Interaction of Root-knot Nematodes (RKN) and the Bacterium Agrobacterium Tumefaciens in Roots of Prunus Cerasifera: Evidence of the Protective Effect of the Ma RKN Resistance Genes Against Expression of Crown Gall Symptoms

Agrobacterium tumefaciens (AT) is the causal agent of crown gall, a major problem in the family Rosaceae and particularly for Prunus spp. Crown gall symptoms result from the bacterial infection of the cells damaged mechanically at the collar or by root parasitic nematodes. Myrobalan plum (P. cerasifera) is susceptible to AT and is not a host for the root-knot nematode (RKN), M. hapla. Some clones of this plum carry single Ma resistance genes that control M. arenaria, M. incognita and M. javanica. The four above mentioned RKN and Myrobalan progenies segregating for Ma were used in experiments aimed at obtaining a better knowledge of the interaction between AT and RKN in relation to the RKN resistance genes. Prunus rooted cuttings, naturally infected with the bacterium were repotted, grown and inoculated individually with RKN. In a first experiment, Prunus plants were (i) either inoculated with 10,000 juveniles (J2s) of M. arenaria to provide a short inoculum pressure (SIP) or (ii) inoculated by association with one M. arenaria-galled tomato root system that produced a high and durable inoculum pressure of the same nematode species. Four months after RKN inoculation, plants were rated for nematode and bacterial root galling symptoms. RKN and AT galls were more numerous and more homogenous under DIP than under SIP. Nevertheless, for both inoculum regimes, AT galls were present in the RKN-susceptible clones (= carrying none of the Ma genes) and absent in the RKN-resistant clones. Subsequent experiments, conducted under DIP with M. arenaria, M. incognita, M. javanica and M. hapla, also showed, for the three first species, the presence of AT galls only in RKN-susceptible clones whereas Prunus plants inoculated with M. hapla and nematode-free controls were free of AT galls. Consequently RKN act as a wound agent in the AT infection process of Myrobalan plum only when the plant develops a compatible reaction (i.e. when it lacks the Ma resistance genes). Considering that J2s do penetrate the roots of resistant plants, the absence of crown gall symptoms on this material even under durable inoculum pressure strengthens the hypothesis that this nematode stage has a very weak effect on plant cells during the infection process. This is the first evidence of the protective effect of a RKN resistance gene against the expression of root crown gall consecutive to RKN infection. The protective effect of Ma and presumably of other RKN resistance genes against AT is a strong argument for their introgression into Prunus and other Rosaceae or bacterium-susceptible crops.     

Effectiveness and profitability of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mi</Emphasis>-resistant tomatoes to control root-knot nematodes

Experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness and profitability of the Mi-resistance gene in tomato in suppressing populations of Meloidogyne javanica in a plastic-house with a natural infestation of the nematode. Experiments were also conducted to test for virulence and durability of the resistance. Monika (Mi-gene resistant) and Durinta (susceptible) tomato cultivars were cropped for three consecutive seasons in non-fumigated or in soil fumigated with methyl bromide at 75 g m^–2 and at a cost of 2.44 euros m^–2. Nematode densities were determined at the beginning and end of each crop. Yield was assessed in eight plants per plot weekly for 6 weeks. The P_f/P_i values were 0.28 and 21.6 after three crops of resistant or susceptible cultivars, respectively. Growth of resistant as opposed to susceptible tomato cultivars in non-fumigated soil increased profits by 30,000 euros ha^–1. The resistant Monika in non-fumigated soil yielded similarly (P > 0.05) to the susceptible Durinta in methyl bromide fumigated soil but the resistant tomato provided a benefit of 8800 euros ha^–1 over the susceptible one because of the cost of fumigation. Selection for virulence did not occur, although the nematode population subjected to the resistant cultivar for three consecutive seasons produced four times more eggs than the population on the susceptible one. Such a difference was also shown when the resistant cultivar was subjected to high continuous inoculum pressure for 14 weeks. The Mi-resistance gene can be an effective and economic alternative to methyl bromide in plastic-houses infested with root-knot nematodes, but should be used in an integrated management context to preserve its durability and prevent the selection of virulent populations due to variability in isolate reproduction and environmental conditions.     

