Viral shedding and transmission between hosts determined by reovirus L2 gene

Two reovirus isolates (type 1 Lang and type 3 Dearing) differ in their transmissibility between littermates of newborn mice. They also differ in the amounts of virus excreted by the gastrointestinal tract. With the use of reassortant viruses, these properties were mapped to the L2 gene. Thus environmental spread of reovirus is a genetic property.     

禽呼肠孤病毒血清学相关性及S3基因序列同源性分析

采用血清学交叉中和试验方法,分析了4株禽呼肠孤病毒株CL(鸡源禽呼肠孤病毒)、YH和YB(鸭源禽呼肠孤病毒)及S1133(禽呼肠孤病毒标准株)之间抗原的相互关系;并对CL株的S3基因进行克隆测序,用DNAsis和Prosis等分析软件进行序列比较及推导氨基酸序列分析.结果表明:4株禽呼肠孤病毒株之间具有共同的群特异抗原,但不同病毒株间存在中和抗原位点的不对称性;血清学相关性与S3基因序列及其推导的σB蛋白氨基酸序列同源性不一致,表明禽呼肠孤病毒诱导机体产生特异性中和抗体的病毒蛋白不止σB蛋白一个,σB氨基酸序列同源性与血清学相关性没有必然的直接联系.     

Intestinal M cells: a pathway for entry of reovirus into the host

Thirty minutes after inoculation of reovirus type 1 into the intestinal lumen of the mouse, viruses were found adhering to the surface of intestinal M cells but not other epithelial cells. Within 1 hour, viruses were seen in the M cell cytoplasm and were associated with mononuclear cells in the intercellular space adjacent to the M cell. These findings suggest that M cells are the site where reovirus penetrates the intestinal epithelium.     

Hydrocephalus in mice inoculated neonatally by the oronasal route with reovirus type 1

Mice inoculated neonatally by the oronasal route with reovirus type 1 or 2 developed typical acute disease. Fifteen percent of the mice recovered from the acute infection. No further disease was noted in mice infected with reovirus 2, but 9 percent of the survivors of reovirus I infections developed hydrocephalus at a mean time of 109 days after inoculation. Infectious virus could not be isolated from hydrocephalic mice.     

多个环境因素对嗜水气单胞菌感染团头鲂致病力的影响

目的研究pH对拟态弧菌(Vibrio mimicus)感染相关表型及胞外产物特性的影响。方法测定不同pH (6.0、7.0、8.0、8.5和9.0)下拟态弧菌的增殖、泳动、自聚集和生物膜形成以及胞外产物(extracellular products,ECPs)的蛋白质量浓度、酶活性、溶血性、细胞毒性和毒力等特性。结果pH 6.0~9.0范围内,随着pH值升高,拟态弧菌的增殖先增强后减弱,pH 8.5时增殖最强;自聚集、生物膜形成和ECPs毒力先减弱后增强,pH 8.5时显著减弱(P<0.05);泳动以及ECPs蛋白质量浓度和细胞毒性减弱,pH 6.0时显著强于其他pH (P<0.05);ECPs酶活性和溶血性呈波动性,酶活性在pH 6.0时最强、pH 8.0时最弱,溶血性在pH 8.0时最强、pH 8.5时最弱。转录组分析显示：拟态弧菌pH 8.5较pH 7.0时,与ATP合成相关的糖酵解、TCA循环和氧化磷酸化等过程的基因表达上调,而与ADP合成相关的嘌呤合成基因、与蛋白质合成相关的核糖体亚基合成基因以及与蛋白分泌和膜运输相关的基因表达下调。结论pH对拟态弧菌感染相关表型及ECPs特性具有明显影响,且pH可能是通过调节拟态弧菌能量代谢与膜运输等过程影响其相关生物学特性。     

Poliovirus host range is determined by a short amino acid sequence in neutralization antigenic site I

The mouse-adapted strain of poliovirus type 2 (Lansing) induces fatal poliomyelitis in mice after intracerebral inoculation, whereas mice inoculated with poliovirus type 1 (Mahoney) show no signs of disease. Previous work indicated that the adaptation to mouse virulence is associated with the viral capsid proteins and that mutations in neutralization antigenic site I of poliovirus reduce neurovirulence of the Lansing strain in mice. The role of antigenic site I in mouse neurovirulence was further explored by constructing an antigenic hybrid virus. Six amino acids in antigenic site I of the Mahoney strain were replaced with a sequence specific for the Lansing strain by using a mutagenesis cartridge. The hybrid virus was neutralized by polyclonal antisera elicited by the type 1 and type 2 strains of poliovirus and by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies directed against antigenic site I of type 2 virus. The hybrid virus induced paralytic disease in mice, an observation demonstrating that a short sequence of amino acids in antigenic site I is an important determinant of poliovirus host range. Antigenic site I may be involved in attachment of poliovirus to cells of the mouse central nervous system.     

