不同氮肥用量对设施番茄产量、品质和土壤硝态氮累积的影响

在设施栽培条件下,采用田间小区试验,以番茄为指示植物,研究了不同氮肥用量：农民习惯施氮量（N1,尿素,纯氮1000kg·hm^-2）、70%农民习惯施氮量（N2,尿素,纯氮700kg·hm^-2）、70%农民习惯施氮量结合调节土壤C/N（N3,尿素,纯氮700kg·hm^-2）、50%农民习惯施氮量结合调节土壤C/N和采用滴灌（N4,尿素,纯氮500kg·hm^-2）对设施番茄产量、品质和土壤硝态氮累积的影响。结果表明,与农民习惯施用氮肥相比,减施氮肥处理（N2、N3和N4）的番茄产量没有降低,N4处理产量最高,比N1增产9.7%。N2和N4处理氮肥的农学效率和肥料的产投比均显著高于N1处理（P〈0.05）,其中N4处理最高,为28.9kg·kg^-1和12.6,施肥效益最高。不同施氮肥处理间果实Vc含量虽没有显著差异,但N4处理是N1处理的1.2倍。番茄果实的硝酸盐含量随氮肥施用量的增加而增加,两者呈显著的正相关关系（R^2=0.8307,P〈0.05）,N3和N4处理果实硝酸盐含量均显著低于N1处理（P〈0.05）。0～100cm土层累积的硝态氮随氮肥施用量的增加而增加,N1处理土层累积的硝态氮含量最高,减施氮肥处理均降低了土壤对硝态氮的累积。土壤硝态氮多累积在0～40cm土层,硝态氮的相对累积量约为50%,这部分残留的氮素可被下季作物吸收利用。果实硝酸盐含量与土壤累积的硝态氮存在显著的相关关系（R^2=0.8003,P〈0.05）,说明土壤硝态氮含量过高能够增加果实对氮素的吸收和积累。在寿光设施蔬菜生产条件下,在农民习惯施氮量基础上减氮30%～50%既可以保证较高产量和较好的果实品质,同时降低土壤中硝态氮累积,从产量、肥料效益和土壤可持续利用角度来看,N4处理更具优势,具有较好应用价值。     

氮肥用量及施用时间对土体中硝态氮移动的影响

土连续两年小麦—玉米轮作条件下 ,播前一次施氮量 130～ 5 2 0kghm-2 a-1时 ,氮肥用量对硝态氮在土体中的移动深度没有影响 ,但土壤剖面中残留的硝态氮量随施氮量增加显著增加。播前一次施用氮肥 ,差减法计算的肥料氮表观回收率 (作物携出量和土壤硝态氮的残留量 )为 6 2 %～ 82 7% ;就作物而言小麦的携出率高于玉米 ,在玉米生长季节有更多的硝态氮可能被淋移至土壤剖面的下层。小麦—玉米轮作一年 ,不同的施氮时间对肥料氮的表观回收率以及硝态氮在土壤剖面中的分布、累计没有明显影响。土区合适的氮肥用量是控制硝态氮向深层移动的主要措施     

不同施氮量对太湖地区新增设施菜地土壤硝态氮累积的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究了太湖地区大棚蔬菜不同施N量对土壤NO3--N累积及其土壤电导率、pH和蔬菜产量品质的影响.结果表明:土壤NO3--N的累积与施N量呈正比,种植两季蔬菜后,农民习惯施N下的土壤NO3--N从35 mg/kg上升到221.35 mg/kg;土壤电导率、pH与NO3--N含量显著相关,其中电导率与NO3--N的关系更为密切,相关系数达到0.832.NO3--N的累积导致蔬菜的产量与品质下降,与莴苣、芹菜施N量分别为312、384 kg/hm2的处理相比,农民习惯施N处理下的莴苣和芹菜产量分别下降了11.8％和33.9％,Vc含量下降了17％和36.6％,而硝酸盐含量增加了22.3％和32％,农民习惯施N处理下的两季蔬菜硝酸盐含量均达到三级污染,可危害人体健康.     