南方根结线虫中国分离群体种内变异分析

为调查我国不同地区和不同寄主上的根结线虫Meloidogyne spp.种类分布以及群体变异情况,基于酯酶和苹果酸脱氢酶同工酶图谱及SCAR分子标记技术对2017—2019年从6省19种植物根部组织分离到的40个根结线虫群体进行鉴定,针对南方根结线虫M. incognita群体分别通过寄主鉴别法进行生理小种鉴别,利用携带Mi抗性基因的番茄进行毒力测试,对2龄幼虫的口针长度和体长进行测量,并对核糖体ITS和线粒体Nad5基因序列进行比较分析。结果显示:根结线虫分离群体经鉴定包括38个南方根结线虫群体和2个象耳豆根结线虫M. erterolobii群体;38个南方根结线虫群体中有35个群体被鉴别为1号生理小种,其余3个群体被鉴别为2号生理小种;发现1个南方根结线虫群体CN19可在携带Mi抗性基因的番茄上侵染繁殖,为毒性群体,其余群体无法进行侵染和繁殖,为无毒群体。南方根结线虫群体2龄幼虫的口针长度和体长均差异较大,而不同寄主来源分离群体的ITS和Nad5基因序列也存在一定变异。基于ITS和Nad5基因序列构建的系统发育树将所有根结线虫群体归为南方根结线虫和象耳豆根结线虫组成的2个独立分支,...     

Nematicidal potential of materials from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Medicago</Emphasis> spp.

The nematicidal effect of soil amendments with dry top and root material from Medicago sativa and/or Medicago arborea was evaluated on the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and on the cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis in potting mixes. All amendments suppressed root and soil population densities of both nematode species compared to non-treated and chemical controls. The suppressiveness of M. sativa differed between top and root material and among the amendment rates. In field conditions soil amendments with 20 or 40 t ha⁻¹ of a pelleted M. sativa meal increased tomato crop yield and reduced soil population densities and root galling by M. incognita. It is suggested that saponins were at least partly responsible for the nematicidal activity.     

Suppression of Rhizoctonia root-rot of tomato by Glomus mossae BEG12 and Pseudomonas fluorescens A6RI is associated with their effect on the pathogen growth and on the root morphogenesis

Rhizoctonia solani root-rot is a major soilborne disease causing growth and yield depression. The ability of Glomus mosseae BEG12 and Pseudomonas fluorescens A6RI to suppress this soilborne disease in tomato was assessed by comparing the shoot and root growth of plants infested with R. solani 1556 when protected or not by these beneficial strains. The epiphytic and parasitic growth of the pathogenic R. solani 1556 was compared in the presence and absence of the biocontrol agents by microscopical observations allowing the quantification of roots with hyphae appressed to epidermal cells (epiphytic growth) and of roots with intraradical infection (parasitic growth). The root architecture of the tomato plants under the different experimental conditions was further characterized by measuring total root length, mean root diameter, number of root tips and by calculating degree of root branching. G. mosseae BEG12 and P. fluorescens A6RI fully overcame the growth depression caused by R. solani 1556. This disease suppression was associated with a significant decrease of the epiphytic and parasitic growth of the pathogen together with an increase of root length and of the number of root tips of inoculated tomato plants. The combined effects of G. mosseae BEG12 and P. fluorescens A6RI on pathogen growth and on root morphogenesis are suggested to be involved in the efficient disease suppression.     

和田鞘氨醇杆菌AMCC 100218菌株的筛选、鉴定及杀线虫特性

为筛选对南方根结线虫具有致死效果的生防细菌,从山东省10个县市蔬菜主产区番茄根际土壤中分离可培养细菌,采用离体杀线虫试验测定分离菌株对南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita的致死活性,结合生理生化特征及分子生物学方法对高效杀线虫菌株进行分类鉴定,同时对其杀线虫特性进行表征,并通过盆栽试验进一步验证其生防潜力。结果显示,从山东省蔬菜主产区番茄根际土中分离到1株高效杀线虫菌株AMCC 100218,结合生理生化试验与16S rRNA序列分析,鉴定此菌株为和田鞘氨醇杆菌Sphingobacterium hotanense;该菌株对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫的致死效果可达88.87%,其杀线虫活性物质具有较好的热稳定性和储存稳定性,且耐碱不耐酸;盆栽试验结果表明,该菌能够显著减少土壤中的虫口密度,降低番茄发病率。表明和田鞘氨醇杆菌AMCC 100218菌株是1株具有防治根结线虫病潜力的生防细菌。     

