锌离子活度对水稻幼苗锌吸收分配的影响及基因型差异

采用卜HEDTA螯合缓冲营养液,在4个锌水平(pZn2+即-log[Zn2+])分别为11.4、11.0、10.3和9.7下对锌营养效率不同的4个水稻基因型[IR8192、IR26、BY(碧玉早糯)、Z921(浙农921)]进行营养液培养试验,研究水稻幼苗对Zn吸收、转运和利用规律。结果表明,随着锌离子活度下降,各水稻基因型的锌累积量下降,锌从地下部向地上部的转运率提高,锌利用效率提高,且各基因型间差异显著。在锌离子活度较低时,耐低锌基因型(IR8192)锌养分利用效率和提高养分利用率的能力要远远高于锌敏感基因型IR26和子粒富锌基因型BY;在锌离子活度较高时,水稻子粒富锌基因型BY有较强的锌富集能力,具有较高的秧苗锌累积量,这可能是其子粒富锌的主要机理之一;利用苗期营养性状筛选子粒富锌水稻基因型效果可能较好。     

锌离子活度对水稻锌积累与分配的影响

采用HEDTA螯合剂缓冲营养液培养法,选用籽粒含锌量有明显差异的2个基因型水稻(BY和Z921),设置4种锌离子活度(pZn2+9.7、10.3、11.0、11.4),研究了锌离子活度对水稻锌积累、分配的影响以及对不同时期水稻叶片中锌的化学形态的影响。结果显示:(1)2个基因型水稻各器官的锌含量都随着锌离子活度的升高而升高,但不同基因型间,同一基因型不同器官间均存在差异,供锌正常的的条件下,锌首先向代谢活性较弱的营养器官分配;缺锌的条件下,锌首先满足籽粒的需要;(2)从籽粒锌分配看,当锌离子活度(pZn2+)小于10.3时,糙米锌含量最高,当pZn2+升高到9.7时,颖壳锌含量则超过糙米,糙米和精米锌含量的比值在0.79～0.90之间,并以pZn2+为9.7时为最小;(3)任一锌离子活度下,BY籽粒锌含量均大于Z921。表明通过筛选籽粒富锌水稻品种来提高稻米锌含量是经济可行的,且通过增加环境锌离子活度来改善水稻的锌营养能显著提高水稻籽粒的锌含量;(4)营养生长前期,水稻叶片中的锌主要以活性较低的醋酸提取态(重金属磷酸盐)存在;营养生长后期,锌主要以乙醇提取态(醇溶性蛋白、氨基酸等)存在。     

Zn2+活度对不同耐低锌水稻基因型生长及锌吸收的影响

试验研究Zn2 活度对不同耐低Zn水稻基因型生长及Zn吸收的影响结果表明,Zn2 活度较低时水稻生长发育受抑,其株高、叶片数、干物质积累量均随Zn2 活度的降低而下降,而根冠比、地上部和地下部Zn浓度之比则升高,且低Zn条件下耐低Zn水稻基因型“IR8192”的Zn转运能力、维持根系生长能力均高于Zn敏感水稻基因型“IR26”。     

锌离子活度对水稻产量及子粒锌含量的影响及基因型差异

试验采用HEDTA螯合缓冲营养液培养法,选用子粒含锌量有明显差异的两个水稻基因型(碧玉早糯和浙农921),采用4种锌离子活度(pZn2+9.7,10.3,11.0,11.4),研究了锌离子活度对水稻产量和子粒锌积累、分配与子粒品质的影响及基因型差异。结果表明,锌离子活度通过对水稻有效穗数、每穗颖花数、结实率和千粒重的影响而显著影响水稻单株产量,其中影响最大的是单株有效穗数,其次是每穗颖花数,而对结实率的影响相对较小,但均存在明显的基因型差异。锌离子活度显著影响水稻子粒锌含量,随锌离子活度下降,水稻子粒含锌量降低,当锌离子活度低于pZn2+10.3时,两基因型水稻的含锌量均显著降低,但基因型间存在明显差异。不论在何种锌离子活度下,碧玉早糯的子粒含锌量均显著高于浙农921。从子粒锌分配看,颖壳、糙米、精米锌含量均随着锌离子活度提高而提高,当pZn2+从10.3升高到9.7时,碧玉早糯的糙米和精米锌含量开始降低,颖壳锌含量则开始超过糙米的锌含量继续升高;而浙农921糙米和精米锌含量的升高幅度较颖壳锌含量小。不同锌离子活度下,糙米和精米锌含量的比值在0.790~.90之间变化,并以pZn2+为9.7时为最小。因此,通过筛选子粒富锌水稻品种来提高稻米锌含量经济可行;通过增加环境锌离子活度,改善水稻的锌营养能显著提高水稻子粒的锌含量。     

