苗期耐低磷毛叶苕子品种的筛选及其磷效率类型评价

筛选毛叶苕子耐低磷品种,并评价其磷效率类型,为毛叶苕子磷高效品种的选育和生产应用提供理论依据.采用苗期水培的方法,以22个毛叶苕子品种为供试材料,在低磷(2μmol/L Pi)和正常磷(200μmol/L Pi)处理下,测定毛叶苕子的主根长、株高、地上部干重、根系干重、根冠比、地上部全磷含量和磷累积量,通过主成分分析和...     

酸性磷酸酶活性与大豆耐低磷能力的相关研究

在水培条件下研究了11个南方春大豆地方品种和育成品种对低磷胁迫反应的差异及其与酸性磷酸酶活性（APA）的相关关系。结果表明，不同大豆品种的地上部干重、根干重、植株全磷和全氮积累量差异极显著（P＜0.01），表现出品种间耐低磷的差异性。大豆品种地上部干重、根干重、植株全磷和全氮量与APA的相关性均达到显著或极显著水平。APA是大豆品种磷效率的一种机制，它可作为耐低磷品种筛选的一个生化指标。     

低磷红壤-玉米-磷肥品种的匹配研究

研究不同品种磷肥在低磷红壤上的吸收利用对合理选择磷肥品种、提高红壤磷肥利用效率、减少红壤磷的固定具有重要意义。基于西南典型低磷红壤的两年田间定位试验和盆栽试验,研究施用不同品种磷肥[不施磷（CK）;普通过磷酸钙（SSP）;磷酸一铵（MAP）;磷酸二铵（DAP）;钙镁磷肥（CMP）]对玉米产量、磷吸收、磷分配和磷利用效率的影响。结果表明,田间试验和盆栽试验发现在低磷红壤上,不同施磷品种间,SSP处理的玉米产量、生物量和收获指数最高,较MAP、DAP和CMP处理玉米产量平均增加53.1%、37.5%和50.1%,生物量平均增加32.0%、21.4%和30.9%,收获指数平均增加15.6%、12.8%和14.1%。施用不同品种磷肥均显著增加玉米磷累积量、各器官（秸秆、叶片和籽粒）磷吸收量和玉米磷收获指数,其中,施用SSP处理的玉米磷累积量较MAP、DAP和CMP处理平均增加32.6%、48.2%和39.5%,玉米磷收获指数在2019年平均增加22.7%,盆栽试验中平均增加13.7%。玉米磷素利用效率总体表现为SSP>CMP>DAP>MAP,SSP较MAP、DAP和CMP处理...     

苗期耐低磷烟草基因型筛选及其磷效率

【目的】筛选耐低磷及磷高效作物是充分利用土壤磷素和磷肥,减少磷肥施用对环境污染的重要手段。调查烟草基因型的磷素利用效率可为培育磷高效烟草品种提供理论依据。【方法】以71个烟草品种为供试材料进行了水培试验。以Hoagland营养液为基础(1.0 mmol/L KH₂PO₄),调整营养液磷水平0.01 mmol/L KH₂PO₄ (低磷)。烟苗在完全营养液中生长至4叶1心时进行处理。处理21天后,采样分析烟草主要生长、形态和生理指标,筛选耐低磷基因型判别指标,并对品种进行磷效率类型划分。【结果】全株磷累积量、地上部干重、根干重、株高、总根长及根直径可作为鉴定耐低磷烟草基因型的苗期筛选指标。将全株磷累积量和地上部干重的耐低磷相对值进行聚类热图分析,鉴定出8个耐低磷品种、21个低磷敏感品种及42个中间型品种。同时,依磷效率综合值作散点图发现,耐低磷品种中有4个低磷低效正常磷低效型、2个低磷高效正常磷高效型和2个低磷高效正常磷低效型,低磷敏感品种中有14个低磷低效正常磷低效型、1个低磷高效正常磷高效型和6个低磷低效正常磷高效型。【结论】初步确定K326和云烟105为耐低磷且磷高效品种,G28、闵烟3号、DB101、Oxford 2028、14P10、CV70、云烟98、MSB44、单育2号、净叶黄、CB1、中烟101、RG11和MSB31等14个为不耐低磷且磷低效品种。     

