利用菜籽油酶法生产生物柴油的初步研究

生物柴油作为可再生能源，对环境友好，引起了世界范围内的广泛关注。该文利用固定化脂肪酶－Novo435，在无有机溶剂存在的情况下，催化菜籽油与甲醇酯交换反应制取生物柴油，对影响酯交换反应过程的因素：甲醇与油脂的摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间、脂肪酶用量、转速、水分等进行深入研究，得到了菜籽油间歇酯交换反应的适宜工艺条件：转速200 r/min、醇油摩尔比1.5∶1、反应温度50℃、酶用量10%(与油脂的质量比)、反应10 h后菜籽油的酯交换率达到47％。水分的存在不利于固定化酶在无有机溶剂系统下催化菜籽油的酯交换反应，使酯交换率降低到30％。反应所需理论甲醇量分两次加入，反应26 h后，油脂的酯交换率达到80％。     

叔丁醇体系脂肪酶催化菜籽油制备生物柴油

为了在生物柴油制备中改善酶的催化环境,该文通过对脂肪酶LVK催化菜籽油乙醇解反应几个主要影响因素的研究,得出其最佳反应条件为：醇油摩尔比5∶1,催化剂用量10%,叔丁醇用量10%,反应温度40℃,反应时间为30 h,转酯率达到94.7%。研究表明10%的叔丁醇体系能完全解除乙醇对脂肪酶LVK的催化抑制作用;还消解除副产物甘油对脂肪酶LVK的失活。     

脂肪酶连续催化桐油酯交换反应制取生物柴油

为了提高酶法催化桐油制取生物柴油的生产效率,找到适合其工业化生产的工艺,该文探索了固定化脂肪酶连续催化桐油与甲醇酯交换反应制取生物柴油的连续反应工艺条件,在流化床反应器中、43℃的反应温度下,考察了反应液体积流量、脂肪酶填充密度、醇油摩尔比、反应连续时间等因素对单根反应器内连续酯交换反应的影响,得到了单根反应器连续反应条件：反应液体积流量为0.33 mL/min,醇油摩尔比为0.75︰1,脂肪酶填充密度为0.15 g/mL,酯交换率达22%;利用4根相同反应器串联操作,操作参数与单根反应器相同,油脂一次加入,在进入每根反应器前向反应液中加入油脂酯交换反应所需理论甲醇量的1/4,在该连续反应工艺条件下,桐油的酯交换率达到88%～92%。结果发现,本连续反应工艺条件比间歇反应具有更高的生产效率,可以应用于酶法制取生物柴油的工业化生产中。     

菜籽油酯交换制备生物柴油的工艺研究

为提高生物柴油的转化率和纯度,以菜籽油为原料,研究在KOH催化剂作用下与甲醇进行酯交换反应制备生物柴油的工艺,考察了甲醇用量、催化剂用量、反应温度和反应时间等操作条件对酯交换反应的影响。结果表明,该反应最适宜的工艺条件为：甲醇用量为菜籽油质量的20%,催化剂用量为菜籽油质量的1.2%,反应温度为65℃,反应时间为90～120 min;菜籽油制备的生物柴油品质达到美国ASTM和德国DINE生物柴油标准,其生物柴油的转化率为94.89%。若充分开发中国南方可利用的冬闲田和边际土地约1000万hm²种植油菜,按照此工艺条件加工菜籽油,则每年可加工生产生物柴油740万t,具有广阔的发展前景。     

菜籽油碱催化酯交换法制备生物柴油工艺参数的优化

为获得最佳反应条件,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法对菜籽油碱催化酯交换法制备生物柴油的工艺参数进行了优化试验,结果表明,预测酯交换反应过程中菜籽油转化率变化的回归方程拟合程度良好,最优工艺参数为：醇油摩尔比6.12︰1,催化剂用量0.9%,反应时间40 min,反应温度57.74℃,并且在最优工艺参数下进行了验证试验,得到菜籽油转化率为97.43%,与预测值的误差为0.4%,小于5%。对生物柴油的组成成分进行了气相色谱/质谱联用（GC/MS）分析,结果表明,脂肪酸甲酯质量分数达到99.54%。因此,利用响应面分析法得到的最优工艺参数真实可靠,制得的生物柴油品质较好。     

