耐低钾小麦品种筛选及其吸钾特性的研究

1993～1995年在缺钾土壤上进行田间微区和小区试验,筛选耐低钾小麦品种并研究其吸钾特性。试验结果表明,在缺钾土壤上不同小麦品种的产量存在显著差异。以耐低钾力和品种适应性及分级指标进行评定,在微区试验的45份供试小麦品种中耐低钾能力强(1级)的占4.4％,耐性很差(7～9级)的占37.8％,其余介于二者之间(3～5级)的占与57.8％。川麦23和898耐性强的特点在小区试验中得到进一步验证。它们在缺钾条件下比敏感品种能够吸收较多的钾素,且有较多钾在成熟期转移到子粒中,因而在不施钾肥的条件下可获较高产量。     

不同犁底层含锰量对小麦、油菜锰营养状况的影响

用模拟土柱的方法进行研究.结果表明,较高的犁底层含锰量对改善小麦的锰营养状况具有重要作用.高锰犁底层处理的两个小麦品种全生育期均未出现缺锰症,且地上部含锰量、籽粒含锰量和籽粒产量也都明显高于低锰犁底层处理.而对缺锰敏感的小麦品种—川麦22号则低含锰量犁底层处理出现了典型的缺锰症状.两个油菜品种在两种犁底层处理下均生长正常,未出现缺锰症,籽粒产量也没有明显差异,说明油菜的耐缺锰能力较强.     

不同作物对铬毒害耐性的研究

铬是一种重要的环境污染物,土壤中过量的铬将抑制作物生长,降低产量;作物中累积的铬又通过食物链富集于人体。因此,铬对粮食、蔬菜作物生长的影响,以及铬在农作物中的累积已为许多研究者所关注。但不同作物对铬毒害耐性的研究尚少见报道。本文采用4种粮食作物(6个品种)、5种牧草和7种蔬菜作物(10个品种)为对象,分析比较作物耐铬性的差异,并从生理生化方面探讨作物耐铬性的实质,以探讨重金属铬的毒害机理。     

小麦硒敏感性的基因型差异分析

土壤中硒分布不均匀,富硒土壤中硒含量可达1 200 mg/kg,硒含量过高对大多数植物均有毒害作用。小麦是我国重要的主要粮食作物,筛选硒耐性强的小麦品种有利于实现小麦在富硒地区更好的推广。本研究选择99份小麦品种(系)进行盆栽试验,在拔节期进行处理设置(硒处理每盆硒酸钠用量120 mg/L,记作Se120;以硒酸钠0 mg/L处理为对照,记作CK),比较不同品种(系)小麦硒处理下农艺性状的变化。结果表明:与CK相比,过量施硒后小麦籽粒千粒重显著提高(P0.01),株高、有效叶面积、单株叶片数和功能叶片数均显著下降(P0.01),SPAD值(叶绿素相对含量)则没有显著变化。以Se120和CK之间农艺性状的差异作为小麦的耐硒性指标,通过马氏距离综合评估不同小麦品种对硒的耐受性和敏感性差异,结合聚类分析,发现X325、淮麦18、扬麦15号、淮9440、扬麦11是典型的耐硒品种,而扬麦2号和Corrine是典型的硒敏感型品种。     

不同玉米品种萌发期耐芘胁迫的响应差异

为了评定不同玉米品种对芘的耐性强弱,确定合适的筛选指标和筛选浓度,以0mg·L-（1T0,对照）、0.5mg·L-（1T1）、1.0mg·L-（1T2）和2.0mg·L-（1T3）4个芘处理浓度,采用毒理学试验方法系统评价了14个玉米品种萌发期耐芘胁迫的差异。结果表明,不同品种玉米根干重、芽干重、根长和芽长都受到芘的影响,且这种影响的程度随着芘处理浓度不同而不同,不同品种玉米萌发对不同芘处理浓度的响应也不同,其中2.0mg·L-1的浓度处理适合进行玉米耐芘品种的筛选与鉴定。以根干重、芽干重、总干重、根长和芽长的性状相对值（处理测定值/对照测定值×100%）作为幼苗耐性指数（tolerance indices,TI）适合作为筛选指标。基于耐性指数对各玉米品种耐性进行聚类分析,将14个玉米品种聚为耐性、较耐性、较敏感和敏感4类。     

