不同植被覆盖对土壤有机碳矿化及团聚体碳分布的影响

植被覆盖通过其输入有机物料的差异影响着土壤养分和微生物活性,进而对其土壤的团聚过程和有机碳的矿化产生影响。该文通过对重庆缙云山四种植被类型覆盖(灌草丛、楠竹林、常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林)下土壤团聚体碳分布以及土壤有机碳矿化的分析,探讨了植被覆盖对这两者的影响以及两者的相互联系。植被覆盖影响着土壤有机碳矿化过程和团聚体碳分布。就土壤有机碳矿化累积量(42天)而言,表现为灌草丛常绿阔叶林针阔混交林楠竹林。不同植被覆盖土壤有机碳日均矿化速率在培养前期(前8天)差异较大,之后则趋于一致。除灌草丛土壤外,楠竹林、常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林覆盖土壤团聚体均以0.25～2 mm和0.25 mm团聚体为主,其总量达到65%以上。土壤团聚体平均重量直径表明灌草丛土壤结构稳定性要优于其它植被覆盖土壤,而楠竹林土壤结构稳定性最差。除灌草丛土壤外,0.25 mm团聚体是土壤有机碳的主要载体;其次是0.25～2 mm团聚体。简单相关和多元回归分析,表明土壤有机碳矿化系数与0.25 mm团聚体含量成负相关,与5 mm团聚体有机碳库成正比。因此,土壤团聚体对有机碳保护作用是土壤有机碳分配和矿化分解综合作用的结果。     

松散土样和填装土柱及紧实程度对土壤有机碳矿化的影响

土壤有机碳（SOC）矿化一般通过培养松散土样来测定,但是松散土样与原状土的结构存在很大差异,二者之间SOC矿化的关系尚不明确;通过填装土柱可以获得接近田间状态的土壤样品,但填装的紧实程度会改变土壤孔隙结构,因此可能影响SOC矿化。本研究首先以施用不同量有机肥的红壤为研究对象,设置松散土样和填装土柱两个处理,采用室内培养法比较二者之间SOC矿化的差异;然后选择其中一种土壤填装土柱,设置四个紧实程度处理,分别为1.1（BD1.1）、1.3（BD1.3）、1.5（BD1.5）和1.7 g?cm-3（BD1.7）,利用X射线显微CT（Computed Tomography, CT）成像技术分析土壤孔隙结构,分析紧实程度对土壤孔隙结构及SOC矿化的影响。结果表明,松散土样与填装土柱的SOC矿化量有显著差异,培养结束时（第57天）,松散土样的有机碳累积矿化量约是填装土柱的4倍。紧实程度增加较大程度地降低了土壤的总孔隙度和大孔隙度,降低比例分别为12.9% ~ 17.4%和18.7% ~ 88.5%;并且使充气孔隙度从63.6%下降到了8.2%,而充水孔隙度从36.4%增加到了91.8%。填装土柱的SOC矿化量随紧实程度增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,培养结束时（第28天）,BD1.5的SOC矿化量最高。回归分析的结果表明,SOC矿化量与总孔隙度、大孔隙度（>16 μm）、充水孔隙度（Water-filled pore space, WFPS）或充气孔隙度（Air-filled pore space, AFPS）之间存在显著的非线性关系。当总孔隙度或大孔隙度低于46%或3.7%时,SOC矿化量随孔隙度增加而增加;反之,SOC矿化量随孔隙度增加而降低。SOC矿化量与WFPS或APFS之间的关系呈现出类似的规律,当WFPS为66%或AFPS为34%时,SOC矿化量最高。以上结果说明,通过培养松散土样测定SOC矿化将会高估田间SOC的矿化潜力;紧实程度的变化会改变土壤的孔隙结构进而影响填装土柱的SOC矿化;SOC矿化量与孔隙度之间存在显著的非线性关系。     

