MAINTENANCE OF THE BLOOD LEVEL OF PENICILLIN AFTER INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION

Blood concentrations of penicillin were maintained at measurable levels for as long as seven or eight hours following single intramuscular injections of penicillin in the dog and in patients by means of vehicles containing 6 per cent. to 20 per cent. ossein gelatin and a long-acting vasoconstrictor drug. Intramuscular administration of penicillin can thus be carried on with three instead of eight injections per day with less variation in the extremes of penicillin blood levels.     

PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE INACTIVATION OF ANTIBIOTICS

Enhanced production of penicillin is made possible by addition of Cellophane to fluid media. With Cellophane bags of suitable surface, the growth of the submerged and surface penicillin producing strains of Penicillium notatum is significantly faster and more abundant; penicillin makes its appearance earlier and reaches higher concentration in larger total volumes than in control cultures without Cellophane. Thus the gain with the method described is both in the rate of production as well as in the total yield of penicillin. The enhancement also occurs under conditions unfavorable for development of penicillin, namely, (a) with degenerated cultures of the mold; and (b) when the surface penicillin producing strain is grown in cultures with an unfavorably small [See Equation In PDF file] ratio (0.0315). There is also noted a markedly stabilizing effect of Cellophane upon the H-ion concentration of abundantly growing cultures during active production of penicillin. The stabilization is of significance, since the sharp rise in pH usually occurring in Penicillium cultures tends to destroy rapidly the penicillin.     

Inactivation of Penicillins G and K by Liver and Kidney

The inactivation of penicillin K is more rapid in the renal-ligated rabbit than in the renal-ligated, eviscerate preparation. Inactivation of penicillin K occurs in the presence of surviving liver and kidney slices. Small amounts of penicillin G were inactivated by liver slices; larger amounts disappeared in the presence of kidney slices. The inactivation of penicillin K in the presence of rabbit liver and kidney slices is demonstrable anaerobically as well as aerobically.     

THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTION OF PENICILLIN AGAINST GRAM NEGATIVE ORGANISMS

It is apparent that penicillin exerts an antibacterial action against Gram negative as well as Gram positive organisms. This property of penicillin becomes more apparent in high potency preparations. It is possible that a form of penicillin showing greater activity against Gram negative organisms may exist. Studies on the nature of such a substance and on the in vivo action of penicillin against Gram negative organisms are in progress.     

ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF PENICILLIN

A convenient, practical and effective procedure of administering penicillin by mouth consists of mixing the drug with one tablespoonful of aluminum hydroxide. Substantially higher blood levels are obtained following a 50,000 and a 100,000 unit dose of penicillin with this method than after administration of the drug dissolved in water, either with or without previous ingestion of a mild antacid, such as aluminum hydroxide. Adsorption of penicillin on aluminum hydroxide appears to exert a local protective effect against that portion of gastric acid with which it comes into contact.     

ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF PENICILLIN IN CORN OIL AND LANOLIN

Oral administration of penicillin suspended in equal parts of corn oil and lanolin extends the maintenance of the penicillin level in the system (as determined by urine bio-assay). Measurable quantities were found 24 to 42 hours after ingestion. Recovery of the penicillin is about five times higher than under administration in saline solution. We wish to express our sincere appreciation to the various members of our staff who volunteered as subjects for these experiments.     

ORAL PENICILLIN

It is possible to attain serum concentrations of penicillin after oral administration comparable to those attained after intramuscular injection by the use of approximately five times as much penicillin. As the concentrations attained following the ingestion of penicillin by four different methods were all of the same order of magnitude, it would seem that the present problem in oral administration is analogous to that with intramuscular administration, i.e., to find the ideal vehicle whereby the duration of the serum concentration can be prolonged.     