油菜不同品种耐土壤缺硼力的研究

通过油菜的土培及三年定位产量试验，分析植株硼营养状况，并用＾１０Ｂ测定硼在花器官内的微域分布，初步表明，在土壤缺硼条件下，不同油菜品种耐土壤缺硼力存在明显差异：白菜型品种浠水白耐土壤缺硼力强，植株可吸收和积累较多的硼素，尤其是雄蕊和雌蕊的硼含量和硼充足的雄芯和雌芯的硼含量相差很小。     

水稻和两种野生植物对酸性硫酸盐土耐性及矿质元素吸收

酸性硫酸盐土是发育于还原性硫化物成土母质的一种恶劣土壤类型,虽然其分布区气候条件十分有利于水稻生长,但由于土壤条件限制,水稻生产潜力难以发挥。为筛选出适应该土壤的水稻品种,在酸性硫酸盐土(pH 3.69)上种植了240个水稻品种,但是所有水稻品种均未获得经济产量,却发现两种野生植物在该土壤中生长茂盛。经形态和分子鉴定,两种野生植物为野荸荠(Eleocharis kuroguwai)和五棱飘拂草(Fimbristylis quinquangularis)。进一步分析了水稻和两种野生植物的根际和非根际土壤性质、根部和地上部矿质元素含量。结果表明,根际土壤pH、交换性铝和有效锰含量不能解释水稻和两种野生植物耐性差异,锰毒和缺氮亦不是酸性硫酸盐土限制植物生长的关键因子,而植物地上部矿质元素含量与植物耐性差异相关。铝毒、铁毒和较低的养分(磷、钾、钙、镁)吸收是酸性硫酸盐土中水稻生长不良的主要因子。相反,两种野生植物对铝毒和铁毒的耐性较强,对养分吸收能力较强,所以生长良好。     

不同玉米基因型吸钾和耐低钾能力的研究

利用植物对环境的遗传多样性,充分发掘优良基因型,筛选和利用吸钾能力强以及对土壤和肥料中钾利用效率高的作物品种,以适应低钾土壤条件,节约钾肥资源,缓解钾肥短缺矛盾[1 - 3].玉米是需钾量较多的作物,开展不同玉米基因型吸钾和耐低钾能力研究,挖掘玉米优良种质资源,以期为筛选吸钾能力强和耐低钾的玉米基因型,缓解我国钾肥不足提供依据.     

苗期水稻和小麦对缺锰胁迫的响应差异及机理

锰是植物生长发育所必需的微量营养元素，缺锰会导致植株矮小，叶片黄化，发育不良等，严重时可致植株死亡。水稻和小麦是我国主要的粮食作物，但种植在有效锰含量不同的土壤中；水稻主要种植在锰有效性高的南方酸性土壤中，小麦主要种植在有效锰含量低的北方石灰性土壤中。为探究水稻和小麦响应缺锰的差异及其机理，本研究采用水培法比较了水稻和小麦苗期在缺锰和加锰处理条件下的生长情况以及植株各部位元素含量和分配情况，并采用绝对定量法比较了小麦和水稻中锰转运基因的表达水平。研究结果表明，与供锰充足的植株相比，缺锰三周严重抑制水稻的生长，而不影响小麦的生长；在缺锰条件下，小麦根到地上部的转运率比供锰充足时提高了16.4%；相反，水稻体内锰从根到地上部的转运率降低了7.5%；苗期小麦根中TaNRAMP2的绝对表达量是水稻OsNRAMP2的3.8-5.1倍。这些结果表明，小麦比水稻更耐缺锰胁迫，这可能与NRAMP2在小麦中的高表达有关。     