牛粘膜病病毒E1基因的克隆及原核表达

参考BVDVVEDEVAC株的基因组序列及E2基因的测序结果设计一对引物,扩增出预期585 bp的目的片段。扩增产物克隆至pMD18-T载体,经酶切鉴定获得阳性重组质粒并对其进行测序。测序结果与参考序列VEDE-VAC株比较,二者的核苷酸同源性为100%,推导氨基酸同源性为100%。测序结果经同源性比较,克隆得到的基因与VEDEVAC株同源性最高。系统发生树分析推测E1基因与VEDEVAC株在进化上比较接近。将E1基因定向亚克隆到表达载体pGEX-6p-1中,对阳性重组质粒转化的大肠杆菌BL21进行诱导,E1基因获得了成功表达。     

An overlapping protein-coding region in influenza A virus segment 3 modulates the host response

Influenza A virus (IAV) infection leads to variable and imperfectly understood pathogenicity. We report that segment 3 of the virus contains a second open reading frame ("X-ORF"), accessed via ribosomal frameshifting. The frameshift product, termed PA-X, comprises the endonuclease domain of the viral PA protein with a C-terminal domain encoded by the X-ORF and functions to repress cellular gene expression. PA-X also modulates IAV virulence in a mouse infection model, acting to decrease pathogenicity. Loss of PA-X expression leads to changes in the kinetics of the global host response, which notably includes increases in inflammatory, apoptotic, and T lymphocyte-signaling pathways. Thus, we have identified a previously unknown IAV protein that modulates the host response to infection, a finding with important implications for understanding IAV pathogenesis.     

鸡传染性支气管炎TJ9602毒株S1基因的序列分析

将RT－PCR法扩增的IBV TJ9602毒株S1基因，连接到pDM18-T载体上，克隆后进行核酸序列分析，证实TJ9602毒株S1基因与Genebank中发表的国外毒株H120和M41的同源性较低，分别为81．1％和80％，与国内JX9901毒株的同源性达到91．3％，初步证实国内存在IBV新毒株。     

Differential effects of nef on HIV replication: implications for viral pathogenesis in the host

Stable lymphoid cell lines expressing the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nef gene product, p27, were established. The presence of p27 in the lymphoid cells suppressed replication of some strains of both HIV-1 and HIV-2. This observation indicates that nef could be important in the establishment of HIV latency. In contrast, fast replicating and highly cytopathic HIV-1 isolates recovered from patients with advanced disease states were not affected by the negative effect of nef present in these lymphoid cell lines. This lack of response to nef appears to constitute another viral feature that correlates with disease progression. Thus, manipulating expression of the nef gene in vivo might influence pathogenesis in the host.     

新型鸭呼肠孤病毒在DF-1细胞系中的增殖特性

为了研究新型鸭呼肠孤病毒(new-type duck reovirus,NDRV)在鸡胚成纤维细胞DF-1中的增殖特性,将NDRV JDM10毒株接种到DF-1细胞,连续传代后,通过观察病毒对细胞的致病变效应,测定半数组织感染量(TCID₅₀)、RT-PCR检测、间接免疫荧光(IFA)及Western-blot免疫学检测,探索NDRV对DF-1细胞的作用效果。结果表明,NDRV JDM10毒株在DF-1细胞中能有效增殖,产生明显的致病变效应;RT-PCR检测成功扩增出1条大小为1 001 bp的条带;病毒蛋白在细胞中获得了良好的表达,并与抗NDRV σC单克隆抗体发生特异性反应;NDRV JDM10毒株在感染DF-1细胞后会经历潜伏期、快速增长期、稳定期3个时期,并在72 h病毒效价达到峰值,TCID₅₀为1×10^-7.90·(0.1mL)^-1。本研究为进一步研究NDRV的致病机理和研制细胞疫苗奠定了基础。     

cdc2 gene expression at the G1 to S transition in human T lymphocytes

The product of the cdc2 gene, designated p34cdc2, is a serine-threonine protein kinase that controls entry of eukaryotic cells into mitosis. Freshly isolated human T lymphocytes (G0 phase) were found to have very low amounts of p34cdc2 and cdc2 messenger RNA. Expression of cdc2 increased 18 to 24 hours after exposure of T cells to phytohemagglutinin, coincident with the G1 to S transition. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides could reduce the increase in cdc2 expression and inhibited DNA synthesis, but had no effect on several early and mid-G1 events, including blastogenesis and expression of interleukin-2 receptors, transferrin receptors, c-myb, and c-myc. Induction of cdc2 required prior induction of c-myb and c-myc. These results suggest that cdc2 induction is part of an orderly sequence of events that occurs at the G1 to S transition in T cells.     

