龙葵种子休眠解除方法研究

龙葵种子具有休眠习性,采用合适的化学药剂能够打破龙葵种子休眠。H2O2、NaOH、HCl、KNO3、GA浸泡24 h,均能明显提高龙葵种子的萌发率。以2.25～36.00 g/L HCl浸种的萌发率最高,萌发率超过90.00%;40.00 g/L KNO3与200.00 mg/L GA浸种后,萌发率超过80.00%,已达到打破龙葵种子的休眠的目的。     

牛筋草种子休眠解除方法研究

研究了光照(12h光周期)和黑暗两种条件下摩擦脱果皮处理及不同药剂(NaOH、HCl、KNO3及GA3)浸泡处理对脱果皮和未脱果皮牛筋草种子萌发的影响。结果表明,牛筋草种子休眠主要是其果皮对种子的束缚引起的机械休眠,种子一经脱果皮,休眠基本解除,萌发率达61%以上。若用蒸馏水浸泡24 h,萌发率显著升高,达80%。种子的萌发不受光照条件的影响。NaOH、HCl、KNO3及GA3浸泡对未脱果皮的牛筋草种子萌发无任何促进作用。与对照相比,脱果皮的牛筋草种子经NaOH、HCl浸泡后萌发率急剧下降,而经KNO3和GA3浸泡24h后,在一定浓度范围内萌发率均有所提高。     

化学方法解除野慈姑种子休眠研究

HCl、NaOH、Na2CO3、NaCl、赤霉素（GA3）、芸薹素内酯（BR）浸种处理,探讨溶液浓度、浸种时间对野慈姑（Sagittaria trifolia Linn．）种子萌发的影响。结果表明,NaOH溶液浸种处理可以作为快速解除野慈姑种子休眠、提高发芽率的方法,最佳处理为25％NaOH溶液浸种4h,可使野慈姑种子萌发率达73．00％。HCl溶液浸种处理仅能解除部分野慈姑种子的休眠,20％HCl溶液浸种4h野慈姑种子的发芽率最高;为48．33％。Na2CO3、NaCl、GA3、BR溶液浸种处理,野慈姑种子的最高发芽率分别仅为10．33％、9．33％、11．33％、9．67％,不能用于解除野慈姑种子的休眠。     

不同处理对豚草种子休眠与萌发的影响

以进境转基因大豆中截获的豚草种子为材料,通过热水浸泡、浓硫酸处理、双氧水浸泡、高锰酸钾浸泡、赤霉素浸泡、低温处理、去除种皮等方法,研究了不同处理对截获休眠豚草种子萌发的影响。结果表明:300mg/LGA、3.0%H2O2、3～5℃低温沙藏3个月、4个月和去种壳处理对休眠中的豚草种子有一定的刺激作用,但对豚草种子发芽率影响不太明显;3～5℃低温沙藏5个月可使豚草种子发芽率提高至10%。     

假高粱籽实的萌发与颖壳的关系

对处于休眠期的假高粱籽实进行萌发试验，结果：（１）带颖壳的籽实不萌发，剥去颖壳的籽实有少量的萌发；经ＧＡ３处理，带颖壳的籽实仅个别萌发，剥去颖壳的籽实萌发率显著提高。表明颖壳具有机械阻力，限制籽实对水分和激素的吸收，降低萌发率；（２）剥去颖壳的籽实加入剥下的颖壳，籽实不萌发。经ＧＡ３处理，萌发率显著提高。表明颖壳对籽实的萌发具有化学抑制作用；（３）内颖基部的脉纹裂痕和上部的脉脊所形成的空隙，是适于籽实萌发的形态特征，有助于籽实的胚根由内颖基部突破颖壳和胚芽从顶部伸出颖壳。作者认为，假高梁的颖壳既有利于籽实休眠以度过不良环境条件，又具有适应籽实萌发的形态特征。     

异型莎草和鸭舌草种子萌发条件研究

研究了0．1％升汞溶液、不同浓度赤霉素、不同浓度乙烯利在不同浸种时间、不同的培养基质中对异型莎草和鸭舌草种子发芽率的影响。试验结果证明，异型莎草以1／2MS 10mg/kg GA3的固体培养基，50mg/kg乙烯利浸种12h发芽率最高，达96．38％；鸭舌草以Harvais 0．1mg／kg乙烯利的固体培养基，50mg/kgGA3浸种12h发芽率最高，达89．6％。     