耐低磷水稻筛选与鉴定

对2472个来自不同核心种质资源库的代表性水稻品种进行了苗期耐低磷初选和复筛,并通过全生育期鉴定,研究了耐低磷水稻种质资源筛选的基本条件和指标。结果表明,采用两步筛选法,即苗期初筛和复筛,并通过全生育期产量验证,既可以获得典型耐低磷和低磷敏感水稻品种,又提高效率,吻合度达67%;在供试土壤有效磷含量小于5.mg/kg时,筛选密度为4株/600g土,设低磷水平为50.mg/kg(外加);分蘖数及其耐低磷指数(相对分蘖数)综合性较强,作为苗期筛选指标比较适宜;对于少数特殊的品种,它们在高磷和低磷处理时都没有分蘖,此时用干重耐低磷指数(相对干重)来衡量它们的耐低磷能力比较合适;全生育期验证以经济产量及其耐低磷指数(相对经济产量)为鉴定指标,其中有效穗对经济产量影响最大。     

磷肥低量施用制度下土壤磷库的发展变化──Ⅱ.土壤有效磷及土壤无机磷组成

在碳酸盐褐土上９年的试验结果表明：持续施用低量磷肥即施肥量与作物收获磷量相当、可缓慢提高土壤速效磷的浓度,并最终稳定在接近土壤“不缺磷”水平,但不能使土壤建立较大的有效磷库。中有在结合８０％收获产品喂饲－堆腐回田的施肥制度后则可达到这一目的。猪粪中的磷与化肥磷对于改善土壤有效磷库的作用相似。每年小剂量较之每６年一次大剂量施磷更有利于提高土壤速效磷和活性磷的浓度并有利于提高肥料残磷进行Ｃａ２－Ｐ库的     

植物耐低磷胁迫的遗传调控机理研究进展

土壤中总磷的含量很高,但其中能被植物吸收利用的有效磷浓度往往很低,因此,缺磷已经成为农业生产中重要的限制因子之一。由于磷在植物生长发育过程中的重要作用,植物在进化的过程中形成了一系列的适应机制以应对低磷胁迫。随着分子生物技术在植物营养研究中的广泛应用,研究人员相继克隆了大量参与植物体内磷动态平衡调控的基因,其中包括磷转运子、 转录因子、 非编码的小RNA及其它低磷胁迫诱导基因等。这些基因相互作用共同形成了复杂的植物耐低磷胁迫遗传调控网络。另外,利用数量遗传学的研究思路,大量与植物磷效率相关的数量性状位点（quantitative trait locus, QTL）也被定位出来。这些研究结果对于理解植物耐低磷胁迫的遗传调控机制具有重要作用。本文就以上研究的国内外最新进展进行综述。     

滴灌条件下不同磷肥品种对土壤磷有效性及玉米产量的影响

通过模拟试验及田间试验研究不同磷肥施用后对土壤磷有效性的动态变化和分布特点,以及玉米磷吸收和产量响应的影响。田间和模拟试验包括4个处理,分别为对照(不施磷肥)、MAP(磷酸一铵)、UP(磷酸脲)和AAP(水溶性聚磷酸铵)。模拟试验中,不同磷肥均提高土壤中有效磷含量,APP处理10—15 cm土层有效磷含量增加最多。在均匀的养分投入和管理水平下,3种磷肥品种均有土壤酸化效果,其中UP处理最为显著。田间试验中,玉米生长后期,APP处理的土壤有效磷含量在深层土壤分布较高,UP处理土壤pH较低,均有利于改善土壤的供磷能力,提高土壤有效磷含量;APP处理对根系发育有显著的促进作用,玉米组织磷含量和磷吸收量最大,产量最高(14.40 t/hm^2)。3种磷肥中,APP处理移动性较好,土壤深层有效磷含量增加,利于根系生长和养分的吸收,提高产量。水溶性聚磷酸铵(APP)是一种适合于玉米灌溉施肥的肥料。     