适于轻度Cd、As污染土壤种植的水稻品种筛选

对重金属具有高耐性、低富集的水稻品种可用于轻度重金属污染的水稻土。采用温室盆栽试验研究2种水稻土（红泥田和黄泥田）中Cd、As污染对9种水稻生长的影响,分析不同水稻品种对Cd、As富集能力的差异。结果表明,As污染处理下所有水稻品种的生物量均显著降低,在红泥田上,水稻生物量降低幅度为29.4%～54.3%;在黄泥田上,降低幅度为29.5～53.3%。不同水稻品种对As耐性有显著差异（P〈0.05）,晚粳9707（粳稻）生物量降幅较小,耐性较高;浙1500（籼稻）降幅较大,耐性较低。对于Cd污染处理,在2种类型土壤上9种水稻对Cd耐性差异不显著。不同水稻品种对土壤Cd、As的富集能力有显著差异（P〈0.05）。在2种类型土壤上,德农2000（杂交稻）和浙1500（籼稻）分别对As、Cd的富集系数最高,对As、Cd污染敏感;南粳32（粳稻）对Cd、As的富集系数均较低,对Cd、As污染不敏感。在9个水稻品种中,南粳32对Cd、As的富集能力最低,并且对As耐性较高,适合在Cd、As轻度污染的水稻土上种植。     

Perusing biochemical antioxidant enzymes as selection criteria under drought stress in wheat varieties

In regard to important roles of enzymatic antioxidant in abiotic stresses, and their practical use as stress indices, the current research was implemented to peruse antioxidant enzymatic activities of different wheat varieties and to find the susceptible and the tolerant varieties based on these indices. The experiment was carried out in the greenhouse of Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran in 2015. A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications were used to evaluate the effects of different water regimes, including 100% and 50% field capacity (FC) on 25 wheat cultivars. Antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbic peroxidase (APX), and grain yield of the wheat varieties were measured. The results showed that under normal irrigation condition, the relationships between grain yield and antioxidant were inversed, but under stressful condition the relationships between wheat grain yield and some important antioxidants such as CAT and SOD were positive. Among antioxidant enzymes, SOD activity showed a higher variation among wheat varieties of this study, indicating that this enzyme is an important trait to be used in the breeding programs. Based on the results of different statistical techniques and comparing relationships among traits for normal irrigation and stress condition, enzymatic antioxidant could be used as practical criteria for screening tolerant genotypes of wheat. On the other side, SOD and CAT resulted in being the most important criteria for achieving higher tolerant genotypes through indirect selection.     

不同产量水平小麦的氮吸收利用差异

在土培盆栽条件下,以130份小麦为材料,测定了不同生育时期小麦的干物质量、氮素含量和籽粒产量,将供试品种按籽粒产量由低到高低依次分为I、II、III、IV、V、VI等6类型,研究了各类型氮素吸收利用的差异。结果表明：（1）供试品种籽粒产量差异较大（CV=3316%）,氮素籽粒生产效率随籽粒产量水平提高呈增加的趋势(r=02740**),提高氮素吸收量和籽粒氮素利用效率均可提高籽粒产量。（2）不同生育时期,不同籽粒产量水平类型小麦植株含氮量存在显著或极显著差异,但与籽粒产量的相关性不密切。抽穗期和成熟期植株吸氮量与籽粒产量极显著相关(r=02890**、09175**)。（3）不同生育时期氮素干物质生产效率在类型间的差异均达到显著水平,但其与籽粒产量相关性不显著。提高氮素收获指数和拔节期氮素干物质生产效率均可提高籽粒产量。（4）拔节期-成熟期不同类型间小麦干物质量随籽粒产量的增加而增加,成熟期表现尤为突出。籽粒产量水平较高的品种在拔节期后有较强干物质和籽粒产量形成能力。（5）氮素吸收量和氮素籽粒生产效率是影响籽粒产量的重要因素。     