十字花科杂草种子的破眠研究

对我国农田常见的7种十字花科杂草破眠研究表明，400－600mg/kg浓度的赤霉酸溶液处理24h,能有效打破诸葛菜、风花菜、遏蓝菜、碎米蔼和Han菜种子的休眠，5种杂草的发芽率由对照的0－16％提高到36.3%－80.67%。机械破皮加赤霉酸处理，能有效打破播娘蒿种子的休眠，发芽率提高到43.97%。机械破皮后用GA3处理，种子萌发时再进行变温处理，能大幅度提高蔼菜种子的发芽率，发芽率可提高到71.67%。     

白三叶草对苘麻和稗草的化感作用

为进一步明确白三叶草对杂草的化感作用，研究了不同浓度的白三叶草地上部分水浸液和根部水浸液对苘麻和稗草种子发芽率和种子萌发过程中生理生化机制的影响。结果表明，白三叶草地上部分水浸液和根部水浸液显著抑制苘麻和稗草种子的发芽率，降低了杂草种子萌发过程中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶的活性，抑制了杂草种子萌发过程中的呼吸速率、根系活力，明显提高了杂草种子过氧化物酶活性和丙二醛的含量。用浓度0．1g／mL的地上部分水浸液处理稗草种子后，最终发芽率降低56％，稗草种子萌发过程中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶的活性分别降低24．78％、48．69％，呼吸速率和根系活力分别降低40．63％、36．28％，过氧化物酶活性和丙二醛的含量分别提高32．30％、87．40％。随着水浸液浓度的提高，化感作用增强，地上部分水浸液对杂草的化感作用大于根部水浸液，对稗草的抑制作用大于苘麻的化感作用。     

引发对黄芪种子萌发及幼苗抗旱性的影响

本研究目的在于分析种子引发处理后黄芪发芽特性及幼苗抗旱性,探索提高黄芪种子萌发率的方法,为人工栽培黄芪提供技术支撑。采用20％ PEG-6000、0．25％ KNO3、100 mg·L-1 GA3、12．5 mg·L-16-BA及H2 O （对照）5种化学物质引发处理黄芪种子,进行萌发试验及干旱胁迫,测定种子萌发特性及有关抗旱生理指标。结果表明：各处理发芽势、发芽率的一致顺序为12．5 mg·L-16-BA＞100 mg·L-1 GA3＞0．25％ KNO3＞20％ PEG-6000＞H2 O。幼苗丙二醛（MDA ）含量、可溶性蛋白含量、脯氨酸含量、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性（SOD ）、过氧化物酶活性（POD ）和过氧化氢酶活性（CAT ）与CK之间存在显著差异。比较各处理黄芪幼苗的隶属函数平均值可看出,不同引发处理黄芪种子,幼苗的抗旱性顺序为H2O＞20％ PEG-6000＞0．25％ KNO3≈12．5 mg·L-16-BA＞CK＞100 mg·L-1 GA3。结论：采用20％ PEG-6000或0．25％ KNO3作为引发剂处理黄芪种子,可有效促进黄芪种子萌发和提高幼苗抗旱性。     

菠菜种子发芽试验

利用不同发芽处理研究菠菜种子的休眠和萌发特性，旨在解决菠菜种子发芽中的困难。结果表明：带果皮的菠菜种子在纸床和沙床上均难以萌发，在土床上的发芽率为85％；而去果皮的种子在纸床、砂床和土床上的发芽率为92％；完整菠菜种子的渗液显著抑制去果皮菠菜种子的萌发；低温处理可以打破休眠，提高种子的发芽率。菠菜果皮结构致密以及果皮内含有的抑制性物质是控制休眠的关键因素。     

反枝苋种子休眠解除方法研究

研究了光照和黑暗两种条件下氢氧化钠（NaoH）、盐酸（HC l）、赤霉素（GA3）和乙烯利（ETH）处理对反枝苋种子萌发的影响。结果表明,氢氧化钠、盐酸、赤霉素和乙烯利浸泡处理均可以明显提高反枝苋种子的发芽率,且随着试剂浓度的提高,发芽率表现出单峰变化曲线,浓度过低或过高均不利于种子的萌发。其中,赤霉素对解除反枝苋种子休眠最有效,且以200 mg/L浸泡处理24 h效果最好,发芽率可达90.8%,比对照提高了52.5百分点。其次为4%NaOH和6%HC l处理1 h,与800 mg/L ETH处理24 h的效果相当,发芽率在70%~75%之间。黑暗条件不利于反枝苋种子的萌发,发芽率略低于光照条件。     

