辽宁大豆主产区土壤硫素状况及不同硫肥肥效研究

本文通过对辽宁省大豆主要产区(8个县)土壤全硫及有效硫含量进行测定与分析,阐述了不同类型、不同肥力土壤硫素状况。在不同地区开展的硫肥肥效试验结果表明,在有效硫含量很低的土壤上施用硫肥增产效果都很明显,而有效硫含量较高的土壤上施用硫铵增产效果较好,石膏和硫磺的增产效果不稳。     

土壤与大气环境中硫行为及其对植物的影响

阐述了土壤的含硫状况、硫素主要形态、农业生态系统中硫肥的增产效应，大气中含硫化合物的主要来源及行为，对生态系统补偿以及浓度过高对植物的危害等。指出土壤含硫状况因区域和土壤类型而异，土壤硫素形态对植物的有效性明显不同，植物对土壤硫的需求量存在很大差异。在大气环境中硫的主要来源是火山喷发等自然源和含硫燃料（如煤炭）燃烧释放的人为源，植物生态系统与大气环境间存在着硫的交换与平衡，大气SO2在一定浓度下对生态系统具有重要的补偿效应，浓度过高则对植物生长与生理反应产生一系列的不利影响。     

黄褐土和潮土中硫素在植物生长发育关键时期的消长

为了解河南省分布面积最大的两种类型土壤中硫素的转移、转化和积累规律，从而指导硫肥的合理施用，本研究测定了黄褐土和潮土烟田上层（0~20 cm）、中层（20~40 cm）和下层（40~60 cm）土壤在烤烟关键生育期（移栽前、团棵期、现蕾期和收获后）的全硫、有机硫、无机硫和有效硫含量。结果表明：①团棵期，黄褐土上层各形态硫含量降低、中下层各形态硫含量增加，潮土中上层各形态硫含量增加、下层各形态硫含量下降；现蕾期，黄褐土中层无机硫和有效硫含量降低，潮土中层各形态硫和下层无机硫、有效硫含量均下降；收获后，黄褐土中下层无机硫和有效硫含量降低，潮土各土层无机硫和有效硫含量增加、有机硫含量降低。②在黄褐土和潮土烟田，现蕾期烤烟体内的全硫积累量分别约为当地硫肥施用量的25.35%和11.84%，且与移栽前相比，黄褐土各土层各形态硫在烤烟收获后均显著增加；收获后潮土上层有机硫含量略有降低（-10.21mg/kg）、但无机硫（+175.11 mg/kg）和有效硫（+174.99 mg/kg）含量显著增加，中层各形态硫含量均增加显著，下层有机硫和全硫含量降低、但无机硫和有效硫含量增加。综上，黄褐土和潮土试验点的硫肥施用量均大于需求量。但黄褐土中可能因硫素的转移能力较弱、向有机硫转化的能力较强，硫素更容易在各层土壤积累，而潮土中过量的硫则可能较易转移和淋失，污染其他土壤及地表和地下水，因此，黄褐土和潮土烟田的硫肥施用量均应适当减少，且潮土烟田还应适当减少基肥施用量、增加追肥次数并减小施肥深度，以减少土壤硫素的积累和淋失，从而减少土壤面源污染。     

泰顺县耕地土壤硫素状况调查与施硫效果研究

调查了泰顺县耕地土壤硫素状况,有效硫含量(磷酸钙浸出法)5～24 mg/kg,平均含量13.1 mg/kg.进行了多种农作物的施硫效果研究.结果表明,在油菜、水稻、尖椒、甘薯等4种作物上施硫增产幅度在5.2%～33.6%之间,每公顷施硫30～60 kg即可矫正土壤缺硫情况,满足作物需硫量.     

湖南省柑橘园土壤硫素及施硫效应研究

为了探明湖南省柑橘园土壤硫素含量丰缺程度和柑橘施硫效应,2000～2004年开展了柑橘园土壤硫素含量调查与田间试验研究。结果表明,湖南省柑橘园020cm土层有效硫含量平均为47.7.mg/kg,低于临界值的占9.9%、潜在缺硫的占17.3%。随着土层加深,有效硫含量逐渐增加、全硫含量依次减少。土壤有效硫的地区分布,020.cm土层,81.3%的调查县中有10.0%～75.0%的柑橘园存在缺硫和潜在缺硫。柑橘叶片全硫含量平均为2.32.g/kg,有27.2%的柑橘园低于临界值。在有效硫含量不同的土壤中,柑橘连续4～5年施硫肥平均增产5.3%～30.0%,4个基点平均增产10.7%。连续施硫肥明显提高了柑橘叶片硫和氮含量,柑橘果皮中硫含量提高、氮含量降低,有利于果实品质的改善。施硫肥的增产优质效应表现为有效硫含量缺乏的土壤潜在缺乏土壤中等和丰富土壤;较长树龄较短树龄。随着施硫肥年数延长,施硫增产优质效应更加明显。     

