钾氮配施对生姜产量和品质的影响

通过多年田间试验研究淮北平原砂姜黑土地区钾氮配施对生姜产量和品质的影响。结果表明:增施钾肥对生姜的生长发育有明显的促进作用,施钾的增产幅度,杨集点狮子头姜为32.3％和33.3％,平均增产33.8％;牛庄柴姜增产32.8％和42.0％,平均增产35.6％;农场试验施钾增产37.8％～41.2％,平均增产率高达39.7％。钾氮配施能有效提高生姜块茎维生素C和可溶性糖分含量,显著降低硝酸盐含量,改善生姜的外观和内在品质,大幅度增加生姜产值,每公顷增收12155～13082元,施用钾肥的产投比高达34.9∶1和16.2∶1。当前生产水平下,淮北砂姜黑土地区生姜钾肥的适宜施用量为K2O 260～300kg/hm2,氮肥适宜用量为N 300kg/hm0左右。     

连续施钾对黑土钾素动态变化的影响

采用定位方法研究黑土连续施用钾肥对土壤钾素动态变化及产量的影响。结果表明 ,连续 7年施钾肥玉米仍表现明显的增产效果 ,不施钾肥耕层土壤速效钾含量逐年降低 ,导致掠夺式生产 ;不施钾肥耕层土壤缓效钾含量明显下降 ,施钾肥土壤缓效钾略有下降 ,起到一定的缓解作用。施K2 O 1 1 2 .5kg/hm2 ,钾的平衡系数为 0 .96,说明钾的投入和消耗基本平衡 ;施K2 O2 2 5kg/hm2 ,钾的平系数为 1 .3 4,说明钾肥投入大于作物携走的钾 ,外源钾在土壤中有较大的剩余。     

钾氮配施对生姜产量和品质的影响

通过多年田间试验研究淮北平原砂姜黑土地区钾氮配施对生姜产量和品质的影响。结果表明：增施钾肥对生姜的生长发育有明显的促进作用，施钾的增产幅度，杨集点狮子头姜为32．3％和33．3％，平均增产33．8％；牛庄柴姜增产32．8％和42．0％，平均增产35．6％；农场试验施钾增产37．8％～41．2％，平均增产率高达39．7％。钾氮配施能有效提高生姜块茎维生素C和可溶性糖分含量，显著降低硝酸盐含量，改善生姜的外观和内在品质，大幅度增加生姜产值，每公顷增收12155～13082元，施用钾肥的产投比高达34．9：l和16．2：l。当前生产水平下，淮北砂姜黑土地区生姜钾肥的适宜施用量为K2O 260～300kg／hm^2，氮肥适宜用量为N 300kg／hm^2左右。     

河南主要土类玉米小麦轮作制下施用钾肥效应研究

研究了河南省郑州潮土区和驻马店砂姜黑土区玉米、小麦周年轮作制下施钾效应及土壤钾素的变化.结果表明,在土壤速效钾含量中等的砂姜黑土和潮土上玉米、小麦施用钾肥增产效果显著;郑州点玉米、小麦季和驻马店点玉米季随着钾肥用量的增加,玉米、小麦产量和产值逐渐增加,驻马店点小麦季产量和产值以NPK2处理最高,两点钾素的盈余都随钾肥用量的增加而呈上升趋势.从钾肥产投比、利用率和单位钾素增产量综合考虑,建议郑州潮土区玉米、小麦轮作年施钾量(K2O)为300 kg/hm2,玉米、小麦季分配比以1:1为宜;建议驻马店砂姜黑土区年施钾量(K2O)为262.5 kg/hm2,玉米、小麦季分配比以1:0.75为宜.     