生物碱参与阿魏种子休眠的调控

为揭示濒危植物阜康阿魏（Ferula fukanensis Shen.）种子休眠的成因,对阜康阿魏种子分别采用流水漂洗处理后的发芽试验、蒸馏水和NaHCO₃溶液浸提液以及化学法提取生物碱中的小麦种子萌发实验,并观察蒸馏水和NaHCO₃浸泡阿魏种子对介质pH的影响等,综合分析阿魏种子休眠的成因。流水浸洗处理5 d和20 d的发芽率分别为77%和85%以上,较对照（47%）有显著提高(P<0.01);NaHCO₃浸提液对小麦种子萌发的抑制作用显著高于蒸馏水浸提液;用pH较高的NaHCO3溶液和蒸馏水浸泡阿魏种子,该介质的pH向8.0～8.3收敛;化学法提取生物碱对小麦发芽有显著抑制作用,当10 g·（100mL）^-1时抑制率达80%。实验结果显示,除脱落酸（ABA）外,还有生物碱在阿魏种子休眠的调控中起重要作用。     

不同环境因素对猪殃殃种子萌发及出苗的影响

为探讨猪殃殃种子萌发的适宜环境条件,通过室内萌发试验研究了温度、光照、pH、水势、盐分对猪殃殃种子萌发以及埋土深度对其出苗的影响。结果表明,猪殃殃种子萌发的适宜环境条件为温度10~20℃、光暗12h交替培养以及pH 4~10,萌发率可达到50%以上。猪殃殃种子对水势比较敏感,萌发率随着水势的降低而降低,当水势为0时,萌发率为50.50%,水势降低至-0.6 MPa时,仅有个别种子萌发,萌发率为3.50%,当水势为-0.7 MPa时,种子萌发完全受到抑制;猪殃殃种子对盐分胁迫有一定忍耐力,当NaCl浓度为0.16mol/L时,仍有少数种子萌发,萌发率为16.50%;适于猪殃殃种子出苗的埋土深度是1~2cm,出苗率达到49.50%。研究结果为猪殃殃的出苗调控和综合治理提供了依据。     

不同贮藏条件下龙葵种子的季节性休眠特性

龙葵是农田恶性杂草?为明确龙葵种子休眠与季节温度的关系, 研究了室内和室外不同贮藏条件下其种子萌发对温度的响应规律?结果表明, 室外贮藏条件下的龙葵种子萌发呈季节性变化, 从10月到翌年5月, 龙葵种子萌发率均在95%以上, 随着夏季温度的升高, 萌发率从6月开始下降, 9月达到最低值(25.4%), 由此进行年际间休眠和非休眠周期的循环?夏季6月-9月的高温可诱导龙葵种子进入休眠状态, 而秋冬季的相对低温有利于解除种子休眠, 使种子恢复萌发状态?龙葵种子休眠和非休眠状态之间的切换受季节性温度变化的影响?室内贮藏的种子, 由于环境温度较为稳定, 其萌发率年际变化较小, 在20%~50%之间?本文明确了龙葵种子休眠的周期性变化规律, 有助于精准预测其出苗时间, 研究结果可为阐明龙葵种子休眠萌发机制和制订基于萌发调控的绿色防控策略提供依据?     

Dormancy studies in three populations of Poa annua L. seeds

Seeds of Poa annua from original collections in Louisiana, Maryland and Wisconsin were grown together in Louisiana over a 3-year period. The freshly harvested seeds and samples stored in moist soil at 30°C were tested for germination at a range of temperatures to compare dormancy and germination characteristics. Seeds of the Louisiana population were dormant over the germination temperature range of 5–25°C, and imbibed storage for 2 weeks did not break dormancy. Freshly harvested seeds of the Maryland population germinated well (78%) at 10°C. With 1 week of imbibed storage at 30°C, germination was good over the range from 5 to 15°C and near 50% at 20°C. Storage for 2 weeks had little further effect. Freshly harvested seeds of two Wisconsin populations germinated above 50% throughout the range of temperatures, and imbibed storage for 2 weeks at 30°C had no effect on germination. The variations in the dormancy of freshly harvested seeds and the varying responses of dormancy breaking from storing imbibed seeds at 30°C suggests that these populations have adapted to avoid high summer temperatures in Louisiana and Maryland but to grow as a summer annual in Wisconsin.     