施氮量对间作玉米土壤硝态氮累积量及氮肥利用率的影响

通过田间定位试验,监测了不施氮和不同施氮水平(分别为210、420和630kg.hm-2)下间作玉米各关键生育时期0～200cm土层硝态氮累积量的动态变化、玉米产量及其构成,计算分析了间作玉米的氮肥利用率。研究结果表明,间作玉米0～200cm土层土壤硝态氮累积量总体表现为0～60cm土层>60～200cm土层。0～60cm土层土壤硝态氮累积量呈"M"形变化,即玉米播种前和玉米大喇叭口期出现高峰,小麦播种前、玉米拔节期和玉米收获后出现低谷。60～120cm和120～200cm土层土壤硝态氮累积量呈倒"V"形变化,总体在玉米大喇叭口期前后出现高峰值,210～630kg.hm-2施氮处理下120～200cm土层的硝态氮累积量较不施氮处理分别高出149.1%、115.6%和126.3%。随着施氮量的增加,间作玉米穗长、穗粒数、穗重呈增大趋势,秃顶呈降低趋势,增产幅度依次减小,氮肥利用率依次降低。     

粮田改种蔬菜后土壤剖面硝态氮的变化

对不同种植方式下０－４ｍ土层硝态氮累积状况的比较研究表明,粮田改种蔬菜后ＮＯ＾－３－Ｎ被迅速淋洗到２ｍ以下土层;淋洗到下层的ＮＯ＾－３－Ｎ累积量随种菜时间的延长而不断增加;蔬菜地约４１％－５０％的ＮＯ＾－３－Ｎ累积在２－４ｍ土层,粮田约９５％ＮＯ＾－３－Ｎ累积在０－２ｍ土层,其差异是由于施肥方式、灌水量和作物吸收程度的不同所致。     

氮肥投入水平对蔬菜地硝态氮淋洗特征的影响

通过3年的田间定位试验研究了不同施N条件下蔬菜地NO3--N淋洗浓度及淋洗量的变化。结果表明:在农民习惯的传统施N处理(花椰菜为450kg/hm2,苋菜为100kg/hm2,菠菜为309kg/hm2)下蔬菜地NO3--N的淋洗浓度明显高于2个优化施N处理下蔬菜地的NO3--N淋洗浓度。在花椰菜、苋菜和菠菜生长期内,2个优化施N处理下蔬菜地NO3--N平均淋洗量分别是传统施N处理下蔬菜地NO3--N平均淋洗量的19%、18%、9%和13%、34%、21%。试验期间传统施N处理下蔬菜地NO3--N年季平均累积淋洗量约占年季平均施N量的一半,其中休闲期NO3--N平均累积淋洗量占年季平均累积施N量的20%;而其他2个优化施N处理NO3--N年季平均累积淋洗量是年季平均累积施N量的27%,休闲期NO3--N平均淋洗量占年季平均累积施N量的6%,而处理间蔬菜产量并未受到明显影响。     

不同氮肥运筹对冬小麦氮肥利用率和土壤硝态氮含量的影响

为了提高氮肥的增产效益,减少氮肥对环境的污染,采用大田试验,在山东省桓台县小麦一玉米轮作区,研究了不同氮肥运筹对冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率、土壤硝态氮累积量、经济效益等的影响.结果表明,与农民习惯(FP)相比,优化氮肥(OPT)、两种控释氮肥(CRF+OF和CRF)措施均可提高小麦的产量及产量构成要素.有机肥替代部分化肥(OPT+OF)能够提高经济系数及千粒重,但产量较低,应重视有机无机肥的合理配比.此外,4种措施的应用都能提高氮肥的利用率和农学效率,显著减少0-120 cm土体中硝态氮的残留,从而降低对地下水的硝酸盐污染.经济效益分析表明,OPT及CRF两种措施,分别比农民习惯施肥增收744.68元/hm2和883.02元/hm2.综合经济效益与生态效益.施氮量减少30%的优化施肥和施氮量减少53%的控释氮肥措施均比农民习惯施肥更合理,是值得推荐的氮肥运筹方式.     