水稻品种对石灰性土壤缺Zn耐性机理的研究

选用缺Zn敏感水稻品种IR26和耐缺Zn水稻品种IR8192－31－2,采用营养液培养的方法,研究了水稻品种耐石灰性土壤Zn与HCO^-3关系的生理生化机制。在低锌浓度下,HCO^-3严重抑制敏感品种根系生长,而对耐性品种影响很小;HCO^-3增加增加了两种水稻品种根中的苹果酸和柠檬酸浓度,但敏感品种增加的幅度大,以上结果表明HCO^-3对敏感品种根生长的抑制,并诱发缺Zn是由于根中有机酸过度积累导致的,HCO^-3显著提高敏感品种根中PEP羧化酶活性可能是HCO^-3增加其有机酸只累,从而影响根生长及Zn有效性机理的重要过程。     

低磷胁迫对不同基因型水稻阶段生物学特征的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了低磷胁迫下不同基因型水稻在分蘖期、孕穗期和成熟期的生物学特征。结果表明,不同基因型水稻在不同的生长发育阶段对低磷胁迫的反应存在明显差异。分蘖期,耐低磷基因型水稻的耐低磷特性主要表现在相对分蘖数、相对绿叶数和相对地上部干重三个性状上,其中以相对分蘖数的差异较大,但这个时期水稻的任一性状不足以反映其耐低磷特性;孕穗期,耐低磷基因型水稻的相对分蘖数、相对绿叶数和相对地上部干重虽仍表现出明显的优势,但与分蘖期不同的是相对分蘖数受低磷胁迫的影响程度趋于稳定,相对绿叶数的差异明显下降,相对干重的高低逐步成为区别耐低磷基因型的主要依据;成熟期,耐低磷基因型的相对地上部干重优势进一步加强,远远超过其它生物学性状。耐低磷基因型的相对经济产量显著高于低磷敏感基因型。在水稻生长的各个时期中,耐低磷基因型水稻的相对株高、相对叶宽和相对叶长与低磷敏感基因型水稻对应的指标相比均未表现出明显差异。     

花生耐低铁性的基因型差异及其生理特性研究

通过田间试验对16个花生品种在石灰性土壤上的耐低铁性进行了评价。不同花生品种耐低铁能力存在显著的基因型差异,这种差异表现在生长过程中叶片活性铁含量、叶绿素含量以及最终的荚果产量上。溶液培养试验结果表明,根系Fe3+还原力提高是抗缺铁花生品种适应缺铁胁迫的主要机制,抗缺铁品种铁还原力高峰出现期早于铁敏感品种,且峰值远高于铁敏感品种。同时缺铁胁迫下介质pH值、新叶过氧化氢酶活性也存在显著的基因型差异。     

