不同猪种四肢骨骼坚强度的研究

试验对五种肥育猪（安庆猪、淮猪、大安、长大安、大长淮各１０头）的肱骨和股骨作了坚强度测定。试验结果表明本地猪肱骨的骨重相对弯矩（安庆猪１１．４±１．５ｋｇ．ｃｍ／ｇ，淮猪１１．９±１．２ｋｇ．ｃｍ／ｇ）显高于杂交猪相应的弯矩（大安８．９±２．６ｋｇ．ｃｍ／ｇ，长大安８．９±１．８ｋｇ．ｃｍ／ｇ，大长淮９．３±２．１ｋｇ．ｃｍ／ｇ）。不同品种股骨的相对弯矩无显差异。     

大约克猪世代选育研究

大约克猪经过五个世代选育，选育指标－日增重、背膘厚和选种指数值均获得提高。公猪分别由５７２．９１±７．３６ｇ提高到８６１．５０±７．２５ｇ，由２．１４±０．５５ｃｍ下降到１．６２±０．１１ｃｍ与由１００分上升到１３１．６１±２．１１（分）。母猪分别由５０１．２９±８．４９ｇ提高到６３４．２２±７．４１ｇ，由２．４９±０．３４ｃｍ下降到１．７７±０．２３ｃｍ与由１００分上升到１２８．１１±２．３５分     

版纳微型猪

版纳锻型猪原产于云南省西双版纳州境内，属华南型猪种。为发掘和利用我省微小型猪资源，于１９８７＊年开始引种饲养，经４年观察测定，６月龄体重、体高＊和体长，公猪为１３．１±０．４ｋｇ、３２．３±０．４ｃｍ和５４．６±＊０．８ｃｍ，母猪为１７．２±０．４ｋｇ、３４．４±０．２ｃｍ和５８．５±０．６ｃｍ：成年（２岁以上）体重公猪为３６．２±１．１ｋｇ、母猪为４３．３±１．０ｋｇ、微型猪性成熟早、４～６月龄即可配种繁殖、经产母猪平均窝产活仔７．８±０．４头，是培育医学实验动物较理想素材。同时，仔猪有迅长迅肥、皮薄＊骨细、背膘分布均匀、后腿率高、无腥味、很适合作烤猪＊原料。     

乐都驴血液生化参数测定

对青海省乐都县５１头驴的１３项血清（浆）生化参数进行测定，结果：总蛋白为７４．４±９．７ｇ／Ｌ，Ａ／Ｇ为Ｏ．９±０．２，总脂为２．５±０．６ｇ／Ｌ，胆固醇为２．５±０．９ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｋ￣＋为４．５±０．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｎａ￣＋为１３７±３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｃａ￣（２＋）为２．３±０．３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｍｇ￣（２＋）为１．６±０．４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，无机磷为２．０±０．６ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ＧＰＴ为８．４±６．４ＩＵ／Ｌ，ＧＯＴ为１１．６±９．７ＩＵ／Ｌ，血浆葡萄糖为５．６±０．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ；上述参数在骟、母驴间无显著差异。     

北极狐生理指标和血液生化参数测定

对引入青海高原的２７只北极狐作２０项生理生化参数测定。测定结果：ＲＢＣ，ＷＢＣ，Ｈｂ，嗜中性白细胞，淋巴细胞，单核细胞，嗜酸性、嗜碱性白细胞分别为９．４０±１．８６（１０￣（１２）／Ｌ），７．４０±１．２８（１０￣９／Ｌ），１４．２０±１．８（ｇ／ｄｌ），４０．５８±１．５５（％），５６．５０±１．９３（％）．２．４０±０．７５（％），０．８１±０．０８（％），０．２９±０．０６（％）；血清总蛋白，Ａ／Ｇ，尿素氮，血清总脂，淀粉酶，血糖，Ｋ￣＋，Ｎａ￣＋，Ｃｌ￣－，Ｃａ￣（２＋），Ｍｇ￣（２＋），Ｐ分别为５８．４１±５．３０（ｇ／Ｌ），１．８０±０．１８，６．６９±１．５５（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），７．８８±０．６６（ｇ／Ｌ），６２１±８７．０７（Ｕ／ｄｌ），５．２２±０．６３（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），２．２４±０．５３（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），１７７．０８±１３．４２（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），１０５．５０±１１．６０（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），２．４８±０．４５（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），１．１７±０．２３（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），２．４１±１．０６（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）；同时测得Ｔ，Ｐ，Ｒ分别为３９．２±０．３９（℃），１２７±１０．３（次／ｍｉｎ），２９．２±５．２     

应用ICP—AES法测定东北虎血清金属元素

用电感耦合等离子发射光谱分析（ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ）法对８只东北虎血清中１１种金属宏量和微量元素的含量进行了测定，８只东北虎各种元素平均含量的置信区间（μ）钠为２４２±８３（ｍｇ／ｄｌ），钾为１２８±４２（ｍｇ／Ｌ），钙为４２±１７（ｍｇ／Ｌ），铜为０．２６±０．０９（ｍｇ／Ｌ），镁为１１．１±４．２（ｍｇ／Ｌ），锌为１．７５±（ｍｇ／Ｌ），铁为１．６±０．５（ｍｇ／Ｌ），钴为１．５±０．２５（μｇ／Ｌ     