钾钠离子添加对土土壤团聚体和有机碳矿化的影响

  【目的】  评价单价阳离子对团聚体稳定性和土壤有机碳矿化的影响,为有机肥尤其是粪肥的科学施用提供理论依据。  【方法】  采用恒温培养法,研究了不同钾、钠离子浓度下土壤团聚体的稳定性。供试土壤为土。试验中设置K+梯度分别为120、200、280、370、540 mg/kg;Na+梯度分别为90、180、270 mg/kg;并设置在K+ 370 mg/kg浓度下,添加Na+ 0、90、180、270 mg/kg的各处理;并以不添加钾钠离子的处理为对照。土壤在70%田间持水量下培养,定期取样,直到培养105天结束。监测土壤有机碳的矿化动态,以双库指数模型模拟有机碳的矿化特征,湿筛法测定团聚体稳定性。  【结果】  所有处理中2～0.25 mm和 >2 mm团聚体的比例均显著高于0.25～0.053 mm团聚体和<0.053 mm粉粘粒,分别占总量的42.0%～52.7%和26.0%~38.9%。添加K+、Na+以及同时添加K+和Na+总体上降低了>2 mm团聚体比例,增加了2～0.25 mm团聚体和< 0.053 mm粉黏粒组分比例,从而降低了团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD),钾钠共同作用效果更明显。K+ 120 mg/kg和Na+ 180 mg/kg两个处理显著降低了有机碳累积矿化量,其余单独添加K+或Na+的处理均无显著影响。钾钠共同处理的土壤有机碳累积矿化量随Na+浓度的增大而减小,降幅为1.2%～22.3%。双库指数模型能较好的模拟有机碳的矿化动态。拟合结果表明,所有处理均增加了来源于活性碳库有机碳的矿化量(Ca),降低了除K+540 mg/kg处理外其他处理源于惰性碳库有机碳的矿化量(Cs),且均降低了活性碳库的矿化速率常数(Ka)。同时,所有处理均增加了Ca占总有机碳矿化量的比例(Ra),而降低了Cs的占比(Rs)。冗余分析(RDA)表明,有机碳累积矿化量与GMD显著正相关,与土壤结构稳定性阳离子比值(CROSS)、钠吸附比(SAR)和可交换性钠百分比(ESP)显著负相关。  【结论】  钾、钠离子的累积显著影响了土壤团聚体组成,降低了团聚体MWD和GMD,抑制了惰性有机碳的矿化,提高了活性有机碳的矿化量,这可能是施用钾肥很难提高土壤有机质含量的一个原因。     

不同施肥处理对红壤水稻土团聚体有机碳分布的影响

通过23年的长期田间定位试验观测,研究了施肥对红壤水稻土不同发生层团聚体组成、有机碳含量及有机碳库分布的影响.试验设不施肥（CK）、无机肥（NPK）、有机肥（猪粪＋紫云英）（OM）和无机肥与有机肥配施（NPKM）等4个处理.结果表明,＞3 mm团聚体含量随土层深度呈增加趋势,而其他粒径的团聚体含量则呈下降趋势.施肥处理有利于1～3 mm和0.25～1 mm团聚体含量增加.各处理中,各层同粒径团聚体有机碳含量从高到低的顺序为：A＞P＞W1、W2.不同粒径团聚体中有机碳含量有明显差异,除＜0.05 mm团聚体外,粒径愈细,有机碳含量愈高.1～3 mm和0.25～1 mm团聚体含量与全土有机碳含量呈显著正相关.不同施肥处理有机碳储量表现出NPKM＞OM＞NPK＞CK的趋势.同施肥处理同发生层不同粒径团聚体有机碳储量从高到低的顺序为：＞3 mm、1～3 mm、0.25～1 mm、0.05～0.25 mm和＜0.05 mm,且差异显著.施肥处理增加的新碳主要向1～3 mm、0.25～1 mm团聚体富集.     

耕作方式对Brookston粘壤土团聚体中有机碳分布及矿化的影响

以加拿大安大略省西南部的Brookston粘壤土为研究对象,测定免耕(NT)、秋翻(MP)和牧草连作(BG)管理下特定团聚体(0.25～0.5 mm,1～2 mm)中土壤有机碳(SOC)的分布与动态变化.探索耕作方式对团聚体中SOC数量与稳定性的影响.结果表明:与MP和NT土壤相比,BG土壤团聚体SOC含量较高,且较为活跃;与MP相比,NT方式下团聚体的SOC含量较高,且随着团聚体粒径增大SOC含量增加; NT方式下团聚体中的SOC更加活跃;两种团聚体中SOC的稳定性随耕作方式变化而不同,长期NT下没有显著差别,长期MP下1～2mm团聚体较0.25～0.5 mm团聚体稳定.     