长期秸秆还田下基于东北水稻高产和钾素平衡的钾肥用量研究

  【目的】  通过5年定位试验,系统研究东北稻区秸秆还田条件下不同钾肥用量对水稻产量、钾素利用率和土壤供钾能力的影响,为秸秆还田下水稻钾肥合理施用提供科学依据。  【方法】  于2015—2019年在东北水稻主产区吉林省前郭县开展田间定位试验。共设6个钾肥用量 (K₂O) 处理,分别为0 (K0)、30 (K30)、60 (K60)、90 (K90)、120 (K120) 和150 kg/hm2 (K150),水稻收获后,测定籽粒产量与生物产量、植株钾含量及0—20和20—40 cm土层土壤速效钾、缓效钾和全钾含量,并计算作物钾积累量、钾素利用效率和土壤-作物系统的钾素表观平衡状况。  【结果】  施钾可提高水稻籽粒产量和生物产量,与不施钾相比,平均增幅依次为7.6%～14.5%、6.3%～10.9%,以K60和K90处理籽粒产量和生物产量最高。不同施钾处理间收获指数没有显著差异。钾素表观回收率、农学利用率和偏生产力均随钾肥用量的增加而下降。K60、K90、K120和K150处理0—40 cm土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量高于K0和K30处理,全钾含量6个处理间没有显著差异。K90、K120和K150处理0—40 cm土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量间也没有显著差异。在5年试验中,K0和K30处理土壤钾素表观平衡均表现为亏缺,K60处理农田钾素投入量和输出量基本平衡,当钾肥用量增加至90 kg/hm2以上,农田钾素表观平衡呈现盈余状态,并随钾肥用量的增加显著增加。盈余率与钾肥用量、籽粒产量、土壤速效钾含量、钾素利用效率分别进行拟合得出,当盈余率为0时,钾肥用量为53.1 kg/hm2,籽粒产量为10035 kg/hm2,0—20和20—40 cm土壤速效钾含量分别为103.04和91.56 mg/kg,钾素表观回收率为40.4%,钾素农学利用率为21.2 kg/kg,钾素偏生产力为202.2 kg/kg。  【结论】  在秸秆还田条件下,施用钾肥对水稻依然有明显增产效果。年施K₂O 30 kg/hm2,土壤钾素处于亏缺状态;年施K₂O 60 kg/hm2增产效果最好,且土壤钾素处于基本平衡状态,土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量处于稳定状态;年施K₂O超过90 kg/hm2后,虽然钾盈余量增加,但对土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量没有进一步增加的效果,水稻产量甚至还有下降的趋势。以理论盈余率为0时钾肥用量的95%为置信区间,钾肥用量在50～56 kg/hm2范围内既可保证较高的水稻产量和钾素利用效率,又可维持土壤供钾能力,可作为东北稻区秸秆还田下水稻钾肥推荐用量。     

滨海县不同土壤类型有机无机肥配施对稻麦产量及土壤肥力的影响研究

采用长期定位试验,研究了滨海县主要土壤类型（潮土类的两合土和水稻土类的黏心夹砂土）有机无机配施对水稻小麦产量和土壤肥力指标的影响.结果表明,随着种植年限的增加,有机无机配施水稻小麦产量逐渐增加,最高分别达到9 186kg/hm2和6 540kg/hm2,而且黏心夹砂土的水稻和小麦产量（7 879～9 186kg/hm2和5 456～6 540kg/hm2）均高于两合土（7 755～8 980kg/hm2和5 230～6 235kg/hm2）.与2002年相比,2013年两合土和黏心夹砂土有机质、全氮、有效磷含量分别增加了15.61％和7.23％、28.83％和32.68％、13.10％和19.29％.pH值和速效钾含量则表现出降低的趋势.两种土壤增产途径也有所不同,两合土以增施磷肥为主,黏心夹砂土以增施氮肥为主,其次要合理施用钾肥以及重视土壤酸化的问题.     