转GmPTF1基因大豆在低磷胁迫下的表现

为研究大豆磷代谢转录因子基因GmPTF1对提高大豆磷利用效率的作用,用根癌农杆菌介导大豆子叶节转化法将GmPTF1导入大豆品种豫豆22.通过测定GmPTF1在转基因植株中的表达量以及苗期转基因植株和野生型对照植株在低磷胁迫下的形态和生理生化表现差异,来分析GmPTF1基因在导入大豆后发挥的生物学功能.结果表明:转基因植株的GmPTF1表达量显著高于野生型对照,其中以T1-32和T1-40为最高.在低磷胁迫下,GmPTF1基因表达增强型转基因大豆(T1-32和T1-40)的根系总长度、根总表面积、根体积、根干重、光合色素含量及植株磷含量都显著高于野生型对照植株,而丙二醛含量显著低于野生型对照植株;植株磷含量与GmPTF1表达量呈显著正相关(R=0.97**),以上结果均表明转基因植株的耐低磷能力优于野生型对照植株.本研究结果为利用转基因手段改善大豆乃至其他作物的耐低磷能力提供依据.     

广东大豆地方种质磷效率特性研究Ⅰ.大豆基因型磷效率特性差异及其与土壤有效磷含量的关系

在低磷红壤上,对原产广东省的大豆基因型磷效率与其来源地土壤有效磷含量的关系进行研究。结果表明：植株磷素吸收量相对值不仅可以反映大地低磷红一长适应性,而且可以反映大豆基因型磷效率特性,ＲＶＰＰＵ是较大的大豆基因型。     

RESPONSE OF NON-NODULATING,NODULATING, AND SUPER-NODULATING SOYBEAN GENOTYPES TO POTASSIUM FERTILIZER UNDER WATER STRESS

Soil moisture is a principal environmental factor limiting legume productivity in the tropics and sub-tropics. A pot experiment was conducted at the wire house of National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt to study how potassium (K) fertilizer can mitigate the adverse effect of water stress. Three Japanese soybean (Glycine max L.) genotypes, non-nodulating (NN) (En 1282), nodulating (N) (Eneri) and super-nodulating (SN) (En-b0-1) were grown under two potassium fertilizer levels (25 and 150 mg kg^?1 soil as K1 and K2, respectively). The water stress (WS) was conducted for eight days. WS significantly reduced nodules numbers and weights, shoot dry weight, relative water content, seed yield, oil, total carbohydrate contents while protein was significantly increased in the three soybean genotypes compared with well-watered (WW). Water stress and/or K treatments caused significant increase in both free amino acids and proline as well as shoot nitrogen in the three soybean genotypes.     

砂土供磷特性及磷肥效应研究

砂土供磷特性及磷肥效应的研究结果表明，砂土磷素形态以无机磷为主，有机磷甚少，仅占全磷含量的８．８４％。无机磷占９１．１５％，无机磷形态组成以磷酸钙为主，Ｃａ－Ｐ平均为无机磷总量的８６．１％，Ｏ－Ｐ占９．６％，Ａｌ－Ｐ占３％，Ｆｅ－Ｐ占１．３％。各种形态无机磷与速效磷的关系为：ｙ（速效磷）＝４９．３０ｘ１（ＡＬ－Ｐ）＋２１．８５４７ｘ４（Ｃａ－Ｐ）－３．４２０９，表明Ａｌ－Ｐ、Ｃａ－Ｐ对砂土速效磷的     

栗钙土中磷肥转化及效应的研究

采用石灰性土壤无机磷的分级方法,研究了磷肥在栗钙土中的转化以及包被物对土壤中磷肥转化的影响和莜麦的磷肥效应。研究结果表明,在不种作物的情况下,磷肥施入土壤后很快转化为Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P等形态,随施肥时间的延长,Ca2-P呈减少趋势,其它形态的无机磷则逐渐增加;在种植莜麦的情况下,莜麦对磷肥的吸收利用率为31.1％,土壤残留为68.9％,残留磷中各形态无机磷占施入磷的比率:28.9％为Ca2-P,11.0％为Ca8-P,10.3％为Al-P,5.5％为Fe-P,9.5％为O-P,3.7％为Ca10-P;包被磷肥较未包被磷肥减少了土壤中Ca2-P向Ca8-P转化,增加了施入磷向Al-P的转化而减少了向Fe-P、O-P的转化,磷肥的利用率提高2.9个百分点。施用磷肥莜麦增产178％。     