氮肥施用对黄土高原中部雨养农业区土壤硝态氮分布与累积的影响

黄土高原中部雨养农业区春小麦氮肥试验表明,氮肥施用量对土壤硝态氮的移动深度没有影响,但显著影响土壤硝态氮的含量与累积。连续施氮3年后第3季春小麦收获时,0～200cm土壤剖面中累积大量的硝态氮,其中48.96%～81.38%的总累积量和60.49%～122%的当年净累积量存在于0～110cm土层中。在确定春小麦适宜施氮量时应考虑到0～110cm土层中残留硝态氮的累积量。不施氮和氮磷比例为1:1时,连续施氮三年后土壤硝态氮总累积量最低,数量几乎相等;第3季春小麦收获后较播种时,土壤硝态氮发生亏缺。施氮量为52.5 kgN hm-2时土壤硝态氮的三年总累积率和第3季春小麦当年的净累积率居各处理之首(146.55%和138.21%)。合理的氮磷配比可有效减少土壤硝态氮的累积,不合理的氮磷配比下,低施氮量也会造成土壤硝态氮的大量累积。     

冬小麦对铵态氮和硝态氮的响应

在陕西省永寿县和河南省洛阳市分别设置了11和7处大田试验,分5层采集0~100 cm土壤样品并测定其起始硝态氮含量。永寿试验设7个处理,分别为不施氮,硝态氮、铵态氮品种、硝态氮与铵态氮2∶1组合各2个处理;洛阳试验设6个处理(硝态氮肥只有1个品种),施氮处理均施N 150 kg hm-2,研究小麦对铵态氮和硝态氮肥响应的差异及其与不同深度土层硝态氮累积量的关系。试验表明,同一形态不同氮肥品种之间的增产差异显著低于不同形态之间的差异。比较不同形态氮肥的小麦产量、增产量和增产率的平均值,硝态氮肥最高,硝态氮、铵态氮组合次之,铵态氮最低。氮肥增产量和增产率随土壤累积硝态氮量增加而显著下降;累积量越低,氮肥增产效果越突出,硝态氮的效果也越显著。由此可见,土壤累积的硝态氮量是决定氮肥肥效的主要因子,也是决定不同形态氮素效果的主要因子。只有在硝态氮累积量低的土壤上,氮肥才能充分发挥作用,硝态氮也才能表现出明显的优势。     

滴灌氮肥用量对设施菜地硝态氮含量及环境质量的影响

【目的】滴灌施肥较传统施肥更为精准的将肥水输送至作物的根区,减少肥料的用量,降低土壤水分和养分深层渗漏带来的环境风险。本试验研究滴灌管理下不同氮肥(N)用量对设施菜地供氮能力及环境质量的影响,以期获得滴灌水肥一体化管理条件下最佳施氮用量。【方法】采用日光温室冬春茬黄瓜-秋冬茬番茄轮作,共设计4个化肥氮用量梯度(N_0、N_1、N_2、N_3,对应冬春茬黄瓜季施氮0、300、600、900 kg/hm~2;秋冬茬番茄季施氮0、225、450、675 kg/hm2)3年定位研究比较不同氮用量下0-100 cm土体硝态氮、电导率(EC_(5:1))、pH动态变化计算了各施氮水平下设施蔬菜生产的氮素表观平衡、氮肥利用率和经济效益。【结果】随着种植年限的延长,N_2和N_3处理0-100 cm土体硝态氮和盐分积累显著土壤硝态氮含量分别由2008年黄瓜季季平均14.4~31.1和14.9~41.0 mg/kg增至2010年番茄季季均76.4~119.8和129.0~184.5 mg/kg,分别增加了1.9~5.1和3.5~7.7倍;两处理EC。分别由2008年黄瓜季季平均379.6~514.3和407.0~476.7S/cm增至2010年番茄季季平均663.0~1212.4和710.0~1359.6μS/cm分别增加了0.3~1.8和0.5~2.0倍。与N_2和N_3处理相比,N_1处理节氮50%~66.7%,经过三年的种植0-100cm土层季均硝态氮含量和EC_(5:1)分别下降了35.5%~67.4%和6.0%~25.2%,pH增加0.06~0.18,氮肥利用率显著增加9.0~13.8个百分点而种植蔬菜的经济效益未有显著下降。【结论】温室滴灌冬春茬黄瓜一秋冬茬番茄经济施氮量分别为N 300和225kg/hm~2,既能保证3年5季蔬菜根层(0-60 cm)土层硝态氮处于相对适宜水平,具有较好的经济和环境效益。     