长期施肥条件下红壤有机碳化学结构与团聚体稳定性的关系

[目的]红壤普遍存在团聚体结构较差和有机碳含量较低的问题,土壤有机碳是影响土壤团聚体结构的重要指标,但以往研究主要关注有机碳含量与团聚体的相关关系,而对有机碳的化学结构如何调控团聚体结构则缺乏深入研究.[方法]依托始于1986年的红壤旱地长期施肥试验,选取不施肥(CK)、施用氮磷肥(NP)、施用氮磷钾肥(NPK)、施用...     

灰质白云岩土壤有机碳的团聚体保护

采集喀斯特地区灰质白云岩发育的乔木林下土壤,全部湿筛分为>5mm,5～2mm,2～1mm,1～0.5mm,0.5～0.25mm共5个粒级团聚体,再将5个粒级团聚体进行碳水化合物提取后后再次分别湿筛,收集>5mm,5～2mm,2～1mm,1～0.5mm,0.5～0.25mm共5个粒级的团聚体样品.对两次湿筛中5个粒级的土壤分别进行团聚体含量、土壤有机碳、土壤可氧化态有机碳测定,分析土壤团聚体稳定性与土壤有机碳、土壤可氧化态有机碳的关系.结果表明:灰质白云岩乔木林下土壤在经过提取碳水化合物的第二次湿筛后,大粒级团聚体(>5mm,5～2mm)向小粒级(2～1mm,1～0.5mm,0.5～0.25mm)转移;有机碳主要存在于较大粒级团聚体中,但各粒级团聚体有机碳并不随之转移;各粒径团聚体可氧化态碳含量均减少,但较大粒级(>5mm,5～2mm)可氧化态有机碳含量多,较小粒级(2～1mm,1～0.5mm,0.5～0.25mm)可氧化态有机碳含量少,故推测较大粒级团聚体(>2mm)保护土壤活性有机碳能力比较小粒级团聚体(<2mm)强.     

退化花岗岩植被恢复对团聚体及其有机碳的影响

研究退化红壤不同治理措施对土壤水稳性团聚体及其有机碳的影响。结果表明,恢复林地提高了0-20cm、20-40cm土层>0.25mm水稳性团聚体(WSA)含量和平均重量直径(MWD),显著提高土壤水稳性。表土中,大体上侵蚀林地WSA含量及其有机碳含量随粒径减小而增大,恢复林地随粒径增大而增大,并向>5mm、5～2mm两粒径富集,且侵蚀地、不同年代治理的林地、次生林间差异达显著水平(P<0.05);底土中,次生林、黑荆治理的林地WSA分布及有机碳含量变化与其表层的变化趋势相似,其他林地大体上向5～2mm、1～0.5mm两粒径富集。WSA含量及密度具有表聚性,且主要取决于治理年限、治理措施。     

土壤团聚体结构与有机碳的关系、定量研究方法与展望

近些年土壤固碳研究受到广泛关注。在诸多影响土壤固碳的因素中,团聚体结构对土壤有机碳的物理保护机制是研究的焦点。土壤中原始有机碳在土壤团聚体和团聚体结构形成中发挥着不可替代的作用,土地利用方式、耕作方式以及施肥措施发生变化后,团聚体及其结构在土壤有机碳固定中的作用变得更加凸显。团聚体结构包含众多的孔隙,这些孔隙的大小、数量、形状以及空间分布等都会影响土壤中水分运移、植物根系生长、土壤生物活动以及土壤有机碳分配,它们相互作用影响土壤中有机碳的固定。本文分析了水分、植物根系以及土壤生物与团聚体孔隙结构之间的关系,阐述了这些因素在土壤有机碳变化中所起的作用,并对目前研究的不足进行了概述。同时,阐述了不同CT(Computed Tomography,CT)技术在土壤团聚体结构探测中的应用及其对结构数据的提取方法,探讨了团聚体孔隙结构对有机碳固定的影响,展望了团聚体结构对有机碳固定影响需要加强的研究内容。参66。     