A role for the protease falcipain 1 in host cell invasion by the human malaria parasite

Cysteine proteases of Plasmodium falciparum are required for survival of the malaria parasite, yet their specific cellular functions remain unclear. We used a chemical proteomic screen with a small-molecule probe to characterize the predominant cysteine proteases throughout the parasite life cycle. Only one protease, falcipain 1, was active during the invasive merozoite stage. Falcipain 1-specific inhibitors, identified by screening of chemical libraries, blocked parasite invasion of host erythrocytes, yet had no effect on normal parasite processes such as hemoglobin degradation. These results demonstrate a specific role for falcipain 1 in host cell invasion and establish a potential new target for antimalarial therapeutics.     

Distinct pathways of antigen uptake and intracellular routing in CD4 and CD8 T cell activation

The mechanisms that allow antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to selectively present extracellular antigen to CD8+ effector T cells (cross-presentation) or to CD4+ T helper cells are not fully resolved. We demonstrated that APCs use distinct endocytosis mechanisms to simultaneously introduce soluble antigen into separate intracellular compartments, which were dedicated to presentation to CD8+ or CD4+ T cells. Specifically, the mannose receptor supplied an early endosomal compartment distinct from lysosomes, which was committed to cross-presentation. These findings imply that antigen does not require intracellular diversion to access the cross-presentation pathway, because it can enter the pathway already during endocytosis.     

猪CACNA1S基因内含子37的克隆及多态性研究

根据不同物种间保守性及相似性的特点,跨内含子设计引物,利用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术对猪CAC-NA1S内含子37进行克隆;采用PCR-SSCP技术,检测金华与皮特兰杂交F_2代猪(JP F_2)和苏钟猪CALCN1S基因内含子37的单核苷酸突变点(SNP),并结合JP F_2猪生产性状进行相关分析.结果表明:(1)克隆得到猪CACNA1S基因内含子37完整DNA序列(235 bp);(2)在猪CACNA1S基因内含子37中检测到6个SNP;(3)相关分析显示,位点1S-76对体长存在显著性影响(0.01相似文献   

利用染色体片段代换系定位一个水稻显性早熟基因

以水稻染色体片段代换系构建的分离群体为材料,利用微卫星标记(Simple sequence repeat,SSR)定位一个生育期基因,对水稻生育期基因的分子标记辅助选择进行了研究.结果表明,早熟显性基因(暂命名为Hd10-1)定位于第10染色体,SSR标记RM271和RM258之间,与RM 271的遗传距离为1.90 cM,与RM 258的遗传距离为8.40 cM,RM 271与RM 258位于Hd10-1的两侧.     

A hydrophobic transmembrane segment at the carboxyl terminus of thy-1

The mode of integration of the glycoprotein thy-1 within the cell membrane has been controversial due to an apparent lack of a transmembrane hydrophobic segment. Rat and mouse complementary DNA and genomic clones encoding the thy-1 molecule have been isolated and sequenced. These studies have enabled us to determine the intron-exon organization of the thy-1 gene. Furthermore, they have revealed the existence of a sequence which would encode an extra segment (31 amino acids) at the carboxyl terminus of the thy-1 molecule. These extra amino acids include a 20-amino acid hydrophobic segment which may be responsible for integration of thy-1 within the plasma membrane.     

Biologic features of HIV-1 that correlate with virulence in the host

Individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) may be asymptomatic or have AIDS-related complex or the acquired immuno deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Little is known about the factors that influence progression of infection to AIDS. In this study of isolates of HIV-1 obtained at intervals during the infection of four individuals, the development of disease was found to be correlated with the emergence of HIV-1 variants that were more cytopathic in vitro as the disease progressed and that replicated more efficiently in a wide variety of different human cells. The biologic properties of HIV-1 in vitro thus appear to reflect its virulence in the host. Further studies of such sequentially isolated viruses may lead to the identification of viral genes that govern pathogenesis.