次生林下营造红松最优生长条件的研究

分析研究了次生林冠下影响红松幼树生长的5大生态因子,提出林冠下红松造林工作应以适宜的郁闭度(0.1—0.3)、坡向(阴坡)、坡位(中下腹)为主,并适当兼顾坡形和土壤A层厚度的论点。     

厚朴与日本落叶松造林模式研究

通过对应用厚朴与日本落叶松混交模式在高寒山区的不同地类、不同坡位和坡向造林后三年生幼树生长情况调查分析。结果表明:造林地类、坡位和坡向等因子对造林成活率、幼树的高生长和地径粗生长影响显著。在造林地类中,以坡耕地造林的幼树生长明显优于荒山荒地的;在荒山造林中,坡位和坡向对幼树的生长产生显著影响,在阴坡的山下部环境中厚朴生长最好,阳坡的中、下部环境中日本落叶松生长效果最好,其它坡向坡位次之。     

红松人工林培育技术

在黑龙江省山河屯林业局凤凰山等4个林场的6个大林班内6个小林班进行红松人工林培育实验,所选地块均为适合红松林生长的荒地类,而且均设置了对照区。实验得出结论:从地类因子对红松径、高生长量影响来分析,以荒地类生长量最高;从坡向、坡位、坡度因子对红松径、高的影响来分析,阴坡的平均径、高生长量明显高于阳坡,以坡下位的平均径、高最高,并随坡度增加生长量逐渐降低,平坡和缓坡(5°-15°)的条件是红松适宜生长的立地条件;从土壤类型和土壤深度对红松径、高的影响来分析,以暗棕壤土红松的径、高生长量最高,而且其各生长指标随土层厚度的增加呈上升趋势,土层厚度大于50cm对红松生长最好;不同修枝高度对红松幼林的径、高影响很大,以中度修枝程度最有利于提高生长量。     

4年生黎蒴栲工业原料林的地形因子效应

对4年生黎蒴栲工业原料林在不同坡位、不同坡向及不同坡形的生长表现进行调查分析,结果表明:不同坡位对黎蒴栲生长的影响比较大,下坡位的生长最好,中坡位次之,上坡位最差;不同坡向对黎蒴栲生长的影响,呈现出阴坡的生长最好,半阴坡次之,半阳坡和阳坡的生长稍差;坡形对黎蒴栲生长的影响,凹形坡的平均胸径、平均树高和平均冠幅显著好于凸形坡和斜形坡,凸形坡和斜形坡之间的差异不明显。     

腾冲县秃杉人工林立地条件与林分生长关系分析

根据样地调查数据,采用方差分析法、显著性分析和多重比较分析法,分析不同坡向、坡位、坡度、土壤等立地因子下的秃杉人工林树高、胸径平均生长量状况。结果表明:不同坡向、坡位、土壤厚度对秃杉人工林林分生长均有显著影响;影响秃杉人工林林分生长的最主要立地因子为坡位、坡向和土壤厚度;秃杉最适生的立地条件为坡下部、阴坡、土壤深厚。     

不同立地因子对中华楠生长的影响

对5 a生中华楠在不同坡位、不同坡向及不同坡形的生长情况进行调查分析。结果表明:不同坡位对中华楠生长有很大的影响,下坡位生长最好,中坡位次之,上坡位最差。不同坡向对中华楠生长的影响呈现出半阴半阳坡生长最好,阴坡次之,阳坡最差。不同坡形对中华楠生长的影响表现为凹形坡斜形坡凸形坡。早期中华楠最适宜生长的立地因子为下坡、半阴半阳坡和凹形坡。     

枫香人工造林初期效果分析

研究了不同立地质量等级、不同坡向、不同坡位对7年生枫香混交林生长的影响,结果表明:Ⅱ级立地枫香的生长明显好于Ⅲ、Ⅳ级地;不同坡位、坡向对枫香的生长有显著影响,枫香的生长量大小依次是下坡>中坡>上坡,阴坡>半阴坡>阳坡;枫香适宜与杉木、马尾松混交,混交林生长量均大于杉木、马尾松纯林生长量。     

闽楠天然林木及其林下幼苗生长调查分析

在福建省大田县太华镇调查了天然起源闽楠林不同坡向、不同坡位楠木林及其林下幼苗生长情况,结果表明:(1)坡向、坡位对闽楠林木胸径、树高和郁闭度的生长具有极显著的影响(p<0.01);坡向×坡位交互作用对胸径生长具有极显著的影响(p<0.01),但对树高和郁闭度的影响不显著((p>0.05))。闽楠林木胸径、树高生长阳坡极显著大于阴坡,中、下坡极显著大于上坡;阳坡的中、下坡有利于楠林胸径生长,阳坡、阴坡的下坡有利于林木树高的生长,阴坡的中、下坡则有利于其郁闭。(2)坡向、坡位以及坡向×坡位交互作用均对林下闽楠幼苗的数量和苗高生长均具有极显著影响(p<0.01)。阳坡幼苗的株数和苗高极显著大于阴坡;中坡株数最多、但苗高最矮,下坡株数最少、但苗高最高,上坡株数、苗高均居中;阳坡×中坡最有利于楠木林幼苗株数生长,阳坡×下坡最有利于楠木林幼苗苗高生长,而阴坡×下坡既最不利于幼苗株数生长,也最不利于苗高生长。     

朝阳地区油松天然更新规律初探

文章采用数量化理论I方法,对影响朝阳半干旱地区油松人工林天然更新的主导因子进行了分析,结果表明,在立地因子中影响油松幼树株数的顺序:坡向>坡位>土层厚度>郁闭度;影响油松幼树生长的顺序:坡向>坡位>郁闭度>土层厚度。油松天然更新由好到差的坡向顺序:阴坡>半阴坡>半阳坡>阳坡;土层越厚,天然更新效果也越好;郁闭度中等(0.3~0.6)的林分,从更新数量、均匀程度及更新幼树的生长状况来看,都比较好,郁闭度过大或过小对油松天然更新都有不良的影响。     

森林培育措施对红松人工林径向生长性质的影响

对不同森林培育措施的红松人工林径向生长性质指标进行测试和分析.结果表明不同的森林培育措施(坡位、林分结构、初植密度、间伐)对红松人工林的生长率、生长轮宽度及生长轮密度有显著的影响,对晚材率的影响不明显;坡向对红松人工林的生长率、生长轮宽度有显著的影响,对晚材率、生长轮密度的影响不明显;修枝对红松人工林的生长率、晚材率有显著的影响,对生长轮宽度及生长轮密度的影响不明显;阴坡、坡下、三株一丛、2.0m×2.0m、适度间伐、适度修枝的林分林木生长率较高,可用于培育大径级的木材.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.