热胁迫对不同小麦品种灌浆速率的影响

为了给小麦高产稳产和耐热新品种选育提供依据,对北部冬麦区和黄淮冬麦区的12个推广小麦品种在正常及热胁迫下的产量、千粒重及灌浆过程进行了研究。试验于2014—2015年度在河北省辛集马兰农场进行,用大棚升温作为热胁迫处理,在小麦灌浆期对不同品种在正常及热胁迫处理下的灌浆速率进行测定,收获后测定产量和千粒重,并计算热感指数。结果表明,‘中麦175’、‘衡4399’、‘衡4444’、‘CA0816’和‘中麦875’在自然生长及热胁迫处理下有较高的产量。在小麦灌浆中后期的籽粒快增期及缓增期发生的热胁迫会通过影响灌浆速率显著影响小麦的千粒重及产量。根据千粒重热感指数对不同小麦品种的耐热性进行评估,发现‘京冬8号’、‘CA0816’、‘CA1062’、‘中麦875’、‘中麦895’及‘衡4444’的千粒重热感指数1,是耐热性较好的品种;其他品种的千粒重热感指数≥1,是热敏感品种。对不同品种在正常及热胁迫条件下的灌浆速率进行分析,发现热胁迫对不同耐热性品种灌浆速率产生影响的起始时间不同,耐热性好的品种的灌浆速率在灌浆后期才会受到热胁迫的影响,热敏感品种在灌浆中期即受到热胁迫的影响。总之,‘CA0816’、‘中麦875’和‘衡4444’是丰产性和耐热性都较好的品种;‘衡4399’和‘中麦175’的千粒重热感指数一般,但产量在自然生长及热胁迫下均较高;‘京冬8号’耐热性好,丰产性略差。以上品种均可作为优异的耐热资源在育种中加以利用,在育种实践中需联合使用品种的产量数据和千粒重热感指数来评估该品种在耐热性育种中的价值。     

Comparing the Calcium Requirements of Wheat and Canola

Spring wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) is the major crop species grown in south-western Australia and no responses of wheat to applied calcium (Ca) have been obtained in field experiments though responses have been obtained in glasshouse pot studies for wheat grown on the predominantly sandy acidic soils of the region. Since the mid 1990s canola (oilseed rape, Brassica napus L.) has been grown in rotation with wheat and has often developed symptoms of Ca deficiency when grown on sandy acidic soils in the field. The Ca requirement of canola in these soils is not known and was measured and compared with Ca requirements of wheat in the glasshouse study reported here when 5 amounts of Ca (0–630 mg Ca/pot), as calcium sulfate, were applied.

Application of Ca did not affect shoot production of wheat but increased grain yields by about 25% and 50 mg Ca/pot was required to produce 90% of the maximum grain yield. Two canola cultivars were grown, and both showed no shoot yield responses to applied Ca at early growth (GS1.5). However, at flower bud visible (GS3.5) shoots of triazine tolerant canola cv. ‘Karoo’ showed about 17% increase to applied Ca and required ～47 mg Ca/pot to produce 90% of the maximum yield, while corresponding values for cv. ‘Outback’ were 42% and 185 mg Ca/pot. Both canola cultivars showed large seed (grain) yield responses to applied Ca. Canola cv. ‘Outback’ produced no grain when no Ca was applied and showed ～ 97% increase to applied Ca and required about 462 mg Ca/pot to produce 90% of the maximum grain yield. The triazine tolerant cv. ‘Karoo’ produced about 22% of the maximum grain yield when no Ca was applied, showed approximately 78% grain yield response to applied Ca and required about 475 mg Ca/pot to produce 90% of the maximum grain yield. However, to produce 50% of the maximum grain yield, cv. ‘Outback’ required 250 mg Ca/pot while cv. ‘Karoo’ required about 100 mg Ca/pot. The grain yield response curve for cv. ‘Karoo’ was exponential and that for cv. ‘Outback’ was sigmoid so differences in the response curves were largest when small amounts of Ca were applied and decreased as more Ca was applied. Evidently canola cultivars differ in their ability to access soil and applied Ca providing opportunity to breed and select cultivars efficient at accessing soil and applied Ca. For both wheat and canola the concentration of Ca in dried shoots increased as more Ca was applied and, for each amount of Ca applied, the concentration of Ca in shoots decreased as plants matured. Both canola cultivars consistently had larger concentrations of Ca in shoots than wheat, either when no Ca was applied and for each amount of Ca applied, suggesting canola roots were better able to access soil and applied Ca than wheat roots. The Ca concentration in young wheat (GS15) and canola (GS1.5) shoots that was related to 90% of the maximum grain yield (critical Ca concentration) was 0.33% for wheat and 2.5% for both canola cultivars.     