施肥对红壤稻田硫素演变及供硫能力的影响

研究了进行 15年的不同施肥结构对红壤稻田土壤硫素肥力演变和对土壤供硫能力的影响。结果表明 ,不同施肥结构明显影响土壤全硫、有机硫、无机硫和供硫潜力 (无机硫加部分有机硫 ,40℃KCl浸提 )的演变时间进程以及土壤有机硫的潜在矿化量、矿化常数和矿化半减期 ,稻草还田和有机肥施用有利于土壤硫的积累 ,提高土壤供硫能力 ;连续盆栽幼苗试验结果表明 ,作物吸硫量以稻草还田区 有机肥加化肥区 全化肥区 无肥区 ,与土壤全硫、供硫潜力及土壤硫潜在矿化量顺序一致     

长期定位施肥紫色土无机硫形态变化

【目的】以紫色土肥力与肥料效益监测基地的土壤为研究对象研究了长期(22年)不同施肥(不施肥对照、施用氮磷钾、单施有机肥、氮磷钾与有机肥配施、永久休闲)处理对表层土壤(0-20 cm)硫含量的影响,为合理进行硫素供应和肥料施用提供理论依据。【方法】利用连续提取法提取耕层土壤的水溶性硫、吸附性硫、HCl溶性硫和总硫,并用BaS04比浊法进行测定。【结果】化肥与有机肥长期配施能显著增加土壤的总硫含量,与原始土壤相比增加65.42 mg/kg但有效硫比例低于单施化肥处理;与原始土壤相比5个处理的水溶性硫含量都有所下降幅度为0.87~1.38 mg/kg;而单施有机肥或化肥与有机肥配施能显著增加土壤的吸附性硫含量分别比原始土壤增加93.3%和177.4%;长期施用氮磷钾化肥能显著增加土壤HCl溶性硫含量,比原始土壤增加了161.7%。【结论】单施化肥或有机肥化肥配合施用都能显著增加土壤硫的供给,而有机肥与化肥配施更有利于土壤硫的累积。此外,长期施肥试验表明大气硫沉降的减少对土壤硫供给的影响需值得进一步关注。     

不同硫肥品种和用量对玉米产量和黑土有效硫的影响

通过田间小区试验研究了硫肥不同品种和用量对玉米的生长、产量构成因素和对土壤有效硫的影响。结果表明 :硫对玉米的生长发育有促进作用 ,提高玉米产量。增产效果较好的是硫磺和石膏 ,硫磺增产 6.5 %～ 9.6% ,石膏增产 5 .6%～ 8.0 %。随着硫肥施用量的增加 ,玉米的产量增加。施含硫肥料能缓解土壤硫素的消耗 ,对保持土壤中硫的平衡有很大作用。     

湿地土壤硫分布及其影响机制研究进展

硫元素作为继氮、磷、钾元素之后的第四位重要营养元素,在植物的生长发育过程中扮演着重要角色,对维持湿地生物地球化学循环的健康发展有着重要意义。本研究对湿地土壤生态系统中硫素分布进行了综述,分析了湿地土壤硫分布特点及其影响因素,对比了不同学者的研究结果,总结了目前硫循环研究的薄弱现状,并对未来研究进行了展望,为下一步集中研究湿地土壤硫分布形态、硫素的迁移转化规律提供基础。     

湖北四种典型土壤硫肥效应

选择黄棕壤、红壤、灰潮土和水稻土等湖北省四种主要土壤类型,对油菜和水稻分别进行盆栽和田间硫肥试验。试验结果表明:黄棕壤、红壤和灰潮土三种土壤盆栽油菜施用硫肥后,均能促进油菜的生长发育并增加油菜的干物重,但总体上施石膏的效应比施硫磺要好。水稻土田间水稻硫肥试验后,明显提高了水稻产量,但施硫磺粉的效果要比施石膏好,前者的增产率达到27.44%,后者是14.88%。试验前后土壤有效硫的变化进一步说明施用硫肥可以维持土壤硫素平衡,满足作物营养需求。使用澳大利亚KC l—40方法测定土壤有效硫含量,能反映土壤供硫水平与作物产量的相关性,这对于指导我国农业生产具有重要的意义。     