负载型Cs_2O固体碱催化剂的制备及催化酯交换反应性能

以Cs2CO3作为催化剂前驱体,利用γ-Al2O3、TiO2、MgO、SiO2、CaO和NaY型分子筛6种不同的载体,在700℃下焙烧,制备Cs2O固体碱催化剂,并用其催化菜籽油酯交换反应制取生物柴油.结果表明,以γ-Al2O3、MgO和CaO均能制备出超强固体碱,根据制备出的固体碱催化酯交换反应的酯交换率和产物分离性能分析,γ-Al2O3是最适合的载体.以Cs2CO3为前驱体,以γ-Al2O3为载体开展的催化剂试验结果表明:固体碱的最佳制备工艺条件为:煅烧温度700℃,煅烧时间5 h,煅烧气氛为N2.在此工艺条件下,制取的催化剂用于催化菜籽油的酯交换率达到了95.5%.     

碱性脂肪酶固定化条件及其催化生物柴油的研究

该文以改性的硅胶为载体,通过戊二醛交联固定化碱性脂肪酶,得到较佳固定化条件：当戊二醛浓度为0.8 g/L,给酶量为30 U/g时,酶活回收率效率达到90%以上。通过改变溶剂的种类、给酶量、含水率、底物摩尔比、甲醇的流加方式等参数,考察了脂肪酸和甲醇在固定化碱性脂肪酶催化下合成生物柴油的工艺条件,试验结果表明在20 mL正己烷,给酶量7.5 g（12 U/g）,脂肪酸10 g,酸醇摩尔比为1︰1.2,含水率4%条件下,分3次加入甲醇,40℃反应8 h,反应体系酯化率达到了82%。     

基于BP神经网络的脂肪酶酯化菜籽油脱臭馏出物的仿真研究

该文采用BP神经网络对脂肪酶催化酯化菜籽油脱臭馏出物的工艺条件进行了仿真研究。将中心组合试验和神经网络相结合,采用动量梯度下降法对网络进行训练仿真,并利用训练好的网络对催化酯化工艺条件进行预测。结果表明：经过训练的网络可以很好的模拟反应条件,得到了脂肪酶催化反应的最佳工艺参数,此时脂肪酸甲酯的含量为55.2%,维生素E保留率达到90%,为脱臭馏出物的酯化催化效果的预测提供了一条可行的途径。     

负载型Cs2O固体碱催化剂的制备及催化酯交换反应性能

以Cs₂CO₃作为催化剂前驱体,利用γ-Al₂O₃、TiO₂、MgO、SiO₂、CaO和NaY型分子筛6种不同的载体,在700℃下焙烧,制备Cs₂O固体碱催化剂,并用其催化菜籽油酯交换反应制取生物柴油。结果表明,以γ-Al₂O₃、MgO和CaO均能制备出超强固体碱,根据制备出的固体碱催化酯交换反应的酯交换率和产物分离性能分析,γ-Al₂O₃是最适合的载体。以Cs₂CO₃为前驱体,以γ-Al₂O₃为载体开展的催化剂试验结果表明：固体碱的最佳制备工艺条件为：煅烧温度700℃,煅烧时间5 h,煅烧气氛为N2。在此工艺条件下,制取的催化剂用于催化菜籽油的酯交换率达到了95.5%。     

用正己烷-乙醇-水三元双液相从亚麻籽提油脱氰苷

采用正己烷-乙醇-水三元双液相体系进行同时提取亚麻籽中油脂和脱除氰苷的研究,通过单因素试验和响应面分析进行优化,确定的优化提取条件为：料醇比为1∶3.4;料烷比为1∶5.4;提取时间为78.5 min;NaOH浓度为0.12%;温度为55℃;乙醇浓度为85%。结果表明：正己烷-乙醇-水双液相体系对亚麻籽具有很好的提油和脱氰苷的作用,在优化条件下亚麻籽油提取率达45.1%,亚麻氰苷脱除率96.8%。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.