安徽江淮丘陵区杂交水稻钾肥效应初报

试验结果表明：杂交水稻每公顷施用K2O135kg时产量最高，达7735kg／hm，比对照(NPK0)增产12．1％。钾肥经济效益也以每公顷施K20135kg最高，比对照增收1008元／11m^2，产投比为3．3：1。钾肥施用量在K2O180kg／hm^2以下时，土壤中的钾素亏损，不能保持土壤中钾素平衡。     

高钾用量和根区施肥可提升皖南不同质地土壤烟叶钾含量

钾是烟叶的品质元素之一,提升烟叶钾含量一直是我国烟草行业关注的重点之一。本文选取安徽烤烟主产区皖南宣城市砂土与黏土两类典型土壤,以云烟97为试验材料,研究田间条件下不同高钾用量水平与施肥方式对烟叶钾含量的影响。研究结果表明,在耕层土壤全层混施方式下,随着施钾量增加(0、300、600、900、1 200、1 800、2400mg/kg,以纯K计),两种质地土壤烟叶钾含量均显著上升,呈先快速增加而后缓慢增加的趋势。在钾肥用量低于1 200 mg/kg时,每增加钾肥用量100 mg/kg,砂土和黏土烟叶不同部位钾含量分别平均增加2.4 g/kg和1.0 g/kg。更高钾肥用量可使砂土烟叶钾平均含量提升到44.0 g/kg,黏土则只能提升到26.2 g/kg。两类土壤钾肥效果差异极大的原因与土壤固钾能力有关,土壤速效钾含量与烟叶钾含量呈线性相关,而黏土钾肥固定率平均为71%,远高于砂土的25%,这是两种质地土壤钾肥肥效差异的根本原因。在常规同等钾肥用量条件下(K2O25kg/667m2),氮磷钾根区集中施用较常规条施显著促进了烟叶对钾的吸收,提升了烟叶钾含量,而且砂土的效果要好于黏土,其原因也与根区施肥可显著提升烟叶根区土壤速效钾含量有关。以上结果表明,选择固钾能力弱的土壤,提高钾肥用量并改进施肥方法可以有效提升皖南烟叶钾的含量。     

5年定位试验条件下钾肥用量对双季稻产量和施钾效应的影响

通过5年定位试验（2008~2012年）, 研究不同钾肥施用量对水稻产量、植株钾素含量、钾素积累量、钾肥利用率、土壤钾素含量、钾素平衡和钾肥经济效益的影响。试验施钾量（K2O）从低到高设K0（不施钾）、K1（早稻84 kg/hm2、晚稻105 kg/hm2）、K2（早稻120kg/hm2、晚稻 150 kg/hm2）、K3（早稻156kg/hm2、晚稻195 kg/hm2）和K4（早稻192kg/hm2、晚稻 240kg/hm2）5个处理。5年的试验结果表明, 施钾能显著提高早、晚稻产量,在一定施钾量范围内,水稻产量随施钾量的增加而增加;施钾能促进水稻植株对钾素的吸收和积累,尤其是稻草对钾素的吸收和积累;早、晚稻的钾肥农学效应均以K2处理最高（早稻3.12 kg/kg、晚稻3.70 kg/kg）;钾肥利用率以K1处理最高（早稻41.2%、晚稻76.4%）,并随施钾量提高而降低;不同施钾量对土壤钾素含量有明显影响,土壤速效钾、缓效钾和土壤全钾均随施钾量的增加而增加,且不同处理间土壤速效钾含量差异达极显著水平（P＜0.01）;连续种植5年10季水稻后,K0、K1和K2处理的土壤钾素亏缺（K 127.1kg/hm2、 58.3kg/hm2和10.8kg/hm2）,亏缺量随施钾量的增加而降低; K3和K4处理的土壤钾素盈余（48.0 kg/hm2 和109.2kg/hm2）,盈余量随施钾量的增加而增加。在经济效益上,早、晚稻产投比均以K2处理最高（早稻1.04、晚稻1.27）。综合考虑施钾的增产效应、经济效益和土壤钾素养分平衡等因素,建议该双季稻区早稻施钾量在K2O 120~156 kg/hm2、晚稻施钾量在K2O 150~195kg/hm2范围内较为适宜。     

