小麦替代玉米对肉仔鸡生产性能、免疫器官、血液指标和全肠食糜黏度的影响

试验以玉米基础日粮为对照组,设小麦基础日粮、小麦基础日粮加木聚糖酶、黑曲霉发酵小麦为试验组,选择1日龄AA肉鸡360羽,随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复30羽,公母混雏,预试期1周,第2周转入正试期,第4周末屠宰,测定生产性能、免疫器官指数、血液指标、全肠食糜黏度,对盲肠内容物进行菌落分离,并对肝脏和脾脏做组织切片,进一步分析免疫功能。结果表明,①生产性能：7～14日龄,发酵小麦组平均日增重极显著低于其他3组（P<0.01）,料重比最高,与其他3组相比差异极显著（P<0.01）,小麦组和小麦加酶组的料重比差异不显著（P>0.05）,但二者均高于玉米组,差异极显著（P<0.01）。15～22日龄,发酵小麦组平均日增重极显著低于其他3组（P<0.01）;玉米组和小麦加酶组平均采食量无显著性差异（P>0.05）,但二者均高于发酵小麦组,低于小麦组,差异极显著（P<0.01）;玉米组和小麦加酶组的料重比差异不显著（P>0.05）,小麦组和发酵小麦组的料重比差异也不显著（P>0.05）,但前两组极显著低于后两组（P<0.01）。23～30日龄,发酵小麦组平均日增重低于其他3组（P<0.01）;玉米组和小麦加酶组平均采食量无显著性差异（P>0.05）,但二者均高于发酵小麦组,低于小麦组,差异极显著（P<0.01）;发酵小麦组料重比高于玉米组和小麦加酶组,低于小麦组,差异极显著（P<0.01）。②发酵小麦组脾脏指数与小麦加酶组差异显著（P<0.05）,胸腺指数与小麦组差异极显著（P<0.01）,玉米组和小麦加酶组差异不显著;③盲肠内容物菌落分离结果显示,对28日龄肉仔鸡盲肠厌氧菌总数、乳酸菌数的影响差异不显著（P>0.05）,小麦加酶组大肠杆菌数与玉米组相比差异显著（P<0.05）,但小麦加酶组和玉米组的大肠杆菌数与发酵小麦组和小麦组相比差异不显著（P>0.05）;④血液指标：4个组T3、T4、血糖、尿酸水平差异极显著（P<0.01）⑤不同日粮肉仔鸡肝和脾组织切片图显示,小麦日粮组肝脏组织、淋巴细胞局灶性增生面积大,其他组间无明显差异;小麦日粮组脾脏出现红髓淤血,其他组无明显变化。     

小麦型日粮中添加不同来源酶制剂对肉鸭生长性能与经济效益的影响

本试验旨在研究不同比例小麦日粮中添加3种不同来源的非淀粉多糖酶制剂对肉鸭生长性能的影响。选用14日龄湖南本地肉鸭1080只,随机分成9个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复30只。9个处理分别为:处理1为0%小麦组,处理2为30%小麦组,处理3、4、5为30%小麦加酶1、酶2、酶3组,处理6为60%小麦组,处理7、8、9为60%小麦加酶1、酶2、酶3组,饲养时间为32d。结果表明:在本试验条件下,随着小麦添加量的增加,30%小麦组肉鸭生长性能并未受到显著影响,加酶并未改善其生长性能;当小麦添加达到60%时肉鸭采食量与料肉比显著升高,添加酶制剂对高含量小麦日粮有明显改善作用,但不同来源产品效果存在差异。     

小肽营养素对肉兔生长性能的影响

试验选用春繁新西兰白仔兔144只，随机分为9组，每组16只，其中设一组作对照组，只喂基础日粮，另外8组作试验组，试验1、2、3、4组分别在基础日粮中添加O.2％、O．3％、O．4％、0．5％的小肽营养素，试验5、6组在降低基础日粮粗蛋白质水平1％的基础上分别添加O．2％、O．3％的小肽营养素，试验7、8组在降低基础日粮粗蛋白质水平2％的基础上分别添加O．4％、0．5％的小肽营养素。试验期45d。结果表明，在日粮中添加O．2％、0．3％、O．4％、0．5％的小肽营养素均能极显著地提高肉兔的增重（P〈O01）。分别比对照组提高8．05％、12．94％、17．54％、3．7％。试验1—4组间增重差异极显著（p〈O．01），其中以添加O．4％小肽营养素组为最好，试验期间增重比对照组提高17．54％。本次试验结果还表明，在肉兔日粮中添加小肽营养素，降低粗蛋白水平1％一2％，仍能发挥较好的生产水平和经济效益。     