Studies on Nutrient Distribution in Some Zambian Soils with Special Reference to Sulphur Using GIS (Geographic Information Systems) II. Evaluation of Plant-Available Sulphur and Its Distribution in Major Zambian Soils

Relationship between the contents of soil sulphur and plant sulphur was studied in order to evaluate the distribution of plant-available sulphur in Zambian soils. Four soils series with distinct differences in texture and organic carbon content had been selected among representative benchmark soil series and used to cultivate maize (Zea mays L.) as a test plant in pots. From the results of the pot experiment, critical levels of sulphur deficiency in plants and soils were evaluated and the levels of available sulphur for maize nutrition were rated into four classes using data on the relative yield of maize. The optimum method to determine the available sulphur content of the soils was applied to the analysis of other benchmark soils. Satisfactory regression models for assessing the relation between the content of available soil sulphur with other soil constituents among benchmark soil could not be identified. A distribution map for available sulphur was drawn in a step-by-step format by using a different scale of the soil map, soil units and the legends of soil map databases. As a result, it was confirmed that sulphur-deficient and marginal areas were widely distributed throughout the country. Finally, soil acidity problems associated with sulphur application, the inconsistency of the content of available sulphur with that of total sulphur and limitation of the map utility were examined.     

Studies on Nutrient Distribution in Some Zambian Soils with Special Reference to Sulphur Using GIS (Geographic Information Systems) II. Evaluation of Plant-Available Sulphur and Its Distribution in Major Zambian Soils

Relationship between the contents of soil sulphur and plant sulphur was studied in order to evaluate the distribution of plant-available sulphur in Zambian soils. Four soils series with distinct differences in texture and organic carbon content had been selected among representative benchmark soil series and used to cultivate maize ( Zea mays L.) as a test plant in pots. From the results of the pot experiment, critical levels of sulphur deficiency in plants and soils were evaluated and the levels of available sulphur for maize nutrition were rated into four classes using data on the relative yield of maize. The optimum method to determine the available sulphur content of the soils was applied to the analysis of other benchmark soils. Satisfactory regression models for assessing the relation between the content of available soil sulphur with other soil constituents among benchmark soil could not be identified. A distribution map for available sulphur was drawn in a step-by-step format by using a different scale of the soil map, soil units and the legends of soil map databases. As a result, it was confirmed that sulphur-deficient and marginal areas were widely distributed throughout the country. Finally, soil acidity problems associated with sulphur application, the inconsistency of the content of available sulphur with that of total sulphur and limitation of the map utility were examined.     

Comparison of methods to evaluate the sulphur status of soils

Abstract

The sulphur status of 98 soils was assessed using nine methods, some of which were designed to include mineralizable sulphur. A close correlation was found between various direct extraction methods all using phosphate, though the turbidimetric method of analysis appeared to overestimate soil S values. Extractions following short term incubation with cysteine correlated significantly with direct extraction methods indicating that the soil sulphate pool is directly related to the soil's ability to mineralize readily available organic S. In contrast, incubation with elemental S gave no correlation. A respirometric method following amendment with cellulose gave only a poor correlation with two other methods. A Neubauer plant bioassay was most closely correlated to Ca (H₂PO₄)₂‐extractable S, CaCl₂‐extractable S and to extractable S following incubation with cysteine. The value of the various methods for routine use is discussed.     

Incorporation of S into soil organic matter in the field as determined by the natural abundance of stable S isotopes

In agricultural systems with low S inputs, soil organic matter is a major source of S and the transformations between organic and inorganic S pools are important for the supply of S to plants. This study was conducted to determine the effect of S fertilizer on the size and activity of organic S pools. For 5 years S fertilizer with a known composition of stable S isotopes was applied to a rotation on a loamy soil and a coarse sandy soil at rates higher than the plant demand. Total organic S in soil organic matter was not affected by sulphur application, but a small increase occurred in the sulphate ester fractions (P<0.05). Inorganic sulphate concentrations in the soil reflected the S application in the year of sampling, whereas S applied in earlier years was not recognized. Organic matter below the plough layer in both soils was enriched with S, possibly as a result or organic matter leaching or an increased clay content in the subsoils. At 0–20 cm, the C:S ratio in organic matter was ca. 100 for both soils, decreasing to 73 and 46 at 60–80 cm for the coarse sandy soil and the loamy soils, respectively. In both soils, isotope data showed that ca. 30% of organic-bonded S at 0–20 cm originated from fertilizer S applied during the last 5 years, irrespective of the S application rate. At 20–40 cm the rate of incorporations was lower and at 40–60 cm no incorporation of fertilizer S into organic matter was recognized. The fertilizer application did not induce net changes in the total organic S fraction, but isotope data indicated that a considerable part of the organic S pool was involved in S cycling in the field.     

