沙地开沟造林整地机设计参数的探讨

机械开深沟抗早造林,是由开沟造林整地机开沟,再在沟底挖坑植树。也可以在简单植树机的基础上,增加开沟深度,将苗木的栽植深度增加。为满足林业技术的要求,内蒙东部地区的一些林机生产厂家,先后研制成功一批沙地植树机和沙地开沟造林整地     

“SQZ-45”和“SXZ-60”植树机简介

SQZ—45植树机(牵引式)和SXZ-60植树机(悬挂式)是我厂根据干旱沙丘造林特点而设计的。它们适用于流动、半流动,固定沙丘的树木深栽和不整地造林等作业方式;对平原干旱地区造林也有良好的效果。两机均可栽植1～2年生、1～2米高的苗木。苗木栽植深度25～27厘米,开沟总深度:SQZ—45植树机为40～45厘米,SXZ—60植树机为50～60厘米。除栽植大苗外,如拆下植苗开沟器和后机架,可作开沟犁,进行开沟扶育作业;如拆下开沟犁,可作根苗植树机,栽植松树等苗木短小的根苗。植树机可一次完成开保墒沟、开植苗沟、人工投苗和覆土镇压等项作业。由于SQZ—45植树机和SXZ—60植树机除少数部件和技术参数不同外,大部分结构(见     

开沟深栽造林

开沟深栽造林适用于干旱、半干旱地区的平沙地和15度以下的黄土丘陵缓坡。一、开沟造林的作法用54或75马力链式拖拉机牵引开沟犁开45～50厘米的深沟,然后在沟内人工挖40×40厘米的坑栽树,或直接挂植树机植树。在没有风沙危害的地方,要提前一年开沟整     

L25——山鹿营林整地机四种配套机具技术座谈会

根据林业部机械局关于为“L25—山鹿营林整地机配套机具”的要求,辽宁省林机工业公司承担了整地、挖坑、植树、锄草四种配套机具的研制任务。经过三个多月的努力,现已完成IFL—225 230液压翻转犁、WX—50型挖坑机、XZ—25A悬挂植树机、XYC小型悬挂圆盘锄草机四种机具的设计、试制和试验工作。林业部机械局于一九八○年十一月四日至六日,在新民县机械林场,组织宁夏、山西、内蒙、辽宁等省(区)、林业部哈尔滨林机所、桂林林机厂、省林机公司、省林科     

生态植树机发展综述

分析了机械化植树造林的必要性,介绍了传统植树机的发展概况及一种新型植树造林机械———生态植树机。这种植树机松土时对土壤的扰动小,这也意谓着种植时其养份损失较小、对土壤破坏程度也小,同时可以大幅度降低能耗、提高植树效益。由于有无机土与腐殖质的混合,使树苗有更高的成活率和生长率。生态植树机对生态的破坏是传统开沟植树机的1/7,其能耗是传统开沟植树机的1/2。     

机械开沟、覆土快速造林法

为适应林业跨越式发展新形势的需要，经过近几年来林业技术人员的反复试验、摸索、分析、对比，终于实验出了一种新型机械植树法既机械开沟、覆土快速造林法，并在新疆博乐市阿热托海牧场开发区退耕还林工程中实施，已造林720hm^2公顷，成活率达到85％以上。节省资金50余万元，每公顷节省造林投入750元，实验非常成功。此造林法在近年植树造林和退耕还林工程中已发挥了作用，不仅极大加快植树造林的速度，也大大减少人员劳动强度，同时还提高所种苗木成活率。经我单位林业技术人员实际测算，此法人均每天可植树3000株以上，成活率也在85％以上。比传统植树法效率提高30倍，比机械开沟、挖坑机挖坑植树效率提高了3倍，实验中还发现它还具有效保持土壤肥力的功效。现将此实验方法及种植过程介绍给大家，供基层林业技术人员和造林专业户参考。     

4ZX-25型选择式植树机的研究设计

植树机是九十多年前,在农用插秧机的基础上制造出来的。它主要由机架、切开土壤的直切刀、开沟器和镇压轮等组成。几十年来植树机结构和制造工艺虽不断地改进、完善,但仍保留着农用型栽植机的基本结构形式。这种植树机结构简单,使用范围有限,只适用于土质松软的平原或丘陵农业地区作业。自本世纪五十年代末开始,林业发达的国家先后研制出了一些脱离农用型栽植机的各种林业专用植树机,但仍沿用各种形式的开沟器开出连续的植树沟。这种连续开沟植树机在未拔根的采伐迹地、有石     

首都将举办园林绿化环保技术设备展览会

中国林机公司与首都绿化委员会、中国农机院等单位,将于今年5月8～17日在北京举办“全国城市园林绿化、环境保护技术设备展览会”。展出内容①林木种子采摘及加工机械:采种机、脱拉机、烘干机、清选机、剥壳机及种子检测仪器用具等。②林地清理及整地机械;割灌机、挖坑机、整地机、松土机及营林拖拉机等。③苗木种植机械:开沟机、筑床机、植树机、起苗机、施肥机、中耕机     

市场信息

新型液压植树机问世　　填补我国机械化造林空白的新型液压植树机在内蒙古达拉特旗白土梁林场研制成功并投入批量生产。新一代液压植树机由履带式拖拉机牵引 ,采用液压系统调节耕深 ,开沟深度随意调节 ,最大开沟深度为 80ｃｍ ,从开沟、投苗、栽植、覆土至碾压一次性完成。美味     

ZS70-2高效植树机的设计与研制

随着我国西部土地荒漠化问题日趋严重,植树造林、提高森林覆盖率迫在眉睫。为此,针对南疆的土地特点,研发了一种针对荒漠化土壤的ZS70-2高效植树机,并对机架、开沟装置、覆土镇压装置等关键部件进行设计分析与建模,利用ANSYS软件对开沟装置中犁刀进行静力学分析,得出其最大应力和应变位置。该植树机集开沟、投苗、覆土镇压等作业于一体,结构简单、工作可靠,作业生产效率≥2.5 hm²/h,可实现大面积连续植树作业,在节省人力物力的同时,大大提高了植树作业效率。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.