Serological procedure for the detection of antibodies to penicillin

A hemagglutination technique for demonstrating antibodies to penicillin in sera from penicillin-allergic subjects is described. Erythrocytes coupled to penicillin T by means of bis-diazotized-benzidine constitute the "antigen" used to measure the antipenicillin antibody. The hemagglutination reaction is highly specific. as indicated by hemagglutination-inhibition studies. The clinical significance of these antibodies remains to be elucidated.     

青霉素对返魂草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以单叶返魂草和宽叶返魂草为试验材料,以赤霉素为对照处理,研究了不同浓度的青霉素对返魂草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响作用。结果表明：青霉素对宽叶返魂草种子萌发的作用不明显,而质量浓度为300mg/L的青霉素对单叶返魂草的种子萌发效果显著。质量浓度为100～500mg／L青霉素对2个品种的幼苗生长都有不同程度的促进作用,促进单叶返魂草幼苗生长的最适宜质量浓度为400mg／L。同浓度水平的赤霉素处理对返魂草种子萌发的促进作用大于青霉素,但其幼苗鲜重远低于青霉素处理组。     

ORAL PENICILLIN--A COMPARISON OF VARIOUS MODES OF ADMINISTRATION

A comparison of penicillin excretion when equivalent quantities of the drug are given orally or parenterally indicates that approximately 60 per cent. urinary excretion occurs after parenteral administration, whereas 14 per cent. urinary excretion occurs following oral ingestion. That destruction by gastric acidity is not primarily responsible for this difference is indicated by the fact that administration of penicillin directly into the duodenum does not greatly alter the amount of penicillin excretion. Evidence indicating that the majority of orally administered penicillin is destroyed by the body proper is discussed.     

ISOLATION OF TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS WITH PENICILLIN

Exposure of Trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal discharge for 60 hours to 5,000-10,000 units of penicillin in 10.0 ml of a medium containing cysteine (0.15 per cent.), peptone, liver infusion, maltose and human serum was adequate to destroy the associated bacteria. Seven strains were isolated from seven women without a failure. This technic widens the field of investigation by offering a means of obtaining additional strains of bacteria-free Trichomonas vaginalis for comparative study. Efforts to isolate Trichomonas vaginalis by such laborious methods as washing, micropipetting and migration have all failed to yield bacteria-free cultures at this and other laboratories. The adherence of bacteria to the trichomonads, which appear to have sticky surfaces, and the relatively slow speed with which these protozoa swim are probably in large measure responsible for failure. Further trials by these methods now seem unnecessary. In the cases reported above the success of the penicillin method may be attributed to several factors. Resistance of Trichomonas vaginalis to penicillin in the concentrations reported above, the absence from the specimens of vaginal discharge of bacteria resistant to penicillin in these same concentrations, and the destruction of bacteria adherent to the sticky surfaces of the trichomonads perhaps played a large part in assuring successful isolation of the protozoa.     

MTT法检测牛奶中青霉素残留

应用MTT法,对采集到的不同牛奶中青霉素残留进行了检测。结果表明,从正在使用青霉素的奶牛挤出的牛奶检测结果为阳性,表明含有青霉素残留,而未使用青霉素的奶牛挤出的牛奶检测结果为阴性,MTT法检测结果与实际牛奶中青霉素的残留情况一致,说明MTT法可用于日常生活牛奶中青霉素残留的检测。     

A METHOD OF PROLONGING THE ACTION OF PENICILLIN

(1) Single injections of penicillin in beeswax-peanut oil mixture will produce and maintain levels of penicillin in the blood for 7 or more hours. (2) These mixtures have maintained their potency at room, incubator and refrigerator temperatures for 30 to 62 days and show no signs of deterioration to date. (3) Eleven of twelve patients with gonorrhoea have been cured by a single injection of penicillin beeswaxpeanut oil mixture.     