拔节期干旱胁迫下冬小麦品种间产量及生理响应的差异

拔节期干旱是影响冬小麦产量的重要灾害,揭示不同品种对干旱胁迫生理响应的差异,可为鉴选与培育抗旱品种提供指导。选取黄淮海平原不同冬麦区种植面积较大的晋麦47、洛旱2号、石家庄8号、豫麦18和郑麦9023共5个品种和1个抗逆性较弱的品种偃麦20,利用防雨棚开展盆栽试验研究。从籽粒产量以及气孔特性、膜稳定性和渗透调节特性等方面,分析拔节期受水分胁迫后,各品种抗旱性和干旱胁迫响应途径的差异。结果表明:(1)灌溉条件下,晋麦47、洛旱2号和石家庄8号产量较高,豫麦18和偃麦20产量较低。拔节期受干旱胁迫后,晋麦47、洛旱2号和豫麦18产量较高,石家庄8号和偃麦20产量较低。可见,以籽粒产量为抗旱性评价的核心指标,晋麦47、洛旱2号和豫麦18抗旱性较强,石家庄8号和偃麦20抗旱性较弱,郑麦9023抗旱性居中。(2)3个抗旱品种间干旱胁迫响应途径并不一致。与抗旱性较弱的石家庄8号和偃麦20相比,拔节期干旱胁迫下,豫麦18气孔导度较低,气孔调节能力强;洛旱2号细胞渗透势较低,渗透调节能力较强;洛旱2号膜离子渗漏率较低,膜稳定性较强;晋麦47在气孔调节、渗透调节和膜稳定性调节方面与抗旱性较弱的品种无显著差异。研究结果说明,冬小麦品种间响应干旱胁迫的关键途径存在差异。因而品种的抗旱性难以通过单一生理指标科学评价,需要多指标联合鉴定。     

Aluminum,manganese, and iron tolerance improves performance of wheat genotypes in waterlogged acidic soils

Waterlogging results in high shoot concentrations of iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), and manganese (Mn) in wheat grown in acidic soil. The verification of this observation in several acidic soils, development of screening techniques, and identification of genotypes differing in tolerance made it possible to test whether tolerance of ion toxicities improves performance of wheat in waterlogged acid soils. Six wheat varieties selected for tolerance/intolerance of Al, Mn, and Fe were grown in three acidic soils (pH_CaCl2 4.1–4.3) with or without waterlogging for 40 d. In terms of relative shoot dry weight, Al‐, Mn‐, and Fe‐tolerant genotypes tolerated waterlogging better, outperforming intolerant genotypes by 35%, 53%, and 32%, respectively, across the soils. The Al‐tolerant genotype had up to 1.8‐fold better root growth than the intolerant genotype under waterlogging. Waterlogging increased DTPA‐extractable soil Mn (71%) and Fe (89%), and increased shoot Fe (up to 7.6‐fold) and Al (up to 5.9‐fold) for different genotypes and soils. The Al‐tolerant genotype maintained lower tissue concentrations of Al as compared to intolerant genotypes during waterlogging. Waterlogging delayed crop development but distinctly less so in the tolerant than in the intolerant genotypes, thus jeopardizing the capacity of intolerant genotypes to produce yield in Mediterranean climates with dry finish of the season. Pyramiding multiple ion tolerances into current wheat varieties with desirable agronomic and quality characteristics to enhance their performance under waterlogged acid soils should be considered.     

