鲁中南砂石山区不同林分类型保土功能及其效益

以临朐县辛庄水土保持试验站营造的6种林分为研究对象,研究不同林分类型的保土效益。结果表明：刺槐、麻栎、五角枫、黄连木等阔叶树种林分的枯落物多,林下草本植物盖度大,吸持和拦蓄地表径流能力强,枯落物腐烂分解后改善土壤理化性状良好,土壤渗透速度快,0-20 cm草本植物根系生物量大,固持土壤免遭地表径流的冲刷,保土功能强;而黑松、侧柏等针叶树种林分相应的保土功能较弱。6种林分类型与对照相比减少的土壤侵蚀量：以刺槐林最大,为43.22 t/hm^2;麻栎林、五角枫林和黄连木林的次之,分别为41.85,39.74,38.39 t/hm^2;而黑松林和侧柏林的较小,分别为31.32,29.41 t/hm^2。通过对不同林分类型的枯落物层蓄积量、土壤总孔隙度、土壤非毛管孔隙度、土壤有机质含量、土壤渗透速率、林下草本植物生物量、减少土壤侵蚀量等进行方差分析,均存在显著差异,计算结果显示,6种林分类型保土效益大小排序为刺槐林〉麻栎林〉五角枫林〉黄连木林〉黑松林〉侧柏林。     

黄土丘陵区不同退耕还林地土壤有机碳、氮密度变化特征

探讨了黄土丘陵区退耕种植10～40a的柠条、侧柏及刺槐林地0—60cm不同土层有机碳及全氮密度随退耕年限及在土层分布上的变化特征。结果表明:不同土层相比,退耕栽植柠条、侧柏、刺槐10～40a后0—20cm土层有机碳密度平均比20—60cm增加4.20,6.87,4.46Mg/hm2;0—20cm土层的全氮密度比20—60cm平均增加0.08,0.02,0.07Mg/hm2。与坡耕地比较,0—20cm土层在退耕30a中固碳速率为侧柏[0.33Mg/(hm2·a)]>刺槐[0.28Mg/(hm2·a)]>柠条[0.17Mg/(hm2·a)],固氮速率则为刺槐[0.03Mg/(hm2·a)]>侧柏[0.02Mg/(hm2·a)]>柠条[0.01Mg/(hm2·a)],且碳氮固定速率均显著高于深层土壤。10～30a不同退耕还林地增加的有机碳、氮平均分别有57%和51%来自0—20cm的土层。不同退耕还林地土壤C/N随土层深度的增加而减小。综上,退耕还林土壤表现出显著的提升土壤碳氮的效应,且以侧柏林地固碳能力较佳,刺槐林地固氮效果较好。     

兰州市北山不同人工林枯落物和土壤的水文特征

[目的]探讨兰州市北山3种人工林地枯落物的储量和持水能力及土壤的水文特征,为揭示干旱地区人工林水土保持和水源涵养能力提供理论依据。[方法]采用野外调查、室内浸水法和环刀法等研究方法对林地的枯落物蓄积量、持水量和土壤的渗透性、持水能力等进行了研究。[结果]3种林地枯落物的总蓄积量表现为:新疆杨(36.74t/hm~2)侧柏(34.15t/hm~2)刺槐(16.01t/hm~2)。新疆杨林地枯落物最大持水量最大,为7.36t/hm~2;而刺槐林地最大持水量最小,仅为4.91t/hm~2。3种林地中土壤容重表现为:新疆杨(1.466g/cm3)刺槐(1.403g/cm3)侧柏(1.27g/cm3);而土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙和非毛管孔隙均表现为侧柏刺槐新疆杨。土壤最大持水量为:侧柏(0.731g/cm3)刺槐(0.642g/cm3)新疆杨(0.633g/cm3)。侧柏的初渗率和平均渗透速率均显著高于新疆杨和刺槐林地(p0.05),且侧柏林地在整个渗透时间内其渗透性均高于新疆杨和刺槐林地。[结论]在3种人工林地中侧柏林地的土壤保持和水源涵养能力最强。     

黄河三角洲滩地不同林分类型的土壤水文特性

以无林地为对照,对黄河三角洲滩地3种林分类型的土壤水文物理性状、土壤人渗特性及土壤贮水性能进行研究.结果表明:①与无林地相比.有林地具有一定的压碱抑盐效果.不同林分类型的土壤容重、孔隙度和孔隙比等表征土壤水文物理性质的指标明显好于无林地,且0-20 cm土层好于20-40 cm.各指标林地间差异较大.其中刺槐林好于杨树林,而白蜡林最差.②乘幂方程能较好地反映研究地区不同林分类型的土壤入渗过程,有林地土壤人渗性能好于无林地,刺槐林、杨树林、白蜡林的平均渗透速率值分别是无林地(1.84 mm/min)的2.22,1.78,1.59倍.③有林地的土壤吸持、滞留贮水量、土壤涵蓄降水量、有效涵蓄量均表现为刺槐林＞杨树林＞白蜡林＞无林地.且0-20 cm土层的贮水性能均好于20-40cm.说明在涵养水源和水分有效性方面,刺槐林优于杨树林,白蜡林较差.从贮蓄水分、涵养水源角度来考虑,可在盐碱程度类似的生境中首先考虑刺槐、杨树树种.     