Nematicidal Activity of Chrysanthemum coronarium

Organic amendments and green manure are potential alternatives to the harmful chemical control means currently used against plant-parasitic nematodes. In this work, Chrysanthemum coronarium was applied to the soil as a green manure to control the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Chrysanthemum coronarium significantly reduced nematode infection of tomato roots and improved plant-top fresh weight, both in the greenhouse and in microplots. Other green manures, derived from Anthemis pseudocotula, wild chickpea (Cicer pinnatifidum), Geranium spp. and wheat, were not as effective as C. coronarium. Chrysanthemum coronarium, retained its nematicidal activity even when applied as a dried material. Only mature C. coronarium plants, in their flowering stage, exhibited nematode control activity, but the green plant parts were more effective than the flowers. An aqueous extract of C. coronarium exhibited in vitro, nematostatic activity towards M. incognita and M. javanica second-stage juveniles and inhibited their hatching from eggs and egg-masses; its nematostatic activity was expressed also against other phytonematode species such as Heterodera avenae and Pratylenchus mediterraneus, but did not affect the beneficial entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae.     

Dry mycelium of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Penicillium chrysogenum</Emphasis> protects cucumber and tomato plants against the root-knot nematode<Emphasis Type="Italic">Meloidogyne javanica</Emphasis>

Incorporation into soil of dry mycelium ofPenicillium chrysogenum, a waste product of the pharmacological industry, enhanced plant growth and reduced root galling caused by the root-knot nematodeMeloidogyne javanica in cucumber and tomato plants. Incorporation into sandy loam soil in pots of dry mycelium at a concentration of 0.25% (w/w) resulted in complete protection of cucumber plants from the nematode. The number of juveniles recovered from soils containing dry mycelium was greatly reduced even at a concentration of 0.1% (w/w). In microplot studies conducted at two sites in two seasons, with three or four doses, dry mycelium caused a dose-dependent reduction in root galling index (GI) and promotion of plant growth of cucumber and tomato plants. Inin vitro studies, the water extract of dry mycelium immobilized nematode juveniles and reduced the egg hatching rate, but these effects were partly reversible after a rinse in water. Soil-drenching of cucumber and tomato seedlings with water extract of dry mycelium did not reduce GI or number of root-invading juveniles. The results show that dry mycelium promotes plant growth and protects plants against nematode infection. Protection, however, does not operatevia induced resistance. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting April 6, 2003.     

Resistance response of the tomato rootstock SC 6301 to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Meloidogyne javanica</Emphasis> in a plastic house

Nematode reproduction on the nematode-susceptible tomato cv. Durinta grafted onto the Mi-resistance gene tomato rootstock SC 6301 was compared to the Mi-resistance gene tomato cv. Monika in a plastic house infested with Meloidogyne javanica. The ungrafted susceptible cv. Durinta was included as a control for reference. Final soil population densities were lower (P ≤ 0.05) on the resistant than susceptible cultivar but intermediate values were recorded on the rootstock SC 6301. The lowest numbers of eggs per gram root were recorded on the resistant cultivar followed by those on the rootstock; in both cases, they were lower (P < 0.05) than on the susceptible control. Cumulative yield (kilogram per square meter) was higher (P < 0.05) on the resistant than susceptible cultivar whether or not it had been grafted. The rootstock SC 6301 provided an intermediate resistance response to M. javanica and was less effective than the resistant cultivar in suppressing nematode populations and plant damage under the experimental conditions of this study.     

