备、产后护理、仔虎的生长发育情况的详细观察与分析，为初配东北虎的繁殖提供了有益的借鉴。     

A field study of the associations between behaviors and reproductive performance in lactating sows

The present study examined factors associated with suckling, eating and postural behaviors (standing, lying and sitting) and the relationships between sow behaviors and reproductive performance. A commercial farrowing-to-finish farm with approximately 300 female pigs was visited eight times for 3 years to record sow behaviors using time-lapse video recorders for 24 hr. The lactational and postweaning reproductive performances of each sow were recorded using a recording software system. Statistical models were built to investigate the factors associated with each behavior. Regression analyses were performed to determine the associations between behavior measurements and adjusted 21-day litter weights (A21d-Wt), weaning-to-first-mating intervals (WMI) and occurrence of >or= 2 dead piglets during lactation. The means of suckling intervals and frequency of postural changes of the 145 recorded sows were 47.5 +/- 0.59 min and 86.8 +/- 2.97, respectively. As parity increased from 1 to >or= 4, the suckling interval and total standing duration increased (P<0.05). The number of nursing piglets and observation days 4 to 21 of lactation were not associated with the suckling intervals. A longer duration of lactation was associated with a longer total standing duration and a higher frequency of postural changes (P<0.05). Shorter suckling intervals were associated with heavier A21d-Wt (P<0.05). Each change in postural behavior increased the likelihood of occurrence of >or= 2 dead piglets during lactation (P<0.05). No postural or suckling behaviors were associated with WMI. Eating behavior was not associated with any reproductive performance. In conclusion, sow behaviors during lactation were related to lactational performance but were not related to postweaning reproductive performance.     

Suckling behavior of calves with dams varying in milk production

Two experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that suckling behavior of calves with similar growth potential varies depending on cows' level of estimated milk production and stage of lactation. Eleven mature cows, which varied in estimated 205-d milk production (996 to 2354 kg/205 d), nursing heifer calves of similar growth potential were used in Exp. 1. Suckling behavior of calves was observed for two 24-h periods at three stages of lactation (average of 52, 104 and 167 d postpartum). Suckling frequency (suckling bouts/24 h) declined as milk production increased at 52 d of lactation (-.00382 bouts/kg milk) but was unrelated to milk production at later stages. Duration of suckling (minutes/suckling bout) increased with estimated level of milk production at all stages of lactation (means = .001556 min/kg milk). Total time suckling tended to increase as estimated level of milk production decreased at 52 d of lactation, but this component of suckling behavior was unaffected by milk level at later stages. Suckling frequency declined from 8.6 bouts/24 h at 52 d of lactation to 4.5 bouts/24 h at 167 d of lactation when averaged across all cows. Total minutes nursed/24 h declined in a similar manner (64 min/24 h to 44 min/24 h) between 52 and 167 d of lactation. Duration of each suckling bout did not change with stage. In the second experiment the relationship of suckling behavior to estimated milk production was evaluated at four early stages (average of 17, 38, 59 and 80 d postpartum) of lactation using 20 mature cows.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

A comparison of reproductive parameters of female Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) in the wild and captivity

A healthy population of captive Amur tigers might assist recovery of the wild population in Northeast China if individuals were properly prepared and considered suitable for release in the wild. We analyzed the breeding records of 68 female Amur tigers from 1995 to 2010 in the Hengdaohezi Felid Breeding Center of China and compared the reproductive parameters of this population to wild female Amur tigers. We found that the reproductive parameters of the captive population (the age of first parturition, length of gestation and litter survival rate) were not significantly different from those of wild Amur tigers. Differences in birth date and litter size between wild and captive populations may be caused by management protocols for the captive population or insufficient field data from the wild population. Reproductive parameters of females giving birth after losing a litter were similar to parameters of females that did not lose a litter, except for birth date. These results provide no indication of major problems in using captive females for a breeding program for release of cubs into the wild, but additional information is still needed to assess their suitability.     

济南动物园孟加拉虎和非洲狮行为节律与游客行为的关系

动物园是迁地保护的重要场所,研究动物行为与游客行为可以为动物和游客管理提供有价值的信息。本文分析了济南动物园孟加拉虎、非洲狮的日行为活动节律,以及其行为与游客行为之间的关系。结果显示:孟加拉虎的日行为中走动时间所占比例最大,占45. 47%;其次是睡眠,占43%,卧息占10. 88%,其他行为仅占0. 65%;非洲狮卧息时间所占比例最大,占62. 76%;其次是睡眠,占27. 82%,走动行为占7. 24%;其他行为仅占2. 18%。二者行为与游客召唤、拍照行为以及游客停留时间存在一定的相关关系。游客停留时间与孟加拉虎的活跃状态存在显著相关性;当其睡眠时,游客的召唤行为增加,游客的停留时间也随之增长。游客拍照行为与非洲狮卧息行为有一定相关性。因此动物园应增加环境丰富度,促进动物自然、多样的行为表达;加强游客教育,为游客创造更好的观赏体验,以提高动物园的综合效益。     

Birth of Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) cubs after transvaginal artificial insemination.

A captive 9-yr-old female Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) at the Lisbon Zoo was treated with equine chorionic gonadotropin followed 80 hr later by human chorionic gonadotropin to stimulate follicular development and ovulation, respectively. Forty-one hours after the second hormone administration, the tiger was subjected to transvaginal artificial insemination with diluted fresh semen containing 500 x 10(6) motile spermatozoa obtained from an 8-yr-old male Siberian tiger via electroejaculation. After anesthesia, the female tiger was placed in an inclined position with the hind limbs elevated during and after the insemination and was maintained in this position for 15 min to minimize semen reflux. An anesthetic reversal agent was then administered. After a 103-day gestation, the female gave birth to three apparently healthy cubs that survived 24-48 hr. These results demonstrate that transvaginal artificial insemination can be successfully performed in the Siberian tiger to produce full-term offspring.     

平菇处理水稻秸秆在乳山羊上的应用潜力

文章旨在评估用平菇和水稻秸秆混合培养的饲料原料替代常规牧草资源苜蓿草对乳山羊泌乳性能、养分消化、瘤胃发酵及乳成分的影响。试验选择产后5?d,平均体重为（24.21±0.23）kg的泌乳山羊36头,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复3头。对照组饲喂60%浓缩料+40%苜蓿草,T1和T2组用40%和80%平菇发酵水稻秸秆替代苜蓿草,试验为期4周。结果：对照组乳山羊牧草采食量较T2组显著提高了10.74%（P＜0.05）,T1组干物质和中性洗涤纤维表观消化率分别较对照组显著提高了7.49%和7.23%（P＜0.05）,而对照组有机物、粗蛋白质表观消化率分别较T2组显著提高了14.71%和13.44%（P＜0.05）。对照组血清球蛋白、肌酸酐、葡萄糖和胆固醇浓度最高（P＜0.05）,而T1组血清白蛋白浓度最高（P＜0.05）。处理组瘤胃pH较对照组显著提高了2.94%和3.10%（P＜0.05）。对照组瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸、氨氮、总氮和非蛋白氮浓度均显著高于处理组（P＜0.05）。T2组乳中脂肪含量较对照组显著提高了13.62%（P＜0.05）,对照组与T1组乳山羊的饲料效率（能量校正乳/采食量）较T2组显著提高了32.29%和36.46%（P＜0.05）。结论：乳山羊日粮中用40%平菇发酵水稻秸秆可以提高干物质和中性洗涤纤维表观消化率,改善瘤胃微生物蛋蛋白的合成。 [关键词]平菇|水稻秸秆|乳山羊