低温对不同耐冷性水稻品种秧苗生理特性及根尖解剖结构的 影响

以秧苗期耐冷性不同的2个水稻品种湘早籼45和三七十萝为材料,利用光照培养箱分别设适温（25℃,CK）和低温（10℃）两个处理,研究低温下水稻秧苗生理特性及根尖解剖结构的变化,以探明低温对水稻秧苗的影响机理。结果表明,与对照相比,低温下幼苗总根数、最长根长、根鲜重、根干重、根系总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积和根系活力下降,且随着处理时间的延长降低幅度增大,冷敏感品种湘早籼45幼苗的降幅大于耐冷品种三七十萝;低温下根系SOD活性、POD活性表现为先增加后降低的趋势,根系相对电导率、MDA含量增加,耐冷品种三七十萝根系SOD活性、POD活性、相对电导率、MDA含量变幅小于冷敏感品种湘早籼45;低温下根系分泌物游离氨基酸含量和可溶性糖含量呈现先增加后降低的趋势,耐冷性品种三七十萝变幅高于冷敏感品种湘早籼45;低温下冷敏感品种湘早籼45根尖薄壁细胞形状不规则,排列疏松,细胞间隙大,维管束结构不清晰,木质部排列紊乱,而耐冷品种三七十萝低温下根尖薄壁细胞形状较规则,细胞排列较紧密,细胞间隙小,维管束结构较清晰,木质部和韧皮部清晰可见。研究结果说明水稻幼苗受低温激发通过诱导不同生理和形态变化以应对低温的影响。     

水稻锌高效营养特性的遗传分析

本试验以耐低锌能力不同的6个水稻基因型为材料,采用双列杂交,在不同锌离子活度下研究了水稻锌高效营养的遗传特性。结果表明,水稻秧苗含锌量和单位锌营养效率虽然存在不同程度的遗传变异,但主要受基因型与环境互作效应的影响,显性与环境互作效应方差在总方差中占57.50%～68.35%,加性与环境互作效应方差在总方差中占10.49%～24.44%。水稻的耐低锌能力与干物质分配(冠/根比)、锌运输能力和锌利用效率有关,它们主要受基因的显性效应控制,其次受基因的加性效应控制。     

不同磷效率小麦对低铁胁迫的基因型差异

用营养液培养方法研究了不同磷效率小麦幼苗对低铁胁迫的基因型差异。结果表明,低铁胁迫(-Fe)对磷高效基因型小麦生长的抑制作用显著大于对磷低效基因型。低铁处理下,磷高效基因型81(85)-5-3-3-3、Xiaoyan54和Taihe-5025的植株地上部干重平均比正常供铁(+Fe)处理下降55.2%;磷低效基因型Jinghe90-Jian-17、NC37和Jing41平均33.0%。低铁胁迫显著降低了磷高效基因型小麦的叶片叶绿素含量,3个磷高效基因型的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素a+b含量分别降低了35.6%、35.3%和35.3%,磷低效基因型分别降低了16.8%、7.7%和11.9%。低铁胁迫对小麦的根系生长、根系吸磷量和磷利用效率均未产生明显的影响,但显著降低了磷高效基因型小麦的植株地上部吸磷量和根效率比。与正常供铁的处理相比,磷高效和磷低效基因型小麦的地上部吸磷量和根效率比在低铁处理中平均降低了55.0%、54.9%和32.5%、36.4%。磷高效基因型小麦植株体内积累的磷量明显高于磷低效基因型,这是磷高效基因型不耐低铁的主要原因。磷效率越高,对低铁的反应越敏感。     

Zinc Efficiency is Correlated with Root Morphology,Ultrastructure, and Antioxidative Enzymes in Rice

To elucidate physiological mechanisms of zinc (Zn) efficiency in rice (Oryza sativa L.), comparative studies on root morphology, ultrastructure, and oxidative enzyme activities were investigated using Zn-efficient rice genotype (‘IR8192’) and Zn-inefficient rice genotype (‘Erjiufeng’). The results showed that moderate Zn-deficient conditions increased root length, root surface, and root tips in both genotypes, but a greater extent occurred in ‘IR8192’. Under moderate Zn deficient conditions, many swollen mitochondria were observed in the root tip cells of ‘Erjiufeng’, whereas most root cells in ‘IR8192’ remained intact. Disturbances in the ultrastructure of these organelles were accompanied with elevated oxidative stress in both genotypes and the increases were less in ‘IR8192’ than in ‘Erjiufeng’. This may result from the differences that existed in the activities of antioxidative enzymes between these two genotypes. These results suggest that Zn efficiency in ‘IR8192’ is closely associated with its high root tolerance to Zn-deficiency by maintaining a relatively higher efficient antioxidative system and intact root tip cell and functions.     