添加玉米秸秆对黑土团聚体碳氮分布的影响

通过室内模拟实验,研究了黑土添加玉米秸秆对团聚体组成、有机碳、氮及净积累有机碳、氮在不同粒径团聚体中的分布和碳、氮贮量的影响,探讨不同粒径团聚体对土壤固碳和肥力的贡献份额.研究结果表明:未添加玉米秸秆黑土,0.25～0.053 mm微团聚体含量最多,>2 mm大团聚体最少;土壤有机碳、氮主要分布在>2 mm和2～0.25 mm团聚体中;2～0.25 mm和0.25～0.053 mm团聚体中土壤有机碳、氮贮量最高.黑土添加玉米秸秆360 d期间,促进了土壤的团聚作用,>2 mm大团聚体成为优势粒级;土壤有机碳和净积累有机碳主要分布在>2 mm团聚体中,0.25～0.053 mm团聚体中分布最少;全氯和净积累氮主要分布在>2 mm和<0.053 mm团聚体中;土壤有机碳、氮贮量随着团聚体粒径的增大而增加.     

红壤不同粒径团聚体对草甘膦农药降解动力学的影响

草甘膦农药的大量喷施,使其在环境特别是土壤中的残留-累积风险日益突出,从团聚体粒径角度研究红壤不同粒径团聚体中草甘膦的降解动力学及其相互作用特征仍鲜有报道。基于此,本研究通过干筛筛分、室内控制培养、液质联用定量分析相结合等探究草甘膦降解残留,并进一步分析团聚体理化性质与草甘膦降解的关系。结果表明:1)不同粒径团聚体中,草甘膦残留量随降解时间不断减小,且粒径之间降解动力学差异不显著。降解半衰期为15.8～20.6 d,粒径最小的团聚体(0.25 mm)中草甘膦的降解半衰期最长,为20.6 d。草甘膦在土壤中的主要降解产物氨甲基磷酸(AMPA)的含量随着降解时间的增加而增加,且在第5d达到峰值,而后不断减小;不同粒径团聚体间AMPA含量差异显著(P0.05)。2)相关分析及主成分分析发现,草甘膦残留量与红壤团聚体中速效磷含量呈显著正相关(P0.05),而其降解产物AMPA含量与团聚体中酸性磷酸酶活性及N-乙酰氨基-β-葡萄糖苷酶活性呈显著正相关(P0.05)。团聚体粒径与草甘膦残留量间没有显著相关性,但与AMPA含量显著正相关(P0.05)。此外,草甘膦降解过程中,团聚体中有机质含量及β-葡萄糖苷酶、N-乙酰氨基-β-葡萄糖苷酶、酸性磷酸酶活性与团聚体粒径为显著负相关关系(P0.05)。由此表明:红壤不同粒径团聚体影响草甘膦降解速率,粒径最小的团聚体(0.25 mm)中草甘膦农药的降解速率最慢,但试验结束时,各粒径红壤团聚体中的草甘膦和AMPA含量均较高,可能会影响土壤健康及生态环境安全;此外,草甘膦降解与土壤磷素密切相关,后续研究需探讨磷亏缺或丰盈条件下,草甘膦农药的土壤环境特征,为后续农田草甘膦环境风险评估提供依据。     

免耕对土壤剖面孔隙分布特征的影响

探明长期免耕措施对土壤孔隙特征、土壤结构及土壤水分参数等影响,可为阐明在小麦、玉米轮作过程中,长期进行免耕对土壤剖面物理特征的改善及其作用机理提供科学依据。采用CT扫描法定量分析了免耕和常规耕作0~100 cm土层土壤孔隙(80~1 000μm、1 000μm、80μm)的数目、孔隙度及孔隙在土壤剖面上的分布特征,同时采用常规方法测定了土壤大团聚体、土壤容重、有效水含量及饱和导水率等。结果表明:长期免耕不仅提高了土壤1 000μm、80~1 000μm、80μm孔隙数,且其孔隙度也相应提高,较常规耕作孔隙数分别提高55.3%、58.2%、57.9%,孔隙度分别提高97.4%、39.4%、72.6%。同时土壤孔隙形态也得到了改善,孔隙成圆率提高。对不同土层而言,免耕更利于提高0~25 cm土层80~1 000μm和80μm孔隙数以及0~45 cm土层1 000μm孔隙数,且显著提高了0~20 cm和25~40 cm土层1 000μm、80μm及0~20 cm土层80~1 000μm的土壤孔隙度。说明长期免耕对土壤剖面孔隙的分布产生一定影响。此外,免耕提高了0~25 cm土层土壤的有效水含量、0~55 cm土层饱和导水率和0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量,降低了土壤容重,其作用深度在55 cm以上土层。通过CT扫描测得的土壤孔隙参数与常规方法测定的土壤物理参数之间存在极好的相关性,说明可从微观土壤孔隙特征来表征宏观的土壤物理性质。总之,长期免耕有利于改善土壤结构和土壤孔隙状况,提高土壤的渗透能力及土壤水分的有效性,促进作物的生长。     