Penicillin blood-level determinations with a Streptococcus dysgalactiae resistant to normal blood inhibitors

A strain of Str. dysgalactiae was found to be an effective test organism for penicillin blood-level determinations. This organism, although inhibited by penicillin in concentrations of 0.006-0.008 unit/ml., is resistant to the natural inhibiting substances of blood sera. The latter characteristic is very significant, since the test organisms (Str. pyogenes C-203 and B. subtilis) that are now employed for penicillin assay of body fluids are inhibited by a large percentage of human sera. The method described can detect penicillin blood levels in concentration of 0.016 unit/ml. of blood sera. Since blood levels above 0.03 unit/ml. are considered to be therapeutically effective, this method of assay is adequately sensitive for routine clinical application.     

Urinary recovery of penicillin after oral administration with antacids and buffers

Combinations of sodium bicarbonate, colloidal kaolin, magnesium trisilicate, and bismuth subcarbonate with penicillin produce a higher penicillin titer in the urine than the various antacids and buffers recommended for oral penicillin therapy.     

青霉素喷施防治柑橘黄龙病试验初报

柑橘黄龙病是世界性分布的柑橘毁灭性病害,严重制约着柑橘产业的发展．为探究青霉素对柑橘黄龙病的防治效果,本试验采用喷施的方式对柑橘黄龙病病树进行处理,同时结合实时荧光定量ＰＣＲ技术对病树内黄龙病菌量进行动态监测,确定青霉素对柑橘黄龙病的相对防效．结果表明连续喷施４次青霉素３个月和７个月后病树中黄龙病菌含量均出现不同程度的上调,相对防效分别为－１７０.１６％和－６３.９６％．以上结果表明喷施的方式进行青霉素处理黄龙病病树对柑橘黄龙病并不能取到防治效果．     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定动物肺组织中青霉素G和青霉素V

[目的]建立一种动物肺组织中青霉素G和青霉素V的高效液相色谱-电喷雾-三重四极杆质谱检测方法。[方法]样品中青霉素经磷酸二氢钠溶液提取,加正己烷去除脂肪后过SPE柱,乙腈洗脱,氮气吹干后用乙腈-水(1∶1,V/V)定容至1 ml,过膜后采用AgilentEclipse Plus C18柱高效液相色谱分离,电喷雾串联质谱法检测,负离子模式下多反应监测,标准曲线法定量。[结果]加标水平为5.0、10.0和20.0μg/kg时,回收率在73.58%～101.18%,相对标准偏差为3.00%～8.82%,仪器检出限为0.1μg/L,方法的定量限均为5.0μg/kg。[结论]该方法快速、灵敏、操作简单、准确性高,可满足对动物肺组织中青霉素G和青霉素V残留的定量分析要求。     

New Concept of Competitive Inhibition of the Renal Tubular Excretion of Penicillin

It has been found that the excretion of penicillin by a renal tubular transport mechanism could be physiologically inhibited reversibly. The basis for this effect is thought to be one of substrate competition between penicillin, which is excreted by the tubules, and 4'-carboxyphenyl-methanesulfonanilide, which is essentially refractory to excretion by that transport mechanism.     

不同护理方法对术后瘘管羊恢复效果的影响

通过比较两种不同护理方法对奶山羊瘘管手术后恢复效果的影响,从术后动物的促醒,青霉素消炎的方法,青霉素的过敏反应机理,青霉素钾、青霉素钠、生理盐水和葡萄糖溶液的使用,不同的输液速度等方面进行了比较和分析,在总结经验的基础上,提出了一套正确的护理方法和用药措施,为提高瘘管手术的成功率提供了有价值的参考依据。     

INCREASING AND PROLONGING BLOOD PENICILLIN CONCENTRATIONS FOLLOWING INTRAMUSCULAR ADMINISTRATION

(1) Restriction of fluid intake to 1,500 cc and the salt intake to 3 gm a day doubles the penicillin blood level following interrupted intramuscular [See Figure in the PDF file] injections of penicillin. (2) The administration of benzoic acid to a patient on an unrestricted diet Ilay double the penicillin blood level during similar treatment. (3) The combination of these two procedures results in a four- to eight-fold increase in penicillin blood level with a prolonged effective blood concentration.