木聚糖酶在肉鸡小麦日粮中的应用效果

选用健壮、活泼、均匀1日龄艾维茵肉鸡360羽，饲养至22日龄时进行称重，保证组间个体均重差异不显著。随机分为3个处理（每处理3个重复，每个重复40羽），分别饲喂正对照组饲粮（玉米-豆粕型日粮）、负对照组饲粮（小麦型饲粮）、小麦型日粮添加100g／t木聚糖酶的饲粮。试验在第22-49日龄进行，为期28d。自由采食、饮水。计算平均日增重、料重比、成活率，并进行经济效益分析。试验结果，与正对照组相比，负对照组的日增重降低2．16％，料重比和日采食量没有变化，差异均不显著（P〉0．05）；试验组日增重分别比正、负对照组提高2．38％（P〉0．05）和4．65％（P〈0．05），料重比均下降6．91％（P〉0．05），成活率显著提高6．47％（P〈0．05）。试验组对于正对照组和负对照组的生物学综合评定值分别为105、5％、103．7％，均大于100％，这说明小麦加木聚糖酶日粮比玉米日粮、小麦日粮更能促进肉大鸡生长性能的发挥。与正对照组相比，负对照组的单位增重饲料成本降低了0．15元／kg，试验组单位增重饲料成本降低了0．49元／kg。     

日粮中添加柑桔皮粉对黄杂肉用仔鸡生产性能的影响

将32日龄黄杂肉用仔鸡240只随机分成4组,每组60只雏鸡。第1组为对照组,第2～4组为试验组,分别饲喂在基础日粮的基础上添加了3．5％,3．0％,2．5％柑桔皮粉的日粮,试验期35天。结果表明,在日粮中添加3．5％的柑桔皮粉组鸡效果最佳,料重比3．09-1,比对照组鸡降低11．71个百分点,饲料转化率提高了13．27％,只均增重0．9345kg比对照组鸡（0．8365kg）提高11．72％（P〈0．05）。经济效益比对照组鸡提高27．35％,增重耗料成本降低了0．55元／kg。     

小麦日粮添加非淀粉多糖酶制剂对雏鸡生长及血液中血糖、尿酸和某些激素水平的影响

2个系列试验研究小麦日粮添加非淀粉多糖酶制剂对雏鸡生长及血液中血糖、尿酸和某些激素水平的影响。试验1将7日龄雏鸡72羽随机分为3组,即小麦基础日粮组、小麦日粮加0.15%浙江酶-1组和小麦日粮加0.15%赤峰酶组。试验2将7日龄雏鸡248羽,随机分为8组,即玉米基础日粮组、小麦基础日粮组、小麦日粮加0.1‰、0.2%、0.5%浙江酶-2组和小麦日粮加0.1%、0.2%、0.5%芬兰酶组。试验1结果表明,和小麦组相比,添加0.15%浙江酶-1组雏鸡增重显著提高(P<0.05),料重比下降但不显著(P>0.05);而添加0.15%赤峰酶组增重提高,料重比下降,但均未达到显著(P>0.05)。试验2结果表明,和小麦日粮组相比,添加浙江酶-2各组雏鸡增重提高9.3%-15.7%(P<0.01),料重比降低6.3%-10.8%(P>0.05);添加芬兰酶各组雏鸡增重提高6.2%-9.7%(P<0.05),料重比降低4.2%-13.3%(P<0.05);添加酶各组和玉米组相比,雏鸡增重无明显差异。试验1和试验2血液指标测定结果表明,小麦日粮添加酶制剂可使雏鸡T4、IGF-1水平显著提高(P<0.05),对T3、胰岛素、血糖和尿酸含量未发现明显影响(P>0.05),提示酶制剂可以通过影响机体的代谢激素促进雏鸡生长。     