ROOT EXUDATION AND ZINC UPTAKE BY BARLEY GENOTYPES DIFFERING IN ZN EFFICIENCY

Two barley cultivars (‘Sahara’ = Zn-efficient and ‘Clipper’ = Zn-inefficient) were grown at different soil Zn fertilization (0, 0.2, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 mg Zn kg^?1 soil). Root exudates were collected 16 and 28 days after sowing. At Zn = 0, shoot dry matter was decreased in both genotypes, but more distinctly in ‘Clipper’. At 0.2 mg Zn kg^?1, the ‘Sahara’ shoot concentrations of Zn was 130% higher and shoot Zn content 44% greater compared with ‘Clipper’. Low-molecular-weight organic acid anions (=carboxylates) (malate, maleate, fumarate and cis-aconitate) and amino acids (alanine, valine, proline, aspartic acid and glutamic acid) were detected in root exudates, with the highest concentration at Zn = 0.2 mg kg^?1 soil. Higher concentrations of organic acid anions as well as amino acids were noted in the rhizosphere of ‘Sahara’ than ‘Clipper’. The genotypic differences in Zn acquisition from soil may be linked to differential carboxylate and amino acid composition of root exudates.     

Effects of zinc activity in nutrient solution on uptake,translocation, and root export of cadmium and zinc in three wheat genotypes with different zinc efficiencies

The interactions of zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) in uptake and translocation are common but not consistent. We hypothesized that Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺ activity in the apoplasmic solution bathing root-cells could affect Zn accumulation in plants dependent on the wheat genotype. This hypothesis was tested using seedlings of two bread wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L. cvs. Rushan and Cross) and one durum wheat genotype (Triticum durum L. cv. Arya) with different Zn efficiencies grown in chelate-buffered nutrient solutions with three Zn²⁺ (10^?11.11, 10^?9.11, and 10^?8.81?µM) and two Cd²⁺ (10^?11.21 and 10^?10.2?µM) activity levels. Increasing Zn²⁺ activity in the nutrient solution significantly increased Zn concentration in root and shoots of all three wheat genotypes, although the magnitude of this increase was dependent on the genotype. Cadmium decreased Zn concentration in roots of “Cross” while it had no significant effect on root Zn concentration in “Rushan.” At Zn^2+?=?10^?11.11?µM, Cd decreased shoot Zn concentration in “Arya” whereas it increased shoot Zn concentration at Zn^2+?=?10^?8.81?µM. Cadmium increased shoot Zn concentration of “Rushan” and “Cross” at Zn^2+?=?10^?8.81?µM but it had no significant effect on shoot Zn concentration of these genotypes at Zn^2+?=?10^?11.11?µM. The zinc-inefficient genotype “Arya” accumulated significantly more Cd in its root in comparison with “Cross” and “Rushan.” Cadmium concentration in roots of “Arya” was decreased significantly with increasing Zn activity. The effect of Zn on accumulation of Cd in roots of “Cross” and “Rushan” was dependent on the dose provided, and therefore, both synergistic (at Zn^2+?=?10^?9.11?µM) and antagonistic (at Zn^2+?=?10^?8.81?µM) interactive effects were found in these genotypes. Zinc supply increased the Zn concentration of xylem sap in “Cross” and “Rushan” whereas Zn content in xylem sap of “Arya” was decreased at Zn^2+?=?10^?9.11?µM and thereafter increased at Zn^2+?=?10^?8.81?µM. Cadmium treatment reduced Zn concentration in xylem sap of “Arya,” while it tended to increase Zn content in xylem sap of “Cross.” At Zn-deficient conditions, greater retention of Zn in root cell walls of Zn-inefficient “Arya” resulted in lower root-to-shoot transport of Zn in this genotype. Results revealed that the effect of Cd on the root-to-shoot translocation of Zn via the xylem is dependent on wheat genotype and Zn activity in the nutrient solution.     