Varietal tolerance to Zinc deficiency in wheat and barley grown in chelatorbuffered nutrient solution and its effect on uptake of Cu,Fe, and Mn

Tolerance to zinc (Zn) deficiency was examined for three wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and three barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties grown in chelator‐buffered nutrient solution. Four indices were chosen to characterize tolerance to Zn deficiency: (1) relative shoot weight at low compared to high Zn supply (“Zn efficiency index”), (2) relative shoot to root ratio at low compared to high Zn supply, (3) total shoot uptake of Zn under deficient conditions, and (4) shoot dry weight under deficient conditions. Barley and wheat exhibited different tolerance to Zn deficiency, with barley being consistently more tolerant than wheat as assessed by all four indices. The tolerance to Zn deficiency in the barley varieties was in the order Thule=Tyra>Kinnan, and that of wheat in the order Bastian=Avle>Vinjett. The less tolerant varieties of both species accumulated more P in the shoots than the more tolerant varieties. For all varieties, the concentrations of Mn, Fe, Cu, and P in shoot tissue were negatively correlated with Zn supply. This antagonism was more pronounced for Mn and P than for Cu and Fe. Accumulation of Cu in barley roots was extremely high under Zn‐deficient conditions, an effect not so clearly indicated in wheat.     

灌水和生长调节剂对有色小麦产量和品质的影响

以有色小麦皖麦38、绿麦1号和kz6061为材料,在大田条件下,研究灌水和生长调节剂对有色小麦产量和品质的影响。结果表明,灌水处理对有色小麦千粒重、容重、籽粒产量和蛋白质产量影响不显著,灌3水较灌2水处理显著提高有色小麦醇溶蛋白含量,而显著降低干、湿面筋含量。不同粒色小麦的籽粒产量和蛋白质产量差异显著,kz6061的籽粒产量和蛋白质产量均显著高于皖麦38和绿麦1号。蛋白质及其组分含量、沉降值、面筋含量和面筋指数在不同粒色小麦中差异显著,沉降值和面筋指数以皖麦38最高,干、湿面筋含量以kz6061最高。生长调节剂处理对皖麦38的清蛋白和球蛋白,绿麦1号的球蛋白,kz6061的清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量均有一定影响,对有色小麦面筋指数亦有显著影响。     

拔节期渍水对小麦籽粒品质相关性状的影响

为探讨拔节期渍害对小麦籽粒品质性状的影响,以34份小麦品种(系)为材料,比较了渍水处理和对照组的籽粒特性、面团流变学性状及溶剂保持力(SRC)的变化.结果表明,品种对所调查籽粒的品质性状、面团流变学特性及SRC均有显著或极显著影响,渍水处理对千粒重、峰值面积和峰值时间以及SRC有显著影响.渍水后,籽粒性状中的千粒重和硬...     

旱地高产小麦品种籽粒锌含量差异与产量构成和锌吸收利用的关系

【目的】 明确旱地条件下高产小麦品种籽粒锌含量差异与产量构成及锌吸收利用的关系,对通过品种选育和施肥调控提高旱地小麦籽粒产量和锌营养,实现小麦高产优质生产有重要意义。 【方法】 于2013—2016年连续三年在黄土高原典型旱地进行了小麦裂区田间试验。 以我国主要麦区的123个小麦品种为试材,每个品种设置不施肥和施N 150 kg/hm2、P₂O₅ 100 kg/hm2两个处理。分析了高产小麦籽粒锌含量差异及其与干物质累积、产量构成、锌吸收和分配之间的关系。 【结果】 施肥条件下,高产小麦品种籽粒锌含量存在显著差异,小麦籽粒锌含量与籽粒产量间无显著相关性,但与千粒重、锌吸收量、锌收获指数和籽粒锌形成效率呈显著正相关,与穗粒数呈显著负相关。在高产品种中,无论施肥与否高锌品种的籽粒锌含量均显著高于低锌品种;高锌品种的籽粒锌含量因施肥而显著提高,低锌品种却降低。施肥条件下,高锌品种的籽粒产量、生物量和收获指数与低锌品种相比无显著差异,穗数却显著降低;高锌品种的籽粒锌吸收量、地上部锌吸收量、锌收获指数和籽粒锌形成效率均显著高于低锌品种。且高锌品种的产量、生物量、穗数、穗粒数和锌吸收量因施肥引起的提高幅度均亦显著高于低锌品种。 【结论】 在黄土高原旱地低锌土壤上,无论是品种选育还是施肥调控,促进小麦锌的吸收和向籽粒的转移是提高小麦籽粒锌含量的关键。