荣昌猪瘦肉型品系肥育性能研究

本研究对荣昌猪瘦肉型品系０至５世代共２４６头同胞肥育试验猪进行了肥育性能测定。结果表明，通过六个世代的选育，荣昌猪瘦肉型品系具有优良的胴体品质及较快的生长速度，并保持了原种荣昌猪肉质优良的遗传特性，胴体瘦肉率、肩腰荐三点均膘、后腿比例、胴体长分别由０世代的５１．７３％、２．６３ｃｍ、３１．３９％、８４．７５ｃｍ提高（降）至５世代的５５．００％、２．０６ｃｍ、３２．３９％、８７．２５ｃｍ，分别提高（降低）了６．３％、２１．７％、３．２％、２．９％；２０～９０ｋｇ日增重、每增重１ｋｇ耗料、达９０ｋｇ体重日龄分别由０世代的４５０．０ｇ、４．１７ｋｇ、２３４．９天提高（降）至５世代的５９８．８ｇ、３．３９ｋｇ、１８９．５天．分别提高（降低）了３３．５％、１９．３％、１９．３％。     

褪黑激素对门源牧场牛春季促绒生长及绒产量的影响

１９９８年３月用简易手术在供试的门源牦牛颈部皮下分别埋植含不同剂量的褪黑素药管，７周后梳绒，结果表明：２个试验组平均绒长厚度为１１．１４ｃｍ±０．６４ｃｍ，１０ｃｍ±１．１８ｃｍ，均显著高于对照组７．３ｃｍ±１．１９ｃｍ，尽管存在着颈毛自然流失现象，但试验组件绒平均产量为０．７９ｋｇ±０．０８ｋｇ，０．９１ｋｇ±０．１６ｋｇ。     

饲养密度对猪生产效果和行为的影响

为了探索本地区猪的适宜饲养密度，将７４头断奶仔猪（长自×成华）随机分为８组，在面积为９．１３ｍ２的水泥地面猪圈内，每圈分别养１、２、３、４、５、６、７、８头，其饲养密度分别为９．１３、４．５７、３．０４、２．２８、ｌ．８３、ｌ．５２、１．３０和１．１４ｍ２／头。各组相应的日增重分别为４５９．２、４８６．３、５１３．９、５０３．１、５１０．２、４９６．５、４７１．６．和４４５．９ｇ（Ｐ＜０．０１）；每日采食风干料分别为１．６３、１．６９、１．７１、１．７０、１．６９、１．６８、１．６６和１．６４ｋｇ；每增重１ｋｇ耗ＤＥ４６．１０、４５．３０、４３．３８、４４．００、４３．０８、４４．００、４５．８５和４７．９０ＭＪ，随饲养密度的增大，咬斗频率（天）从０．０８次（２组）上升到０．３５次／头（８组），站立活动时间从６．７９（１组）增加到８．３５小时／头（８组）。利润和产出投入比以５组和６组为好，饲养密度过高或过低都将降低经济效益。     

互助白牦牛8项血液生理指标测定

对互助县７０头白牦牛的８项血液生理指标进行测定。结果：ＲＢＣ５．８９±０．９８（１０＾１２／Ｌ），ＰＣＶ０．３２±０．０６（Ｌ／Ｌ），Ｈｂ１０３．６±２２．０（ｇ／Ｌ），ＷＢＣ６．１３±２．１０（１０＾９／Ｌ），嗜碱性白细胞１．２５±１．４１（％），嗜酸性白细胞１３．１７±８．３３（％），幼稚核中性白细胞１．２０±１．２９（％），杆状核中性白细胞１．４２±１．４９（％），分叶核中性白细胞２７．５７     

Advanced Onset of Puberty in Gilts of Thrifty Genotype (Iberian Pig)

The Iberian pig is an autochthonous breed of the Mediterranean area, reared extensively in the central and southern areas of Spain and Portugal and that is known worldwide for the production of Iberian ham. The characteristics of the Iberian ham are related to its abundance of intramuscular fat, owing to the high capacity of the pig to accumulate fat under its skin and between the muscular fibres. This ability to store excess fat enables survival during periods of scarcity and it has been found in other antique animal breeds and even in humans, being named as the thrifty genotype. The reproductive management of the Iberian pig, in spite of a lack of accurate information unlike in other swine breeds, is based on the assumption of lower reproductive precocity and efficiency than the modern commercial breeds. The current study characterized and compared the onset of puberty in gilts of Iberian breed and meat commercial crosses (Large White × Landrace) reared in the same conditions by assessing weekly plasma progesterone profiles. At the end of the experimental period, when the gilts became 180 days old, the percentage of Iberian females that had reached puberty was 72.2%, with a mean age and weight of 160.5 ± 2.6 days and 92.9 ± 4.7 kg, respectively. The percentage of Large White × Landrace cross‐breed females reaching puberty at 180 days was only 15% (p < 0.05). The mean age and weight were 165.0 ± 4.1 days and 107.8 ± 2.2 kg (p < 0.05), respectively. Thus, converse to the traditional assumption, onset of puberty was advanced in Iberian gilts. These results are important for the reproductive management of the Iberian pig but, at the same time, may set the basis for future studies on the metabolism–reproduction link and, specifically, on the possible relationship between earlier accumulation of fat and attainment of puberty.     