Effect of biochar on soil structure and storage of soil organic carbon and nitrogen in the aggregate fractions of an Albic soil

ABSTRACT

Field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of corn straw derived-biochar (700 °C) applied at 0 (control), 10 (B1), 20 (B2) and 30 t ha^?1 (B3) on water stable aggregate (WSA), mean weight diameter (MWD), total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in WSA fractions of Albic soil. Compared with control, WSA in > 2 mm fraction increased, by 40.8% and 51.5% (0–10 cm depth) in B1 and B3, respectively. B1, B2 and B3 (10–20 cm depth) increased by 55.2%, 69.6% and 62.4%, respectively. MWD increased by 34.4%, 21.6%, and 17.6% with B3 at 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm and 20–30 cm depths, respectively. TOC in the > 2 mm fraction increased by 28.6%, 22.1%, and 23.2% (0–10 cm depth) in B1, B2, and B3, respectively, TN in 2–0.5 mm fractions increased by 32.4%, 23.4% and 33.6% (0–10 cm depth); and in the 0.25–0.05 mm fractions increased by 14.8%, 19.8% and 18.7% (10–20 cm depth), in B1, B2 and B3, respectively. Our findings suggest biochar application at 30 t ha^?1 could improve structural stability and sequestration of TOC and TN in Albic soils.     

长期施肥对栗褐土有机碳矿化的影响

【目的】 土壤有机碳矿化是土壤中重要的生物化学过程,与土壤养分的释放、土壤质量的保持以及温室气体的形成密切相关。本文以 25 年长期定位施肥试验为依托,对栗褐土土壤有机碳矿化速率、有机碳累积矿化量的动态变化进行研究,为科学管理土壤肥力、增加栗褐土碳汇、减少温室气体排放提供依据。 【方法】 田间试验开始于 1988,共设置 8 个施肥处理:不施肥 (CK);单施氮肥 (N);氮磷肥合施 (NP);单施低量有机肥(M₁);低量有机肥与氮肥合施 (M₁N);低量有机肥与氮磷肥合施(M₁NP);高量有机肥与氮肥合施 (M₂N);高量有机肥与氮磷肥合施 (M₂NP)。于 2013 年玉米播种前,采集耕层 (0—20 cm) 土壤样品,采用室内培养方法,对土壤碳矿化释放 CO₂ 的数量和速率进行测定,并利用一级动力学方程计算出土壤有机碳库潜在矿化势和周转速率。 【结果】 各肥料处理不同程度地提高了栗褐土总有机碳含量,以高量有机肥与化肥配施作用最为显著。与 CK 相比,M₂N、M₂NP 处理土壤总有机碳含量增加了 121.1%、166.8%。不同处理土壤样品培养有机碳矿化速率均在第一天达到峰值,随后急剧下降。5 d 后,下降趋缓,不同处理 CO₂ 产生速率趋于一致。培养期间,各处理矿化速率变化符合对数函数关系。长期施用不同肥料均可以提高栗褐土有机碳的矿化速率,其大小顺序为:有机肥与化肥配施 > 单施有机肥 > 单施化肥 > 对照。培养 57 d 后,各处理土壤有机碳累积矿化量为 555.0～980.3 mg/kg,以 M₂NP、M₁N 的累积量较高,为对照的 1.77 倍、1.73 倍。长期施肥栗褐土有机碳矿化率呈下降趋势,以处理 M₂NP 下降最明显,与对照相比,降低了 6.3 个百分点。施肥处理土壤的潜在矿化势均高于对照,M₁N、M₂NP 最高,为 923.7 mg/kg 和 926.4 mg/kg,较对照增加了 74.0% 和 74.5%。不同施肥处理均可明显提升土壤有机碳的周转速率,减少周转时间,其中处理 M₁NP、M₂NP 效果最为明显。 【结论】 长期施用化肥、有机肥及有机无机肥配施可有效促进栗褐土有机碳的积累,提高有机碳的矿化速率和周转速率,降低有机碳的矿化率 (累积矿化量占有机碳总量的比率),加强了土壤的固碳能力,以 M₂NP 处理的效果更佳。      