不同施钾方式对甘薯钾素吸收及产量的影响

【目的】钾素是调控块根类作物生长和产量的关键因子,特别是对淀粉型甘薯后期块根膨大及产量形成尤为重要。本试验选择胶州(砂姜黑土)和即墨(风沙土)两个不同土壤质地类型的试验点布置田间试验,探究不同施钾方式在两种不同类型土壤条件下对甘薯钾素吸收、 钾肥利用率以及产量形成的影响,以期对甘薯生产提供理论指导。【方法】借助水肥一体化技术能够实现甘薯钾营养的精细化调控,提高钾肥利用率和促进甘薯生长。试验共设置4个处理: K0(不施钾肥,CK)、 K1(钾肥基施)、 K2(钾肥1/2基施+1/2封垄期追施)和K3(钾肥全部封垄期追施)。【结果】与CK相比,三种不同施钾方式均显著提高了甘薯生物量、 养分吸收量及产量(P0.05)。与K3和 K1处理相比,砂姜黑土条件下K2分别增产18.7%和10.4%,但K3和 K1处理之间的产量差异不显著; 风沙土条件下K2增产幅度分别为35.3%和17.3%,其中K1处理的产量显著高于 K3处理(P0.05)。与K1处理相比,K2处理显著提高了甘薯生长中后期(115天~150天)钾素积累量和地下部生长速率,同时提高了钾收获指数、 钾肥偏生产力、 钾效率、 钾肥农学利用率。与K1 和K3相比,砂姜黑土条件下K2处理的钾肥表观利用率分别提高了12.5%和8.8%,风沙土条件下K2处理的钾肥表观利用率分别提高了13.9%和13.2%。不同土壤类型条件下同一施钾方式相比较,砂姜黑土条件下氮钾积累量、 生物量和产量均高于风沙土,但K2处理的钾素日积累速率、 钾素利用率与增产效应均表现为风沙土高于砂姜黑土。【结论】在供钾量较低的风沙土上采用分期施钾(1/2基施+1/2封垄期追施)能显著提高钾肥利用率和增加甘薯产量,是甘薯合适的施钾方式。     

湖北恩施几种典型土壤对氟的吸附与解吸特性

采用室内试验方法,研究了恩施六种土壤氟吸附的特性。结果表明:(1)不同土壤的吸附量差异很大,表现为黄粘泥水田土>红粘壤土>泥质岩黄壤土>红砂泥水田土>中性紫色土>黑色石灰土;同一土壤的吸附量随氟离子初始浓度的增大而增大。不同土壤的解吸量在低浓度时差异不明显,高浓度时表现为黄粘泥水田土、红粘壤土、泥质岩黄壤土、红砂泥水田土>中性紫色土>黑色石灰土;同一土壤的解吸量随氟离子初始浓度的增大而增大。(2)Langmuir公式可以很好地描述土壤氟吸附的特性,Freundlich公式能够较好地描述土壤对氟的吸附。(3)去除铁、铝氧化物后土壤氟吸附量明显降低;草酸能够促进土壤对氟的吸附;共存PO43-能够抑制土壤对氟的吸附。     

长期玉米连作下不同产量水平0—100 cm土层黑土与淡黑钙土理化性状差异

[目的]比较长期玉米连作条件下,0—100 cm土层黑土和淡黑钙土土壤物理和化学性状的差异,分析影响产量的主导因素,为黑土地保护与利用提供理论指导.[方法]在吉林省中部黑土区和西部淡黑钙土区,各选取玉米连作种植年限超过15年的代表性地块18个,在每个地块采集深度为0—10、10—20、20—30、30—50、50—70...     

生物钾肥的增产作用及对土壤钾平衡的影响

生物钾肥是指具有高钾低氮磷养分组成的植物的绿色体或秸杆。生物钾肥作用的实质是:植物不断吸收并活化土壤钾,富集土壤和水体中钾,通过以绿色体或秸秆形式归还,促进土壤钾的良性循环和再利用。生物钾肥中钾的溶解度和利用率都较高,其供钾性能类似矿质钾肥。在等钾量下,各种生物钾肥的增产效果和矿质钾肥接近。     

Effect of the particle-size distribution on the adsorption of copper, lead, and zinc by Chernozemic soils of Rostov oblast