Selection forMeloidogyne incognita virulence against resistance genes from tomato and pepper and specificity of the virulence/resistance determinants

Experiments were designed to analyze the relationships between the root-knot nematodeMeloidogyne incognita and resistant tomato and pepper genotypes. From a natural avirulent isolate, near-isogenic nematode lineages were selected with virulence either against the tomatoMi resistance gene or the pepperMe3 resistance gene. Despite the drastic selection pressure used, nematodes appeared unable to overcome the pepperMe1 gene, therefore suggesting some differences in the resistance conferred byMe1 andMe3 in this species. Nematodes virulent onMi-resistant tomatoes were not able to reproduce onMe1-resistant nor onMe3-resistant peppers, and nematodes virulent onMe3-resistant peppers were not able to reproduce onMi-resistant tomatoes nor onMe1-resistant peppers. These results clearly demonstrate the specificity ofM. incognita virulence against resistance genes from both tomato and pepper, and indirectly suggest that gene-for-gene relationships could occur between these two solanaceous crops and the nematode.     

云南省紫茎泽兰根结线虫病病原种类鉴定

为明确云南省紫茎泽兰根结线虫病的病原种类,于2019年2月在云南省澜沧县林下三七种植区采集根部带有明显根结的紫茎泽兰根系进行根结线虫分离,通过观察所分离根结线虫的2龄幼虫、雌成虫、会阴花纹特征对其进行形态学鉴定,并利用序列比对、系统发育树分析、序列特异性扩增区段(sequence characterized amplified region,SCAR)对其进行分子生物学鉴定。结果表明,该病原线虫雌成虫会阴花纹呈圆形至卵圆形,背弓中等高或低平,侧区一侧或两侧延伸形成翼状,尾区有刻点,2龄幼虫、雌成虫形态特征及形态测量指标与北方根结线虫Meloidogyne hapla相似;该病原线虫rDNA的ITS序列和mtDNA的COI序列与NCBI数据库中已登录的北方根结线虫相应序列相似度较高,分别达99.35%和98.05%以上;该病原线虫rDNA的ITS序列、mtDNA的COI序列分别以99%、100%的支持率与北方根结线虫聚为同一分支;利用SCAR特异性引物,该病原线虫均能扩增出大小约1 500 bp的基因特异性条带。综合形态学和分子生物学鉴定结果将云南省紫茎泽兰根结线虫病病原种类鉴定为北方根结线虫。     

Flagellin from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci induced hrp-independent HR in tomato

We have previously shown that flagellin of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci is an elicitor that induces a hypersensitive reaction (HR) in nonhost tomato cells. Flagellin is the major HR elicitor produced by this pathogen, as shown by the inability of a flagellin-defective mutant, ΔfliC, to induce HR. Also, a ΔfliD mutant that secretes large amounts of monomer flagellins induces a strong HR in tomato. In this study, the possible involvement of an Hrp type III secretion system (TTSS) in flagellin-induced HR was investigated using flagella-defective mutants or Hrp TTSS-defective mutants. The hrcC gene encodes HrcC protein, which is required for Hrp pilus formation in the outer membrane. An hrcC mutation, introduced into the wild-type, ΔfliC, and ΔfliD mutants of P. syringae pv. tabaci did not affect swimming motility or flagellin secretion, whereas all ΔhrcC, ΔfliC, and ΔfliD mutants lost the ability to cause disease on host tobacco leaves. However, the ΔhrcC mutant and the ΔfliD/ΔhrcC double mutant were still able to induce HR cell death, expression of one of the defense-related genes hsr203J, and the generation of hydrogen peroxide in nonhost tomato cells. Thus, flagellin is required for both pathogenicity in host tobacco and HR in nonhost tomato. On the other hand, hrp TTSS is necessary for pathogenicity on host tobacco but is not indispensable to induce HR in nonhost tomato. These results clearly show that flagellin-induced HR is hrp-independent in tomato.The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under the accession number AB049570     

Host-parasite relationships in tobacco plants infected with a root-knot nematode (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Meloidogyne incognita</Emphasis>) population from the Azores