土壤铜锌复合污染条件下两种青菜的响应差异

用土培试验研究了青菜的两个品种火青菜(Cu耐性品种)和四月慢(Cu敏感性品种)在重金属CuZn胁迫下的响应差异。结果表明不论是单Cu、单Zn处理还是CuZn复合处理,两个青菜品种的生物量、含水量和重金属含量均因所处理重金属浓度和品种的不同而表现出差异;对地上部含糖量的分析发现,Cu耐性品种火青菜积累可溶性糖的能力显著大于Cu敏感性品种四月慢积累可溶性糖的能力。CuZn复合处理较单一处理均增加两种青菜根中CuZn的积累,但对于地上部来说,CuZn处理浓度不同,青菜品种不同,其影响存在差异。     

GENOTYPIC DIFFERENCES IN PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE AND UTILIZATION OF WATERMELON UNDER LOW PHOSPHORUS STRESS

In this study, seven watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) cultivars were tested in solution culture experiment with limiting and ample phosphorus (P) supply to evaluate P uptake and utilization of watermelon under low P stress. Different genotypes showed considerable diversity in terms of biomass accumulation, P uptake, P utilization, root morphological parameters and photosynthetic parameters under low P stress. At low P supply, genotype XN8 and ZCHY were clearly superior to other genotypes in terms of total dry matter yield. The genotype ZJ has the highest P uptake ability, while the genotype XN8 has the highest P efficiency ratio and P utilization efficiency among the seven genotypes under low P stress. The P uptake ability of these genotypes was related significantly and positively to root morphological parameters and photosynthesis parameters under low P stress, the P utilization efficiency showed significant and positive correlation with total dry matter. Results showed existence of genetic differences among watermelon genotypes with regard to P absorption and utilization. The seven genotypes were classified into four groups: efficient responsive (ER), inefficient responsive (IER), efficient non-responsive (ENR) and inefficient nonresponsive (IENR) according to P utilization efficiency under low P stress and dry matter at high P supply. XN8 was identified as ER, and ZCHY was identified as ENR, which may be valuable resources for watermelon production in different soil with low P stress.     

EXPLOITATION OF GENETIC VARIABILITY AMONG WHEAT GENOTYPES FOR TOLERANCE TO PHOSPHORUS DEFICIENCY STRESS

Forty six wheat genotypes from different origins were tested at stress (25 μM P) and adequate (250 μM P) levels of phosphorus (P) developed in a modified Johnson's nutrient solution. Response of wheat genotypes for tolerance to P deficiency stress was measured at two growth stages in terms of growth, P uptake, and P utilization efficiency. Substantial differences in shoot and root growth were observed among genotypes at both stress and adequate P levels in the growth medium. Reduction in shoot biomass due to P deficiency varied from >50% to 27%. Similarly P concentration in shoot and root, P uptake, specific absorption rate of P, and P utilization efficiency varied significantly at both levels of applied P. A significant negative correlation between P stress factor and root dry weight (r = ?0.396**), shoot P uptake (r = ?0.451**), and specific absorption rate of P (r = ?0.281**, P < 0.01) suggested that the genotypes with greater root biomass, higher P uptake potentials in shoots, and absorption rate of P were generally more tolerant to P deficiency in the growth medium. Wheat genotypes were grouped according to the ranking order of investigated plant characteristics and shoot dry matter yield per unit of P absorbed. Genotypes Inqlab-91, SARC-II, SARC-IV, Chakwal-86, 90627, 89626, and Parvaz-94 were P efficient, while genotypes Pak-81, Pato, 88042, 88163, 89295, 4072, 89313, and 91109 were P inefficient. All other genotypes were intermediate in P use efficiency.     