The parameters of adsorption of Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Zn²⁺ cations by soils and their particle-size fractions were studied. The adsorption of metals by soils and the strength of their fixation on the surface of soil particles under both mono- and polyelement contamination decreased with the decreasing proportion of fine fractions in the soil. The adsorption capacity of the Lower Don chernozems for Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Zn²⁺ depending on the particle-size distribution decreased in the following sequence: clay loamy ordinary chernozem ∼ clay loamy southern chernozem > loamy southern chernozem > loamy sandy southern chernozem. According to the parameters of the adsorption by the different particle-size fractions (C _max and k), the heavy metal cations form a sequence analogous to that obtained for the entire soils: Cu²⁺ ≥ Pb²⁺ > Zn²⁺. The parameters of the heavy metal adsorption by similar particle-size fractions separated from different soils decreased in the following order: clay loamy chernozem > loamy chernozem > loamy sandy chernozem. The analysis of the changes in the parameters of the Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Zn²⁺ adsorption by soils and their particlesize fractions showed that the extensive adsorption characteristic, namely, the maximum adsorption (C _max), was a less sensitive parameter characterizing the soil than the intensive characteristic of the process—the adsorption equilibrium constant (k).     

Effect of 15-Year-Long Fertilization on Potassium Quantity/Intensity Relationships in Black Soil in Northeastern China

The effect of long-term fertilization and cropping on soil potassium (K)–supplying capacity has not been extensively studied. Five treatments [control, nitrogen (N), N–potassium (P), NPK, and NPK + manure (NPKM)] were used to evaluate the quantity and intensity relationship (Q/I) of K in black soil (Luvic Phaeozems soil) after a 15-year (1990–2005) long-term fertilization with a continuous corn cropping located in Changchun, Jilin Province, northeast China. Results showed that the long-term K fertilization of NPK or NPKM markedly increased the values of equilibrium active ratio (AR₀ ^K) and nonspecifically available K (?ΔK₀) but decreased the potential buffering capacity (PBC^K) value. Values of the AR₀ ^K and??ΔK₀ in the NPK and NPKM treatment were about four and two times greater than those in the control, N, and NP treatments, respectively. Compared with the non-K fertilization, PBC^K values were decreased by 40–49% under the K fertilization. The black soil suffered from K deficiency even with NPK fertilization as evidenced from the greater free energies of K⁺ exchanging for calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) (?ΔG) (14.7–18.8 kJ mol^?1) than the threshold value of 14.6 kJ mol^?1, from the lower soil K⁺ saturation (1.34%–1.44%) than the critical value of 2.00%, and from the response of corn yield to K fertilization. Our results demonstrated that the increment of the current K application rate through fertilizer and/or manure is needed to improve corn yield in the long run in northeastern China.     

中国黄土地区土壤中天然放射性元素的生物地球化学

本文叙述了我国黄土地区主要类型土壤中天然放射性元素的含量水平、迁移积聚和剖面分布情况。研究结果表明，本地区土壤放射性元素的含量、比值和离散程度均接近其黄土母质，但各土类间仍表现出一定的分异，在弱碱性的土壤环境里，以（ＵＯ２）＾２＋存在的铀比较活跃。碳酸盐能促使铀的淋滤，而有机质的存在却有利于铀的积聚。钍和镭集中积蓄在富含粘粒的土层中，但在林地土壤中钍有淋移的迹象。从各核素的剖面分布看，土壤在发育过     

上海土壤磷的吸附特性及缓冲性能的研究

本文以上海土壤为对象,研究选定了土壤磷等温吸附试验条件为:水土比10,平衡时间6天,控温25℃,磷加入量为100,200,400,600μgP/g土,溶液基质为0.01M CaCl₂。磷缓冲能力试验条件为:平衡时间2天,磷加入量为20,40,100,200μgP/g土。根据Freundlich, Tempkin和Langmuir方程计算的土壤吸附指标与土壤类型及土壤性质有密切关系,是土壤磷素肥力的重要指标。反映土壤缓冲能力的“磷肥指标”与土壤有机质、粘粒、活性铝及pH值相关较好。上海几种主要土壤中以青紫泥的最大吸附量(X_m),0.2ppm P吸附量和“磷肥指标”为最高,其次为青黄土,沟干泥和黄泥头,最小为夹沙泥。应用磷吸附指标与“磷肥指标”来预测土壤需磷量,初步试验是可行的,但实际应用还需进一步试验研究。     