During a nematode survey, severe infections of tobacco feeder roots and heavy soil infestations byMeloidogyne incognita race 1 were found in S. Miguel (Azores islands, Portugal). This is the first record ofM. incognita infection of tobacco in Azores. Morphology of various life stages, analysis of the esterase electrophoretic pattern and differential host tests were used for nematode characterization and identification. Nematode-induced mature galls were spherical and/or ellipsoidal and usually contained more than one female, males and egg masses with eggs. Feeding sites were characterized by the development of giant cells that contained granular cytoplasm and many hypertrophied nuclei. Giant cell cytoplasm was aggregated along a thickened cell wall. Vascular tissues within galls appeared disorganized. The relationship between the initial nematode population density and growth of tobacco plants was tested in a glasshouse experiment in which inoculum levels varied from 0 to 512 eggs and juveniles (J₂) cm⁻³ of soil. Seinhorst’s model was fitted to height and top fresh weight data of the inoculated and control plants. Tolerance limits with respect to plant height and fresh top weight of tobacco cv. ‘Erzegovina’ plants toM. incognita race 1 were estimated as 1.25 eggs and J₂ cm⁻³ of soil. The maximum nematode reproduction rate was 404.7 at an initial population density of 4 eggs and J₂ cm⁻³ of soil. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting March 2, 2004.     

Comparative effect of root-knot nematode on severity of verticillium and fusarium wilt in cotton

The effect of root-knot nematode (RKN) (Meloidogyne incognita) onVerticillium dahliae andFusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) was investigated. Two different inoculation methods were used, one in which inoculum was added to the soil, so that nematode and fungal inoculum were in close proximity; the other, inoculation into the stem, whereby the two inocula were spatially separated. Invasion of the roots by RKN enhanced disease severity, as measured by the height of vascular browning in the stem, following inoculation with either wilt pathogen. The effect of RKN on Fusarium wilt was more pronounced than that on Verticillium wilt. Nematode-enhanced infection byF. oxysporum is a well known effect but there are few reports of enhanced infection byVerticillium due to RKN. Relative resistance of a number of cotton cultivars to both wilt diseases, as measured by height of vascular browning, was similar to the known field performance of the cultivars. The use of vascular browning as an estimate of disease severity was therefore validated. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Feb. 3, 2003.     

Visualization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ralstonia solanacearum</Emphasis> cells during biocontrol of bacterial wilt disease in tomato with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pythium oligandrum</Emphasis>

The biocontrol agent Pythium oligandrum (PO) can suppress bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (RS) in tomato. To understand the primary biocontrol mechanisms of bacterial wilt by PO, we pretreated tomato plants with sterile distilled water or preinoculated them with PO, followed by inoculation with RS, then observed PO and RS in fixed sections of tomato tissues using a confocal laser-scanning microscope and fluorescence labeling until 14 days after the inoculation with RS. Horizontal and vertical movement of RS bacteria was frequently observed in the xylem vessels of roots and stems of tomato plants (cv. Micro-Tom) that had not been inoculated with PO. In plants that were preinoculated with PO, the movement of RS was suppressed, and bacteria appeared to be restricted to the pit of vessels, a reaction similar to that observed in resistant rootstocks. PO colonization was mainly observed at the surfaces of taproots, the junctions between taproots and lateral roots, and the middle sections of the lateral roots. PO was not observed near wound sites or root tips where RS tended to colonize. However, RS colonization was significantly repressed at these sites in PO preinoculated plants. These observations suggest that the induction of plant defense reactions is the main mechanism for the control of tomato bacterial wilt by PO, not direct competition for infection sites.     

Regulation of defense-related enzymes associated with bacterial spot resistance in Tomato

Twenty tomato (Solanum lycopersicon) cultivars were screened for resistance against bacterial spot disease incited byXanthomonas axonopodis pv.vesicatoria under field conditions with and without pathogen infection. Screening was done by artificially inoculating aX. axonopodis pv.vesicatoria suspension to 4-week-old tomato seedlings and observing them for typical symptoms of the disease. Seedlings were categorized into highly resistant, resistant, susceptible and highly susceptible cultivars on the basis of disease incidence. Tomato cultivars were screened for defense-related enzymes, total phenols and lignin contents. The temporal patterns of all these enzymes were estimated with a moderately susceptible tomato cultivar. Native PAGE analysis of both peroxidase (POX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was carried out for the time course of enzyme activities and also by selecting three different tomato cultivars, following infection with the pathogen. Based on the inducible amounts of these enzymes upon pathogen infection, the tomato cultivars were correlated with the disease incidence under field conditions. A significant (P≤0.05) correlation was observed between the degree of host resistance and the enzyme levels. In highly resistant tomato cultivars the enzyme levels, total phenols and lignin contents were increased in comparison with highly susceptible tomato cultivars. Isoform analysis of POX and PPO enzymes indicated a clear difference between resistant and susceptible tomato cultivars in the number of isoforms and also in the intensity of each isoform in the presence of pathogen infection. The possible regulation of defense-related enzymes in imparting host resistance is discussed. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting March 11, 2008.     