Influence of soil compaction on carbon and nitrogen mineralization of soil organic matter and crop residues

 We studied the influence of soil compaction in a loamy sand soil on C and N mineralization and nitrification of soil organic matter and added crop residues. Samples of unamended soil, and soil amended with leek residues, at six bulk densities ranging from 1.2 to 1.6 Mg m^–3 and 75% field capacity, were incubated. In the unamended soil, bulk density within the range studied did not influence any measure of microbial activity significantly. A small (but insignificant) decrease in nitrification rate at the highest bulk density was the only evidence for possible effects of compaction on microbial activity. In the amended soil the amounts of mineralized N at the end of the incubation were equal at all bulk densities, but first-order N mineralization rates tended to increase with increasing compaction, although the increase was not significant. Nitrification in the amended soils was more affected by compaction, and NO₃ ^–-N contents after 3 weeks of incubation at bulk densities of 1.5 and 1.6 Mg m^–3 were significantly lower (by about 8% and 16% of total added N, respectively), than those of the less compacted treatments. The C mineralization rate was strongly depressed at a bulk density of 1.6 Mg m^–3, compared with the other treatments. The depression of C mineralization in compacted soils can lead to higher organic matter accumulation. Since N mineralization was not affected by compaction (within the range used here) the accumulated organic matter would have had higher C : N ratios than in the uncompacted soils, and hence would have been of a lower quality. In general, increasing soil compaction in this soil, starting at a bulk density of 1.5 Mg m^–3, will affect some microbially driven processes. Received: 10 June 1999     

Soil aggregate size mediates the impacts of cropping regimes on soil carbon and microbial communities

Understanding the influence of long-term crop management practices on the soil microbial community is critical for linking soil microbial flora with ecosystem processes such as those involved in soil carbon cycling. In this study, pyrosequencing and a functional gene array (GeoChip 4.0) were used to investigate the shifts in microbial composition and functional gene structure in a medium clay soil subjected to various cropping regimes. Pyrosequencing analysis showed that the community structure (β-diversity) for bacteria and fungi was significantly impacted among different cropping treatments. Functional gene array-based analysis revealed that crop rotation practices changed the structure and abundance of genes involved in C degradation. Significant correlations were observed between the activities of four enzymes involved in soil C degradation and the abundance of genes responsible for the production of respective enzymes, suggesting that a shift in the microbial community may influence soil C dynamics. We further integrated physical, chemical, and molecular techniques (qPCR) to assess relationships between soil C, microbial derived enzymes and soil bacterial community structure at the soil micro-environmental scale (e.g. within different aggregate-size fractions). We observed a dominance of different bacterial phyla within soil microenvironments which was correlated with the amount of C in the soil aggregates suggesting that each aggregate represents a different ecological niche for microbial colonization. Significant effects of aggregate size were found for the activity of enzymes involved in C degradation suggesting that aggregate size distribution influenced C availability. The influence of cropping regimes on microbial and soil C responses declined with decreasing size of soil aggregates and especially with silt and clay micro-aggregates. Our results suggest that long term crop management practices influence the structural and functional potential of soil microbial communities and the impact of crop rotations on soil C turnover varies between different sized soil aggregates. These findings provide a strong framework to determine the impact of management practices on soil C and soil health.     

Endogeic earthworms differentially influence bacterial communities associated with different soil aggregate size fractions