酸性土壤磷分级新方法建立与生物学评价

土壤磷分级方法可用于估算土壤有效磷数量、不同土壤磷组分库数量及其对土壤有效磷的补充能力。以云南赤红壤、黄红壤及湖北棕红壤为供试材料,运用张守敬方法、蒋柏藩方法及本文提出的新方法,对三种酸性土壤和其石灰改良后的土壤磷进行分级研究,探讨石灰改良对酸性土壤磷组分数量及其生物有效性的影响。结果表明:Ca2-P、Al-P和Fe-P是酸性土壤主要的有效磷源,O-P(闭蓄态磷)也是潜在有效磷源,土壤中活性有机磷库相对比较稳定,可转化为高活性有效磷源供植物吸收利用。与两种经典磷分级方法相比,新方法将O-P划分为O-Al-P和O-Fe-P,O-Fe-P较好地反映了石灰处理与对照之间的土壤磷植物有效性差异。     

SULPHATE REDUCTION IN WATERLOGGED SOILS

To study the factors that influence the release of free H₂S, flooded soils were incubated with plant material and either sodium sulphate or elemental sulphur. Residual sulphate, FeS and H₂S were measured throughout the reaction. Less free H₂S was evolved from a periodically waterlogged soil than from a well-drained soil of comparable HC1- and dithionite-soluble Fe content. With a readily soluble synthetic Fe₂O₃ as the source of Fe, a slight excess of Fe over the SO₄^2– equivalent sufficed to prevent loss of H₂S. The native organic matter in the well-drained Rothamsted top-soil seemed to have no effect in promoting loss of H₂S, but the FeS:H₂S ratio was strongly influenced by the nature of the plant material used as the source of energy. With either Na₂SO₄ or S, considerably more free H₂S was evolved with lucerne than with rice blade. With S, the pH of the incubated mixtures was close to that of the nominally S-free system, whereas with Na₂SO₄ the mixture became quite alkaline. More free H₂S was evolved under the more alkaline conditions obtained with Na₂SO₄, which suggests that it is the initial mobilization of Fe that governs the distribution of the reduced S, rather than the pH-solubility relations of FeS. An oxidized surface layer is very effective in retaining sulphur in the soil.     

Optimizing soil dissolved organic matter extraction by grey relational analysis

Dissolved organic matter(DOM) in soil plays an important role in the fate and transport of contaminants.It is typically composed of many compounds,but the effect of different extraction factors on the abundance of different DOM components is unknown.In this study,DOM was extracted from three soils(paddy field,vegetable field and forest soils) with various extraction time,liquid to solid ratios(LSRs),extractant types,and extractant concentrations.The LSR had a significant effect on DOM content,which increased by 0.5–4.0 times among the three soils when LSR increased from 2:1 to 10:1(P 0.05).Dissolved organic matter content increased by 4%–53% when extraction time increased from 10 to 300 min(P 0.05).Extractant concentration had different effects on DOM content depending on the extractant.Higher concentrations of KCl promoted DOM extraction,while higher concentrations of KH_2PO_4 inhibited DOM extraction.Therefore,grey relational analysis was used to further quantitatively evaluate the effect of extraction time,LSR,and extractant concentration on DOM,using KCl as an extractant.For the paddy field and forest soils,the impact of these three factors on DOM extraction efficiency was in the following order:KCl concentration LSR extraction time.However,the effect was different for the vegetable field soil:LSR extraction time KCl concentration.Taking all these factors into account,1.50 mol L~(-1) KCl and an LSR of 10:1 with a shaking time of 300 min was recommended as the most appropriate method for soil DOM extraction.     