氮肥对大白菜硝酸盐累积的影响及合理施用量研究

对宁夏灌淤旱耕人为土氮(N)肥与大白菜产量及菜体和土体中硝酸盐累积的关系进行了田间试验研究。结果表明,在设计范围内,银川平原复种大白菜的产量及净菜率与施N量成正比;施N肥增加大白菜硝酸盐含量;复种大白菜的最高产量施N量为448.5㎏/hm2,最佳产量施N量为427.5㎏/hm2;大白菜外叶硝酸盐含量高于内叶,内叶硝酸盐含量随施N肥量的增加而增加,外叶硝酸盐含量在高施N时,随生育期延长而增加;施用N肥明显增加土体各土层中的硝态N含量。     

INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN SUPPLY ON CADMIUM ACCUMULATION IN POTATO TUBERS

The effect of different levels and forms of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on cadmium (Cd) concentrations in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers, a large component of the northern European diet, was investigated with the aim of decreasing the Cd content. A high and a low Cd-accumulating cultivar were used in two field trials and a pot experiment. The N fertilizers tested were balanced N- phosphorus (P)- potassium (K) 11-5-18 + micronutrients, alkaline calcium nitrate and acidic ammonium sulfate at levels of 60, 160, and 240 kg N ha^?1 at planting or (for the higher N doses) split between two or three occasions. The Cd concentration in tubers of both cultivars decreased when increasing the N fertilizer from 60 to 160 or 240 kg N ha^?1, indicating that Cd uptake and translocation are not positively correlated to the growth rate of the potato plant. A strong positive linear correlation was found between the Cd concentration in leaves at 77 days after planting and the Cd concentration in tubers at harvest, irrespective of N treatment, although the Cd concentration was three-fold higher in the leaves. The genetic variation in leaf and tuber Cd accumulation was consistent, regardless of the form of N fertilizer used. Ammonium sulfate decreased soil pH and increased tuber Cd concentration in both cultivars compared with NPK fertilizer, possibly due to increased amounts of plant-available Cd arising from the pH decrease after ammonium sulfate application. The tuber Cd concentration in the low Cd-accumulating cultivar increased when fertilized with calcium nitrate, an effect attributed to Cd availability being influenced by the increased Ca²⁺ concentration.     