Endogeic earthworm activities can strongly influence soil structure. Although soil microorganisms are thought to be central to earthworm-facilitated aggregate formation, how and where within the soil matrix earthworm-facilitated influences on soil microbial communities are manifested is poorly defined. In this study we used 16S rRNA gene-based terminal restriction fragment polymorphism (T-RFLP) analyses to examine bacterial communities associated with different aggregate size fractions (macroaggregates, microaggregates-within-macroaggregates and inner-microaggregates-within-macroaggregates) of soils incubated for 28 d with and without earthworms. We hypothesized that bacterial communities in different soil aggregate size fractions are differentially influenced by earthworm activities. Our results indicate significantly enhanced aggregate formation (both macroaggregates and microaggregates within macroaggregates) in earthworm-worked soils relative to soils receiving only plant litter. Although significant differences were found between bacterial communities of earthworm and litter-only treatments for all soil fractions, communities associated with earthworm-worked macroaggregate fractions exhibited the least similarity to all other soil fractions regardless of treatment. In addition to differences in terminal restriction fragment (T-RF) size distributions, T-RFLP profiles of earthworm-worked soil macroaggregates had significantly fewer T-RF sizes, further suggesting less species evenness and more extensive alteration of bacterial communities within this fraction. These findings suggest that, due to rapid occlusion of organic materials, microbial communities associated with microaggregates-within-macroaggregates formed during or shortly after passage through the earthworm gut are relatively inactive, and therefore change relatively little over time compared to macroaggregate populations as a whole.     

生物炭及秸秆长期施用对紫色土坡耕地土壤团聚体有机碳的影响

依托紫色土坡耕地长期施肥试验观测平台,研究生物炭、秸秆对紫色土坡耕地团聚体有机碳分布的影响。长期施肥试验处理包括不施肥(CK)、无机氮磷钾肥(NPK)、秸秆还田(RSD)、生物炭与无机氮磷钾配施(BCNPK)、秸秆与无机氮磷钾配施(RSDNPK)。利用湿筛法,进行土壤团聚体粒径分组,随后测定各粒径团聚体含量及其有机碳含量,并计算团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)。结果表明,RSD、RSDNPK和BCNPK处理的表层SOC含量比CK处理增加43.1%～90.5%,SOC储量提高65.1%～74.3%,其中RSDNPK处理、BCNPK处理较NPK处理SOC显著增加25.2%～33.1%(P0.05), SOC储量显著提高23.2%～30.0%(P0.05)。团聚体MWD和GMD均为RSD处理RSDNPK处理BCNPK处理NPK处理CK处理; RSD处理0.25～2 mm的团聚体含量高达45.5%,较CK处理提高57.7%;秸秆和生物炭配施处理(RSDNPK处理和BCNPK处理)0.25～2mm的团聚体含量为41.3%～45.7%,而0.053mm粒径团聚体含量却降低54.1%～55.4%。NPK处理、RSD处理与CK处理的增长趋势相似,呈随团聚体粒径减小,团聚体有机碳含量先增大后减小,继而再增大的趋势;而RSDNPK、BCNPK处理则呈随粒径减小团聚体有机碳含量增加的趋势。生物炭和秸秆的施用能显著提升土壤有机碳含量,增强土壤结构稳定性,但生物碳的施用对提升土壤有机碳含量效果优于秸秆的施用,秸秆的施用对稳定土壤结构效果更优,因此生物炭和秸秆的施用可作为紫色土耕地土壤肥力维持和提升的有效管理措施。     

Experimental snowpack reduction alters organic matter and net N mineralization potential of soil macroaggregates in a northern hardwood forest

Climate change is predicted to reduce or delay annual wintertime snow pack formation in the forests of the northeastern US. Any delay in snowpack formation could increase soil freezing in winter and, thereby, alter soil characteristics and processes. We examined the hypothesis that delayed snowpack would disrupt soil structure and change organic matter bioavailability in an experimental snow removal study at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF), NH, USA. Pairs of reference and snow removal treatment plots were studied in four different sites at HBEF. Snow was removed from November–January of two winters, inducing soil freezing throughout both winters. Size class distribution and organic matter concentration and content of aggregates, and carbon and nitrogen mineralization potential of size fractions were quantified for surface mineral soils in the spring of both years immediately after snowmelt. In the first year of sampling, the only significant effect of snow removal was an increase in the smallest (<53 μm) size fraction of mineral soil. In the second year, snow removal increased organic matter concentrations of macroaggregate (250–2,000 μm) and microaggregate (53–250 μm) size fractions. This change corresponded to an increase in net N mineralization potential and the ratio of N to C mineralized in the macroaggregate fraction, but there were no effects of snow removal on C mineralization. We propose that soil freezing increases the movement of organic matter from organic to mineral soil horizons and increases the N content of mineralizable substrates in mineral soil following years with delayed snowpack formation.