Acetochlor as a soil pollutant

The agricultural use of pesticides leads to diffuse pollution whereby the various contaminants of the soil infiltrate into the groundwater reaching lakes and drinking water aquifers. Due to the extensive application of these chemicals, their leaching presents a high environmental risk. Since the adsorption coefficient (K) characterizes the soil / water partitioning [1] and is also representative for leaching, the first step in understanding of the environmental fate of a pollutant is to study its adsorption properties. Weak binding to the soil constituents (low K) leads to groundwater pollution, while a strong binding (high K) results in surface water pollution through the erosion of the soil. Acetochlor is a widely used herbicide all over the world. Similar to other organic pollutants, the environmental fate of this chemical is strongly related to its adsorption properties. Static adsorption equilibrium measurements were carried out at 25°C on different types of Hungarian soils (chernozem, brown forest and sandy soil) characterized by varying amounts of organic matter and pH values. Acetochlor solutions were prepared in the presence of nitrate and phosphate ions (0.1 mol/L sodium nitrate and 0.1 mol/L phosphate uffer, pH=7) which are constituents of fertilizers occurring in high concentrations in the environment. In order to appreciate their effect, adsorption studies were also performed in pure aqueous medium. The equilibrated liquid was analyzed after centrifugation by two different methods (Total Organic Carbon measurement, High Performance Liquid Chromatography). Isotherms obtained under different conditions, as well as on various soils, exhibit a similar shape, thus indicating a two-step adsorption process. The plots cannot be interpreted according to the classes of isotherms suggested by Giles (H-, L- and C-type, [2]). The adsorption coefficients were estimated from the initial slope of the curves. These values were determined not only by the type of the soil, but also by the composition of the aqueous media. Due to the low value of the adsorption coefficients, the acetochlor is a rather mobile pollutant of the soil posing a potential danger to the aquatic environment. The organic matter adsorption coefficients (K_om) [3] were also calculated and they were approximately identical for soils of high organic matter. For the chernozem and brown forest soils, the values of the K and K_om parameters are increasing in the order from water < phosphate buffer < sodium nitrate. For soils of low organic content, the similarity of the K_om values cannot be expected (due to the hyperbolic nature of the equation) as the data really indicate it for the adsorption behavior of the sandy soil. Here, the organic matter plays a less important role and the adsorption is controlled by the solute / inorganic substance interactions. This conclusion is nicely proved by the adsorption of the acetochlor on quartz resulting thereby in a similar plot being obtained for the soils. According to the hypothesis presented here, the first step of the isotherms is controlled by the solute / surface interactions while the solute / adsorbed solute interactions are operating in the second step of the isotherm. The role of the organic matter in this region of the isotherm is probably negligible. The comparison of the adsorption coefficients leads to the conclusion that the presence of nitrate and phosphate ions enhances the adsorption of acetochlor on the soils containing a high percentage of organic matter. As these ions are present in the environment due to the extensive use of fertilizers, they may increase the acetochlor pollution of water by erosion. This conclusion corroborates those earlier observations that reported frequent acetochlor contamination of the surface waters [4–5]. As the organic matter content of the soils plays an important role in the acetochlor adsorption, humic substances must have a strong influence on the transport of this compound. Experiments to obtain adsorption isotherms of further pesticides and the development of a quantitative model are in progress.     

江苏省土壤钾素的供应能力与钾肥施用问题

随着我国农业生产的不断发展,复种指数和单位面积产量的不断提高,南方不少地区施用钾肥已成为夺取高产稳产的重要条件之一,有关土壤钾素状况和钾肥施用问题愈来愈受到人们的重视.江苏省地处我国南北的过渡带,其土壤是否缺钾,钾肥的需要程度如何,是生产实践上有待明确的一个问题.