添加溢康素对肉用鹌鹑效果实验

选用1日龄肉用鹌鹑80羽,随机分为对照组(基础日粮)和试验组(基础日粮添加0.1％溢康素),研究日粮添加溢康素(寡聚糖)对肉用鹌鹑生产性能、抗腹泻、及血清胆固醇含量的影响。结果表明:试验组鹌鹑的日增重提高,料肉比降低(P<0.05),腹泻率降低(P<0.05),血清总胆固醇和肉中胆固醇含量分别降低了12.5(P<0.05)和1.9％。试验结果表明,寡聚糖对肉用鹌鹑的生产性能有促进作用,降低腹泻率,降低血清胆固醇含量和肉中胆固醇的含量。     

添喂三种不同酶制剂对仔猪生产性能影响的比较

试验研究了不同酶制剂对仔猪生长性能的影响,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别饲喂基础日粮中添加0．1％泰力酶(天康)、0．1％丹尼斯克酶(英国)和0．1％溢多利酶(广东)的日粮。结果表明,添喂泰力酶组、丹尼斯克酶组、溢多利酶组平均日增重分别比对照组提高了15．50％、14．09％、7．65％,饲料利用率分别提高了9．17％、9．63％、8．26％,天康泰力酶和丹尼斯克酶效果较好。     

低蛋白日粮下肉用鹌鹑蛋白需要量的初步探究

本试验旨在研究低蛋白日粮对15~35日龄肉用鹌鹑生产性能和蛋白摄入量的影响,进而探究其蛋白需要量。试验采用单因子完全随机试验设计,将200只15日龄健康雌性肉用鹌鹑随机分成5组,即设5个日粮蛋白水平:25.5%、23.5%、21.5%、19.5%和17.5%,每组4个重复,每个重复10只鹌鹑,每组能量和氨基酸一致,试验期为21 d。结果表明:日粮蛋白水平对不同生长阶段鹌鹑体增重、采食量、蛋白摄入量和饲料转化效率有显著影响(P0.05),并且随着日粮蛋白水平的降低,鹌鹑蛋白摄入量和体增重在15~21、15~28日龄和15~35日龄均线性降低,而采食量和饲料转化效率呈现相反的趋势,均线性增加。以体增重为评定指标,采用直线折线模型估算的15~21、15~28日龄和15~35日龄鹌鹑蛋白需要量分别为23.3%、22.3%和20.1%,随着鹌鹑日龄的增加,鹤鹑蛋白需要量逐渐降低。综合所述,氨基酸平衡的低蛋白日粮可在鹌鹑上应用而不会降低其生产性能,低蛋白日粮条件下,推荐15~35日龄肉用母鹌鹑蛋白需要量为22%。     

无公害添加剂组合对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响

选1日龄商品代艾维因混合健雏480只，按单因子随机试验设计分为4组，每组4个重复，每重复30只进行试验。对照组饲喂基础日粮 5mg／kg维基尼亚霉素；试验l，2，3组鸡21日龄前分别饲喂基础日粮 0．1％生命素 0．5％迈克活菌酶；基础日粮 500玎骧／kg糖萜素 0．5％迈克活菌酶；基础日粮 300mg／／kg糖萜素 0．3％迈克活菌酶 0．06％生命素。21日龄后分别饲喂基础日粮 0．1％生命素 0．3％迈克活菌酶；基础日粮 300叫kg糖萜素 0．3％迈克活菌酶；基础日粮 200mg／kg糖萜素 0．2％迈克活菌酶 0．05％生命素。各组基础日粮完全相同。试验结果表明：3个试验组供试鸡的体增重分别比对照组提高10．24、9．61和12．48％．料重比分别降低7．50、7．08和11．67％，每只鸡实际赢利分别增加0．5ll、0．671和1．019元，生物学综合评定值分别为106．12、105．75和108．56。不同无公害添加剂组合对维基尼亚霉素具有显著替代作用。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.