4种灌木林地根系分布特征及其固持土壤效应的研究

研究了石灰岩山区的黄栌、连翘、绣线菊和黄荆4种灌木林地根系分布特征及其固持土壤效应。结果表明：4种灌木林地根系的分布特征存在极显著差异,黄栌林地根系的生物量和长度均最大,各径级根系中直径〈1 mm的根系生物量最大;连翘林地根系的生物量和长度均较小,各径级根系中直径≥5 mm的根系生物量最大;黄荆林地根系的生物量和长度较高,主要分布在0～20 cm土壤层;绣线菊林地根系生物量最小,主要分布在0～20 cm土壤层。4种灌木林地土壤的抗侵蚀性能明显高于荒坡地,且与0～20 cm层根系生物量和根系长度显著相关,根系固持土壤效应从强到弱依次为：黄栌林〉黄荆林〉绣线菊林〉连翘林。     

晋西黄土高原水土保持林适宜密度研究

黄土高原区水土流失严重,由于降水、温度等自然气候的限制因素,关于适宜的林分密度的研究至关重要.从林分生长状况,林下枯落物蓄水能力,林下草本植物多样性和林地土壤物理特性等方面,对山西省吉县蔡家川流域不同密度的人工林进行了研究.结果表明,从林分生长状况,恢复地表草本植物多样性,改良土壤物理性质的角度出发,该地区营造刺槐林时密度以1 325株/hm~2为宜,油松林的密度以1733株/hm~2为宜,侧柏刺槐混交林的密度以2 089株/hm~2为宜.从增加林地枯落物的蓄水能力考虑,该地区营造刺槐林时密度以2 133株/hm~2为宜,油松林的密度以2222株/hm~2为宜,侧柏刺槐混交林的密度以2 356株/hm~2为宜.刺槐、油松、侧柏刺槐混交林中,侧柏刺槐混交林地草本植物多样性指数和均匀度指数最高,刺槐林地土壤的非毛管孔隙度最大,土壤涵养水源能力最强.     

4种灌木林地土壤物理性状及抗侵蚀性能的研究

研究了济南石灰岩山区的黄栌、连翘、绣线菊和黄荆4种灌木林地土壤的物理性状和抗侵蚀性能。结果表明：同一层次不同灌木林地的土壤物理性状存在显著差异，在0～20cm土壤层，黄栌林地的土壤物理性状最好，连翘林地的次之；在20～40cm土壤层．连翘林地的土壤物理性状最好，黄栌林地的次之，黄荆林地和绣线菊林地0～40cm土壤层的物理性状都较差；同一林地0～20cm层的土壤物理性状明显优于20～40cm层;4种灌木林地0～20cm层土壤的有机质含量、水稳性指数和水稳性团聚体含量均大于荒坡地，土壤侵蚀量明显低于荒坡地。     

长三角丘陵地不同植被林下土壤入渗特征分析

对南京市紫金山典型黄棕壤区麻栎纯林、麻栎马尾松混交林及灌木三种植被结构下土壤进行环刀法分层(0~20 cm、20~40 cm、40~60 cm、60~80 cm、80~100 cm)取样,采用传统土壤物理性质测定方法,研究了林分尺度下部分土壤物理性质的空间变异性及其与渗透规律的相互关系。结果表明:三种植被林下土壤在垂直方向上入渗速率由表及里均逐步递减,土壤初渗速率与土壤粉粒含量、土壤毛管孔隙度及土壤总孔隙度极显著相关,而土壤稳渗速率与土壤非毛管孔隙度极显著相关。同时,麻栎纯林的土壤渗透速率在三种植被类型中为最大;结合各植被结构下土壤持水能力分析,故而推断研究区麻栎纯林的土壤水文效应最为理想,可为该地区的人工造林植被结构搭配提供科学依据。     

晋西黄土区退耕还林地涵养水源和保育土壤功能评价

以晋西黄土区退耕还林地为研究对象,对其土壤容重、孔隙度、有机质、养分含量进行测定和分析,并对其涵养水源和保育土壤功能进行评价。结果表明:(1)退耕还林地0—50cm土层平均容重为1.23g/cm3,随着土壤深度的增加,土壤容重增大,土壤孔隙度呈下降趋势,刺槐侧柏混交林地土壤结构最好,荒草地最差;(2)0—30cm土层平均有机质含量为29.33g/kg,全氮含量为1.54g/kg,全磷含量为0.46g/kg,全钾含量为18.85g/kg,随着土壤深度的增加,土壤有机质含量减少,土壤全量养分呈现递减的趋势;(3)不同植被恢复措施涵养水源能力依次为刺槐侧柏混交林刺槐林侧柏林苹果林山杏林油松林;(4)不同植被恢复措施保育土壤能力依次为刺槐侧柏混交林油松林刺槐林侧柏林山杏林苹果林荒草地;(5)不同植被恢复措施下土壤涵养水源和保育土壤功能存在很大的差异,以刺槐侧柏混交林模式最佳,荒草地最差。     

江淮低丘林地水源涵养功能的研究

林地的水源涵养功能主要依赖于林下的凋落物和土壤的蓄水能力。对江淮低丘5种不同森林类型的凋落物蓄积量、凋落物持水性能及林地土壤蓄水性能进行了研究。结果表明,不同森林类型凋落物层和土壤层水源涵养功能差异明显。麻栎林凋落物蓄水能力最强,其最大持水量为123.7 t/hm²;纯茶园的凋落物蓄水能力最弱,其最大持水量33.5 t/hm²;马尾松和枫香混交林地的土壤蓄水能力最强,而麻栎和马尾松林地土壤蓄水能力较弱。从林地总蓄水量来看,凋落物层蓄水量仅占总蓄水量的较小比例1.9%～4.9%,而土壤层蓄水量占到总蓄水量的90%以上,因此林地总蓄水量是由土壤层蓄水量决定的。     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。     

长期化肥有机替代对黑土颜色及腐殖物质的影响

基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。