杂草稻落粒粳种子的耐冷性评价

采用低温处理方法评价了杂草稻落粒粳（Orayza sativaL.）种子的耐冷潜力。浸种0~48 h,落粒粳种子平均含水量为17.038%,显著低于栽培稻春江11的20.533%和赣早籼的20.180%,落粒粳颖壳具有比两种栽培稻更强的水分阻隔能力。在相同含水量条件下,经过低温-20℃处理3 h和28℃条件下培养4 d的落粒粳种子发芽率显著高于春江11和赣早籼,落粒粳种子具有更强的耐冷能力。     

Seed dormancy dynamics and germination characteristics of Solanum nigrum

Four experiments were conducted to study seed dormancy and germination requirements in Solanum nigrum . In Expt 1, seeds were stratified at different constant and stepwise rising temperatures and their germinability was tested at three germination regimes at weekly intervals. In Expts 2–4, seeds dry stored at 4°C and stratified at 5 and 15°C were tested at constant temperatures, as well as fluctuating temperatures with constant and increasing amplitudes. Results suggest that the rate of dormancy release increased with increasing temperatures ranging from 4.5 to 18.6°C. However, prolonged stratification at higher temperatures caused subsequent induction of dormancy. When tested at constant temperatures, stratified seeds germinated between 18 and 34°C, with the optimum between 26 and 30°C, while dry-stored seeds showed no germination. Fluctuating temperatures, with amplitudes ranging from 5 to 15°C, promoted germination of seeds from all treatments. The dormancy dynamics and germination characteristics of the species will have implications for its survival and establishment. This information can be used to predict time of emergence and, thus, improve control of the species in weed management systems.     

3种不同种子处理方法对水稻发芽及幼苗素质的影响

室内采用滤纸法,研究种子包衣后浸种、浸种后种子包衣和催芽后种子包衣3种不同的处理方式对稻花香、天优华占和保丰3个水稻品种发芽率及幼苗素质的影响.结果显示：在所测试的浓度范围内,分别采用3种不同的处理方式,每个水稻品种的发芽率均随着噻虫嗪·苯醚甲环唑23％悬浮种衣剂用量的增加而增加.且随着悬浮种衣剂用量的增加水稻病苗率降低;同一用量条件下,3个水稻品种发芽率由高到低依次为：催芽后种子包衣＞种子包衣后浸种＞浸种后种子包衣.病斑率由小到大依次为：催芽后种子包衣＞种子包衣后浸种＞浸种后种子包衣.这表明噻虫嗪·苯醚甲环唑23％悬浮种衣剂可以明显抑制水稻种子携带的病原菌;随着种衣剂用量的增加水稻幼苗的根数、主根长和株高增加.对天优华占、稻花香和保丰3个水稻品种幼苗素质影响由大到小依次为：催芽后种子包衣＞种子包衣后浸种＞浸种后种子包衣.这表明：水稻种子处理方法对水稻幼苗素质有一定的影响.     

Behaviour of buried and surface-sown seeds of Parthenium hysterophorus

Parthenium hysterophorus L. seeds were buried at a depth of 5 cm for periods of 2–24 months to determine their longevity. The majority (73.7%) of these seeds were still viable after 24 months of burial. The remainder could not be recovered (18.0%) or were no longer viable (8.3%). There was a log-linear decline in persistence of germinable seeds over time, which indicated a constant rate of loss and a half-life of about 6 years. Seedling emergence from surface-sown seeds was also studied. Although there was considerable rainfall (31 mm), seedlings did not emerge during the first month of this experiment. In the succeeding 3 months, there was substantial seedling emergence after rainfall, and 51.4% of seeds had germinated by the end of the fourth month. After 5 months had passed, further seedling emergence was not detected, and intact seeds could not be located. These findings suggest that seed incorporation into the soil is important to the long-term persistence of P . hysterophorus seeds. In an initial test of germination, unburied seeds from the same seed lot exhibited a degree of innate dormancy, and this may explain the delayed germination observed in the surface-sown seeds. In the seed burial and recovery experiment, innate dormancy was lost after 2 months of burial in the field, although in situ germination of buried seed remained low for at least 24 months. Therefore, it appears that more than one dormancy mechanism may contribute to the persistence of P. hysterophorus seeds.