泥炭块制作机应用前景展望

介绍了泥炭块育苗技术的优点，分析了泥炭块制作机制作泥炭块的工艺流程及其关键技术，展望了泥炭块制作机的应用前景。     

泥炭营养块压制成型的试验研究

介绍了泥炭营养块压制成型研究的试验过程与结果分析，采用正交试验设计方法讨论了水分对泥炭营养块压制成型的影响。试验表明，基质填充量、颗粒配比对泥炭营养块压制成型的影响显著。在兼顾生产效率、生产条件和不影响泥炭营养块品质的情况下，减少基质填充量、提高成型压力、选择合理的粒径配比可提高泥炭营养块的抗压强度和压实密度。     

辽宁省泥炭沼泽湿地植被调查研究

通过对辽宁省内现存的5块泥炭沼泽湿地进行深入的调查和研究。结果表明:辽宁省泥炭沼泽湿地共有物种15科25属27种,数量较少;其植物的所属分布区类型以世界广布形为主;按植被类型划分共分2个群系组,4群系,及4群丛。研究对5块泥炭沼泽湿地的植物多样性进行了计算分析,多样性指数总体相对较低。研究结果为辽宁省泥炭沼泽湿地的生态保护及被破坏破坏泥炭沼泽湿地恢复提供了参考依据。     

黑龙江典型泥炭沼泽生态系统碳储量比较

通过对黑龙江省内8块典型泥炭沼泽斑块碳库调查数据进行分析,继而对我省典型泥炭沼泽生态系统和植被碳储量特征开展对比研究,旨在为湿地斑块泥炭沼泽碳储量地理空间研究提供借鉴。     

保山市泥炭沼泽现状及保护管理对策

2016年开展了保山市泥炭沼泽碳库调查,共发现泥炭沼泽6块,总面积为64.23 hm2,均为草本泥炭沼泽,泥炭储量为70 233.92 t,有机碳储量为16 479.29 t,其中土壤有机碳储量为15 057.81t,植物有机碳储量为1 421.48 t。文中阐述了保山市泥炭沼泽的分布特点,分析泥炭沼泽面临的威胁,包括面积减少,补水机制遭破坏,生态功能退化等。提出抢救性保护,生态修复,水管理等泥炭沼泽保护管理对策。     

泥炭营养块生产的成套设备

林木容器育苗是当代世界造林生产较为普遍应用的一种先进育苗方法,与普通的裸根苗相比,容器苗具有育苗期短,造林季节长,育苗质量和规模易于控制,造林成活率高,便于育苗工厂化和造林机械化等优点。以泥灰为基体,进行合理配方,作为泥炭营养块的原料,是国内新的研究成果。这项新技术不仅具有容器育苗的全部优点,更主要的是育苗用的泥炭营养块的成本较低,价格便宜。为发挥泥炭营养块的优势,使这一技术尽早变成生产力,林业部哈尔滨林业机械研究所研制成功了泥     

泥炭营养块生产设备通过验收及技术鉴定

由林业部哈尔滨林机所主持的泥炭营养块生产设备的研究设计课题,于1992年9月19日通过了大兴安岭林管局组织的验收及技术鉴定。与此同时,哈尔滨林机所将整套设备移交给图强林业局。泥炭营养块生产设备包括六台设备,即4SC-30型草炭土粉     

辽宁省泥炭沼泽湿地NEE变化特征及影响因素分析

选取辽宁省5块泥炭沼泽湿地,并且结合现场调查及实验室分析数据,得出辽宁省泥炭沼泽湿地净生态系统碳交换量(NEE)呈现4月下旬之前为碳源,4月下旬至9月下旬为碳汇,10月后重新转为碳源,随后的时期碳交换降到最低并趋于稳定的变化特征。通过分析表明太阳辐射、植被、温度、水、氮输入是辽宁省泥炭沼泽湿地NEE的主要影响因子。     

辽宁省泥炭沼泽生物量碳库调查研究

对辽宁省内281块泥炭沼泽斑块生物量与炭库进行调查、测定与计算,并进行评价与分析。     

甘肃尕海湿地泥炭资源初步调查

采用访问、踏查及逐步逼近的方法,对甘肃尕海湿地泥炭资源进行了初步调查,基本掌握了泥炭的分布区域和资源量,提出了保护的对策。尕海湿地泥炭总面积3 131 hm2,其中泥炭沼泽地2 110 hm2,低位泥炭地1 021 hm2。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.