施肥水平对冬大麦干物质和氮素积累与转运的影响

为合理利用氮肥,进一步提高大麦产量和品质,以扬饲麦3号、港啤1号、扬农啤2号和Frankin共4个品种为供试材料,研究了0(CK),90(NL),180(NM)和270kg/hm2(NH)4个氮肥水平下冬大麦干物质和氮素积累、转运及对籽粒贡献的规律。结果表明,随着施氮量的提高,大麦干物质花前积累量呈增加趋势,积累率及对籽粒的贡献率呈下降趋势,各器官的转运量在NM处理(180kg/hm2)范围内呈增加趋势,高于此范围则下降。氮素营养花前积累量和转运量各品种均呈上升趋势,花前积累率、转运率和对籽粒氮的贡献率都呈下降趋势。不同品种不同氮肥处理下大麦干物质转运量以茎秆为最大,转运率大部分以芒壳+穗轴为最高,对籽粒的贡献率以茎秆为最高。各器官氮素转运量以叶片最高,转运率以芒壳+穗轴最大,氮素转运对籽粒的贡献率以叶片最高。大麦各品种籽粒产量与施氮量呈二次曲线关系,氮素积累量与施氮量呈显著线性正相关关系。表明在本试验条件下,大麦最高产量的最佳施氮范围为212.42～261.97kg/hm2。     

INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC AND MINERAL FERTILIZATION ON GERMINATION,LEAF NITROGEN,NITRATE ACCUMULATION AND YIELD OF VEGETABLE AMARANTH

The influence of manure and diammonium phosphate (DAP) mineral fertilizer on germination, leaf nitrogen content, nitrate accumulation and yield of vegetable amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) was investigated. Field trials were set up at the University of Nairobi Field Station at the Upper Kabete Campus during the long rains of March–May in 2007 and 2008. Trials were laid out as complete randomized block design with four fertilization treatments: 20, 40, and 60 kg nitrogen (N) ha^?1 supplied by DAP (18:46:0), 40 kg N ha^?1 supplied by cattle manure and an unfertilized control variant. The vegetables were harvested at three maturity stages at 6, 7, and 8 weeks after planting. Results indicated that there were significant differences between treatments in germination percentage, leaf nitrogen content, nitrate accumulation and vegetable yield. Plants that received manure had a higher germination percentage than those that received the same amount of N supplied by the chemical fertilizer DAP. The yields generally increased from week 6 to week 8. The highest yield was recorded in plots receiving 40 kg N ha^?1 from DAP at eight weeks after planting. Plots that were supplied with manure recorded the lowest yield when compared to the fertilizer treated plots at all rates. Leaf nitrogen content increased with increasing rate of N but only when N was supplied by DAP fertilizer. The leaf nitrogen content decreased with increasing age of the plants. The leaf nitrate content increased with increase in DAP application rate. Results indicate that manure application produced quality vegetables in terms of low nitrate levels, but leaf nitrogen and vegetable yields were low. DAP application effected higher yields, but the vegetables had high though acceptable nitrate levels.     

不同铵硝比例对水稻铵吸收代谢基因表达的影响

以水稻南光为材料,研究了不同铵硝摩尔比例处理时,水稻NH4^＋吸收代谢基因的表达情况.档结果表明：（1）应用荧光定量PCR方法,可以精确检测水稻氮素吸收代谢基因在不同铵硝处理间的表达量变化;（2）从各基因的表达量上来看,吸收基因中以OsAMT1.1表达量最高,编码GS的基因中以OsGln1.1表达量最高,编码GOGAT的基因中,OsGlu表达量最高;（3）总体来说,不同铵硝处理对NH4^＋吸收代谢基因的表达有显著影响,吸收基因对不同铵硝比例的反应要比代谢基因更敏感;（4）氮吸收基因中OsAMT4.1显著受到NO3的抑制,NH4^＋的诱导.而OsAMT1.1,OsAMT1.2,OsAMT1.3和OsNRT2在铵硝摩尔比例由100：0变为50：50过程中,受到NO3^-的显著抑制,在铵硝摩尔比例由50：50变为0：100过程中OsAMT1.2和OsAMT1.3受到NO3^-的显著诱导,OsAMT1.1和OsNRT2变化不显著;（5）编码GS的基因OsGln1.1表达受NO3诱导,受NH4^＋抑制.OsGln2在铵硝摩尔比例由100：0变为50：50过程中,受到NO3^-增加的诱导,同时,OsGln1.2受到NO3增加的显著抑制作用,铵硝达到50：50以后,NO3^-比例的增加对OsGln1.2和OsGln2的表达没有显著影响;（6）编码GOGAT的基因OsGlt1和OsGlu在不同铵硝摩尔比例中的变化趋势一致：铵硝比例由100：0变为50：50过程中没有显著变化,铵硝比例50：50基础上表达量受到NO3^-比例增加的显著抑制,而OsGlt2的表达受NO3^-的显著抑制,NH;的显著诱导.     