陕西省农田土壤硫含量空间变异特征及亏缺评价

陕西省 13种耕地土壤 30 5个表层 (0～ 2 0cm)土壤样点分析结果表明 :该省土壤全硫和用0 0 1molL-1Ca(H2 PO4) 2 浸提的有效硫含量分别为 33～ 76 9mgkg-1(均值 36 0mgkg-1)和 4 6～ 15 7 3mgkg-1(均值 2 9 3mgkg-1) ,其中黑垆土 (普通干润均腐土 )、绵砂土 (灌淤湿润砂质新成土 )的有效硫平均含量最低。土壤全硫具有中等空间相关性 ,有效硫空间相关性较差。土壤全硫和有效硫分布具有渐变性 ,其最大相关距离分别为 5 31km和 34km。全硫以较大区域变异为主 ;有效硫以小区域变异为特征。陕西省耕地土壤有效硫含量低于硫亏缺临界值 (18 5mgkg-1)的占总面积的 13 9% ,相当于 5 3 7万hm2 农田缺硫。陕西省中部地区 ,尤其是延安西部地区土壤硫亏缺风险较大     

Status and distribution of soil sulphur fractions,total nitrogen and organic carbon in camp and non-camp soils of grazed pastures supplied with long-term superphosphate

Summary Topsoils (0–75 mm) from four different soil types were collected from stock camp and non-camp (main grazing area) areas of grazed pastures in New Zealand, which had been fertilised annually with superphosphate for more than 15 years, in order to assess the effects of grazing animals on the status and distribution of soil S fractions and organic matter. These soils were analysed for organic C, total N, total S, C-bonded S, hydriodic acid-reducible S, 0.01 M CaCl₂, and 0.04 M Ca(H₂PO₄)₂-extractable S fractions, and soil pH. Soil inorganic and organic S fractions extracted by NaHCO₃ and NaOH extractants were also determined. The results obtained showed that camp soils contain higher soil pH, organic C, total N, total S, organic (C-bonded S and hydriodic acid-reducible S) and inorganic S fractions, NaHCO₃-and NaOH-extractable soil S fractions but a lower anion retention capacity than non-camp soils, attributed to a higher return of plant litter and animal excreta to camp soils. In both soils, total S, organic S, C-bonded S, and hydriodic acid-reducible S were significantly correlated with organic C (r0.90***, ***P0.001) and total N (r0.95***), suggesting that C, N, and S are integral components of soil organic matter. However, C: N : S ratios tended to be lower in camp (60: 5.6: 1–103: 7.2: 1) than in non-camp soils (60:6.1:1–117:8.3:1). Most (>95%) of the total soil S in camp and non-camp soils is present as organic S, while the remainder is readily soluble and adsorbed S (i.e. Ca(H₂PO₄)₂-extractable S). C-bonded S and hydriodic acid-reducible S constituted 55%–74% and 26%–45% of total S, respectively, reflecting a regular return of plant litter and animal excreta to the grazed pastures. NaHCO₃, and especially NaOH, extracted significantly higher amounts of total soil S (13%–22% and 49%–75%, respectively) than Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ or CaCl₂ (<5%). In addition, NaHCO₃ and NaOH-extractable soil S fractions were significantly rorrelated with soil organic S (r0.94***), C-bonded S (r0.90***) and hydriodic acid-reducible soil S (r0.93***). Differences between soils in either camp or non-camp areas were related to their sulphate retention capacities, as soils with high sulphate retention capacities (>45%) contain higher levels of C-bonded and hydriodic acid-reducible S fractions than those of low sulphate retention soils (<10%). Long-term annual superphosphate applications significantly increased the accumulation of soil organic and inorganic S fractions, and organic C and total N in the topsoil, although this accumulation did not occur when the superphosphate application rates were increased from 188 to 376 kg ha^-1 year^-1.     

Zum Einfluß von pH und organischem Kohlenstoffgehalt auf die Löslichkeit von Eisen,Blei, Mangan und Zink in Waldböden

Influence of pH and organic carbon content on the solubility of iron, lead, manganese and zinc in forest soils Several soil factors determine the solubility of heavy metals in soils. The contents of exchangeable and in consequence potentially plant available heavy metals are mainly influenced by the pH and the content of organic carbon. Samples of the A_h-horizon from the stemflow area and from soil not influenced by stemflow water were investigated in beech forests. The solubility or iron, lead, manganese and zinc is described in relation to the pH and the content of organic carbon. Exchangeable iron and lead appear in significant amounts at pH below 3.5 and 4.5, respectively, regardless to the content of organic carbon. Manganese and zinc are exchangeable at pH below 5.0 and are leached for about 90% from the A_h-horizon at pH values below 3.0. The effects of higher soluble iron and lead contents on the distribution of herbaceous plants are discussed.