辽宁省主要土壤的供磷特点及磷肥肥效

影响磷肥肥效的因素,其中最为重要的是土壤条件。施用磷肥效果的大小,既取决于土壤中可给态磷的含量,也决定于与磷肥相互作用的土壤性质,如引起难溶性磷酸盐的溶解,或可给态磷酸盐的固定等特点。     

ALLOCATION OF NITROGEN AND DRY MATTER FOR TWO SOYBEAN GENOTYPES IN RESPONSE TO WATER STRESS DURING REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH

Drought stress significantly limits soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield in the Southeastern United States. The Plant Introduction 416937 (PI), which has lower yields than adapted cultivars under favorable conditions but a relatively lesser yield reduction under water-stress conditions, has been identified as a potential source of drought avoidance germplasm. It is unclear whether the mechanism of drought avoidance is associated with shoot or root. Also unclear is the effect of the PI's restricted yield potential on the extent of its yield reduction in response to a water stress. To determine the differences in response between the PI and an adapted cultivar, Deltapine 105, to reproductive sink size and water stress, inoculated PI and Deltapine plants were grown in sand-filled pots in controlled-environment chambers. The fixed rooting volume of the pot culture restricts the influence that genotypic differences in rooting patterns may have in accessing soil water. During the 24-day period of pod development between R-3 and R-6 growth stages, plants were subjected to one of two water regimes, either well-watered or water-stressed to a leaf water potential of about ?0.95 MPa. Within each water treatment, plants of both genotypes were depodded at the R3 stage to remove all pods (full depodding), one-half of the pods (partial depodding), or no pods (no depodding). Tissues of plants harvested at the R6 stage were separated, dried to a constant mass, weighed, and analyzed for nitrogen. Photosynthate production was calculated from dry matter and nitrogen content. Photosynthate production and nitrogen fixation by Deltapine plants were unaffected within a pod load by the mild water stress, but both photosynthate production and nitrogen fixation by the PI plants were diminished by the mild water stress except when a reproductive sink was absent. It thus appears that a sizeable component of the drought tolerance observed in field experiments for the PI plants may be attributed to root characteristics. Leaf nitrogen concentration decreased during water stress in Deltapine plants but not in the PI plants. Also, the decrease in nitrogen concentration in stems was greater in response to increased reproductive load for Deltapine plants than for the PI plants. These data suggest that the PI does not remobilize leaf nitrogen as readily as Deltapine.     

DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE OF TWO OLIVE CULTIVARS TO EXCESS MANGANESE

The response of three-month-old rooted cuttings of the olive cultivars ‘Picual’ and ‘Koroneiki’ grown in black plastic bags containing perlite as a substrate to excess manganese (Mn) (640 μM) was studied. The rooted cuttings were irrigated with 50% modified Hoagland nutrient solution. At the end of the experimental period, which lasted 130 days, the total fresh and dry weights, as well as the shoot elongation of ‘Picual’ plants were significantly reduced under excess Mn (640 μM), compared to the control plants (2 μM), whereas the growth of ‘Koroneiki’ plants was similar in both Mn treatments. The tolerance index, which is derived from the ratios between the plant growth data of different treatments and the control one, of ‘Picual’ plants to excess Mn was about half of this of ‘Koroneiki’ plants. In both cultivars, the concentrations of Mn in various plant parts (root, basal stem, top stem, basal leaves, top leaves) were significantly increased as Mn concentration in the nutrient solution increased. Furthermore, in the 640 μM Mn treatment, 2 to 2.5-fold greater Mn concentrations were recorded in almost all plant parts of ‘Koroneiki’, than those of ‘Picual’. Similar results were recorded with regard to the total Mn content per plant (‘Koroneiki’ absorbed much more Mn from the nutrient solution than ‘Picual’). On the other hand, excess Mn negatively affected the absorption of iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), and boron (B), depending on the olive cultivar. In both cultivars, while the Mn use efficiency was significantly decreased under excess Mn conditions, the nutrient use efficiencies of P, Ca, and Fe were significantly increased, compared to the control plants (2 μM Mn). It was also found that excess Mn resulted in a significant increase of stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of both cultivars, whereas the photosynthetic rate was significantly increased only in ‘Koroneiki’. In ‘Picual’, similar photosynthetic rates were recorded in both Mn treatments. The measurement of the various chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, F_v/F_m and F_v/F₀ ratios, revealed that the functional integrity of photosystem II (PSII) of photosynthesis was not affected due to excess Mn, irrespectively of the cultivar. In conclusion, although ‘Koroneiki’ tissues had much higher Mn concentrations than those of ‘Picual’, the parameters related to the growth and photosynthetic performance of plants indicates that the internal tolerance of ‘Koroneiki’ tissues to excess Mn was higher than this of ‘Picual’.