南方根结线虫侵染对黄瓜植株生长和抗氧化系统的影响

为探明野生黄瓜对南方根结线虫的抗性机制,采用温室盆栽苗期人工接种技术,研究了线虫侵染对黄瓜抗感品种植株生长和抗氧化系统的影响。南方根结线虫的侵染显著降低了感病品种津春4号的株高、叶面积、地上部鲜重与干重及根系活力,并显著增加其根系鲜重与干重,而对抗病品种西印度瓜的各项生长指标均未造成明显影响。西印度瓜中超氧阴离子(O.2-)、过氧化氢(H2O2)、电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量增加幅度均小于津春4号,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性降低,过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性增加幅度均显著高于津春4号。研究表明西印度瓜遭受的氧化胁迫较小,其抗氧化系统有效清除了氧化损伤。     

长枝木霉菌株TL16防治南方根结线虫的作用机理

为探明长枝木霉Trichoderma longibrachiatum菌株TL16防治南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita的作用机理,采用原生质体转化法获得绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)标记菌株GFP-TL16,通过测定菌株TL16和GFP-TL16对南方根结线虫卵和2龄幼虫(2nd-stage juvenile,J2)的寄生与致死作用,其发酵液对卵孵化的抑制作用和对J2的致死作用,以及菌株GFP-TL16在黄瓜根系的定殖情况和菌株TL16对番茄根结形成的抑制作用来综合分析其作用机理。结果显示:菌株TL16菌丝对南方根结线虫卵无寄生作用,处理19 d后卵降解率为26.33%,致死作用较低;菌株TL16分生孢子悬浮液处理南方根结线虫J2后72 h的致死率为1.65%,且无寄生作用。菌株TL16发酵液处理南方根结线虫J2后48 h的校正死亡率为10.71%,处理卵15 d后对卵孵化的相对抑制率为77.11%。菌株GFP-TL16可定殖于黄瓜根系中,经菌株TL16处理后接种南方根结线虫J2,番茄根结减退率为55.88%。表明长枝木霉菌株TL16可通过抑制根结线虫卵孵化和诱导番茄产生抗病性来防治根结线虫病。     

西瓜与枯萎病菌非亲和互作相关基因的分离及表达分析

 从整体水平阐明西瓜对西瓜枯萎病菌1号生理小种的抗病分子机制和抗病相关基因的表达特征,以高抗枯萎病菌1号生理小种的西瓜品种“卡红(Calhoun Gray)”为试材,接种西瓜枯萎病菌和蒸馏水的根尖组织作为测验方(Tester)和驱动方(Driver),构建西瓜枯萎病菌胁迫的SSH-cDNA正向文库。利用反向 Northern 斑点杂交技术对文库中克隆进行杂交筛选。随机测序300个阳性克隆,序列比对分析,利用RT-PCR技术分析抗病相关基因的表达特性。259条EST成功测序,167条与已知基因具有较高的同源性,占全部ESTs的65.5%,其中与抗病和防卫相关的有64条23种,占24.7%;卡红对枯萎病菌1号生理小种的抗性相关基因主要涉及抗病信号传导、抗病防卫、转录因子、次生代谢合成和细胞保护等方面;Aquaporin和Peroxidase基因在接种后表达量均增加。Calhoun Gray对枯萎病菌侵染作出的反应是全方位多方面的,抗病相关基因主要集中在系统获得性抗性反应中,获得了一些Calhoun Gray与野生西瓜PI296341在与枯萎病生理小种1互作中差异表达的基因,为深入研究西瓜与枯萎病菌互作的分子机制以及关键基因的功能分析奠定基础。