施氮水平对大豆氮素积累与产量影响的研究

以绥农14为材料,利用砂培和15N标记的方法研究了施氮水平对大豆氮素积累及产量的影响。结果表明:随着施氮水平的提高,大豆全株氮素积累量及叶柄、荚皮、籽粒中氮素积累量呈现先增加后下降的趋势;高氮水平增加了叶片和茎中氮素积累量,N150较N0处理叶片的氮素积累量增加了3倍,而茎增加了5倍,但减少了根中氮素积累,降低了大豆全株和籽粒中根瘤固氮量及其所占比例,降低了肥料氮和根瘤氮的收获指数,其中根中氮素积累N150较N50处理降低了60.3%,全株根瘤氮和籽粒中根瘤氮N150较N0分别降低了74.9%、85.7%,肥料氮的收获指数N150较N50降低19.8%,根瘤氮的收获指数N150较N0降低25.5%。随着施氮水平的增加,大豆产量也呈现先增加后下降的趋势,施氮水平的增加促进了大豆植株株高、结荚高度和始荚节位的显著增加,但对节数没有明显影响,N150和N0比较株高增加了55.2%,结荚高度增加了199.7%,始荚节位增加了142.9%。     

磷素水平对大豆氮素积累及产量的影响

利用砂培方法和15N示踪技术研究了磷素水平对大豆氮素积累、根瘤固氮和产量的影响。结果表明:大豆植株氮素积累、根瘤固氮和产量均随磷素营养水平的提高而呈单峰曲线变化,营养液磷素浓度31mg/L左右时达到峰值,当营养液磷素浓度达11mg/L时,再提高磷素浓度对大豆根瘤固氮率无明显促进作用;而对于大豆植株氮素积累、根瘤固氮量和产量,只有当营养液磷素浓度达到21mg/L时,再提高磷素浓度才无明显促进所用,表明满足根瘤固氮的磷素营养水平较产量形成的水平要求低。     

INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON NICKEL ACCUMULATION AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COFFEE PLANTS DURING FRUIT DEVELOPMENT

Nutritional and physiological significance of micronutrients in coffee plants, especially with regard to nickel (Ni) is still unknown. The dynamics of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and Ni accumulation in coffee fruits, as well as their relationships with total soluble protein, amino acids, reducing sugars, and starch content during coffee fruit development (green, ripe, and dry fruits), were investigated. Coffee trees received three N fertilizer rates (0, 150, and 300 kg of N ha^?1) as ammonium sulfate split into three applications per year. Nitrogen fertilization increased reducing sugars and starch concentrations in ripe fruits. In contrast, green fruits showed the highest amino acid and Ni concentrations. Fruit Ni concentration decreased in both green and ripe fruits as N rates increased; thus, indicating the possibility of either a N-associated dilution effect on Ni concentration or that Ni uptake by roots and/or transport to developing fruit was limiting. Plant nutritional status and fruit development stage influenced the coffee grain chemical composition. Furthermore, the variation in reducing sugars and starch content was more closely linked to the stage of fruit development than to N supply. A supposed relationship among the decreased of caffeine, starch, amino acids, and proteins with Ni content during green fruit development suggests a fundamental role for Ni in coffee fruit ripening. The interaction between N and Ni metabolism during fruit ripening might influence the chemical parameters involved in the coffee grain quality. This is the first report documenting changes in Ni concentrations of coffee fruit as a function of N fertilization rates and the development stage, but further research is needed to better understand the significance of N-Ni interaction in developing coffee fruit.