Zinc uptake kinetics in the low and high‐affinity systems of two contrasting rice genotypes

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differ widely in their susceptibility to zinc (Zn) deficiency. The physiological basis of Zn efficiency (ZE) is not clearly understood. In this study, the effects of Zn‐sufficient and Zn‐deficient pretreatments on the time and concentration‐dependent uptake kinetics of Zn were examined at low (0–160 nM) and high Zn supply levels (0–80 μM) in two contrasting rice genotypes (Zn‐efficient IR36 and Zn‐inefficient IR26). The results show that ⁶⁵Zn²⁺ influx rate was over 10 times greater for the Zn‐deficient pretreatment plants than for the Zn‐sufficient pretreatment plants. At low Zn supply, significant higher ⁶⁵Zn²⁺ influx rates were found for the Zn‐efficient genotype than for the inefficient genotype, with a greater difference (over three‐fold) at Zn supply > 80 nM in the Zn‐deficient pretreatments. At high Zn supply levels, however, a difference (2.5‐fold) in ⁶⁵Zn²⁺ influx rate between the two genotypes was only noted in the Zn‐deficient pretreatments. Similarly, the ⁶⁵Zn²⁺ accumulation in the roots and shoots of Zn‐efficient IR36 pretreated with Zn‐deficiency were sharply increased with time and higher than that in the Zn‐inefficient IR26 with an over four‐fold difference at 2 h absorption time. However, with Zn‐deficient pretreatments, the Zn‐efficient genotype showed a higher shoot : root ⁶⁵Zn ratio at higher Zn supply. Remarkable differences in root and shoot ⁶⁵Zn²⁺ accumulation were noted between the two genotypes in the Zn‐deficiency pretreatment, especially at low Zn level (0.05 μM), with 2–3 times higher values for IR36 than for IR26 at an uptake time of 120 min. There appear to be two separate Zn transport systems mediating the low and high‐affinity Zn influx in the efficient genotype. The low‐affinity system showed apparent Michaelis–Menten rate constant (K_m) values ranging from 10 to 20 nM, while the high‐affinity uptake system showed apparent K_m values ranging from 6 to 20 μM. The V_max value was significantly elevated in IR36 and was 3–4‐fold greater for IR36 than for IR26 at low Zn levels, indicating that the number of root plasma membrane transporters in low‐affinity uptake systems play an important role for the Zn efficiency of rice.     

Interactions Between Cadmium Uptake and Phytotoxic Levels of Zinc in Hard Red Spring Wheat

Abstract

Wheat grown on cadmium (Cd)‐uncontaminated soils can still potentially translocate unacceptable levels of Cd to grain. The effect of zinc (Zn) and Cd levels on Cd uptake and translocation in “Grandin” hard red spring wheat (HRS‐wheat) (Triticum aestivum L.) was investigated using a double chelator‐buffered nutrient solution [EGTA used to buffer Cd, Zn, copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and nickel (Ni); and Ferrozine (FZ) used to buffer Fe²⁺]. In the Zn level series of treatments, Cd²⁺ activity was held constant at 10^?10.7 M, and the Zn²⁺ activity was varied from 10^?7.6 to 10^?5.2 M. As Zn²⁺ activity increased, the translocation of Cd to the shoots decreased. The shoot : root Cd concentration ratio decreased from 0.20 to 0.03 as pZn²⁺ went from 7.6 to 5.2, indicating that adequate to high levels of Zn are effective in reducing Cd translocation to the shoots of “Grandin” HRS‐wheat. In the Cd series, the Zn activity was at 10^?6.6 M, while Cd activity was increased from 10^?10.7 to 10^?9.2 M. High levels of Cd did not significantly affect the uptake and translocation of Zn in the roots and shoots. While at pCd²⁺ of 9.2, the root and shoot Cd concentrations significantly increased, there was not a significant increase in the shoot : root Cd ratio. This would indicate that even at high Cd²⁺ activities, Zn is effective in regulating Cd uptake and translocation in “Grandin” HRS‐wheat.