牦牛杂种优势利用新途径研究报告

本项研究提出了牦牛种间杂交的新途径（黑白花牛冻精×藏黄牛×牦牛，即三元杂交）。揭示了含１／２黑白花牛血液的杂种藏黄公牛（黑白花牛冻精×藏黄牛，以下简称杂种藏黄公牛）从半农半牧区引入高寒牧区后，有良好的适应性。它与牦牛自然交配，繁殖成活率４１４１％，比用“冻配”技术生产犏牛提高１７７１个百分点。自然交配繁殖的Ｆ１代犏牛杂种优势明显，初生重较大，公、母分别为２０２５±２６１ｋｇ、１９９５±２８４ｋｇ，相应比牦牛高６７５、６７０ｋｇ；生长发育快，２５岁时公、母体重分别为３１０７８±６８８ｋｇ、３０５７９±１４１６ｋｇ，比同龄牦牛相应重１２６４８和１４９９２ｋｇ；母犏牛２～３岁可初配，３～４岁挤奶，比牦牛提前１～２岁挤奶；第一胎（１８３天）挤奶量６５９３６ｋｇ±４１３４ｋｇ，为同胎次母牦牛的２６５倍、同胎次母黄犏牛的１７２倍。     

杜泊、无角陶赛特、萨福克羊与湖羊杂交F1代羔羊育肥性能研究

为进一步研究不同肉羊品种与湖羊杂交F₁代羔羊育肥效果,本试验选择国外优良的肉羊品种杜泊羊、无角陶赛特羊和萨福克羊作父本,国内优良地方品种湖羊作母本开展杂交试验研究,所获得的杂交F₁代羔羊在全舍饲条件下进行育肥。测定杂交F₁代羔羊初生重、不同月龄体重和平均日增重等生长性能。结果表明：试验A组（杜泊公羊与湖羊母羊杂交F₁羔羊）、试验B组（无角陶赛特公羊与湖羊母羊杂交F₁羔羊）、试验C组（萨福克公羊与湖羊母羊杂交F₁羔羊）6月龄平均重分别为44.76±3.62 g、 43.65±4.18 g、43.28±3.34 g,均极显著高于对照组D 6月龄平均重36.32±3.86 g,差异极显著(P＜0.01)。试验A组、B组、C组与对照组D相比较,试验A组、B组、C组每只羊的利润较对照组分别多收入80.02元、69.74、42.74元,差异极显著（P＜0.01）,其中试验A组的生长性能和利润均优于试验B组和C组,差异显著(P＜0.05)。     

金华猪繁殖性状的统计学分析

采用金华猪场1979～1999年金华猪的繁殖性能生产记录,测定了2355头金华母猪(纯繁)和金华猪(K)与约克夏(Y)、长白(L)、杜洛克(D)、汉普夏(H)杂交后代的繁殖性状。综合考虑各性状的各种固定效应,并建立各性状的固定效应模型,对其进行方差分析,计算各性状的最小二乘均数(LSM),对影响较大的固定效应在各观察水平上的LSM进行分析与比较。固定效应分析结果表明:品种、胎次、季节、年份对产活仔数、60日龄头数的影响极显著(P<0.01)。而产仔数受胎次、季节、年份的影响极显著(P<0.01)。金华猪纯繁组以及LK×D、K×L杂交组的产仔数、产活仔数较高,K×L、K×Y杂交组合的60日龄头数较高。而其他外来品种之间杂交组合的繁殖性状显著低(P<0.01)。说明金华猪具有高产的优良特性。金华猪产仔数、产活仔数随胎次逐渐递增,6～7胎达到高峰。金华猪夏季产仔数最高为15.72±1.66,显著高于秋、春、冬(P<0.01)。产活仔数春、夏、秋季无差异(P>0.05),但高于冬季(P<0.05)。1982～1987年间金华猪无论是产仔数还是产活仔数整体都维持较高的水平。     

Performance of pigs from two genotypes inrelation to the amino acid content of the diet

Ninety-six female pigs comprising equal numbers of purebred Large White and crossbred Large White × Pietrain were used to assess the effect of genotype and the response of growing-f inishing pigs to dietary amino acid concentration according to a 2 genotypes × 4 dietary treatments factorial design. Four sequences of two diets (one growing and one finishing diet) all based on cereals, peas, peanut meal and amino acids, with increasing contents of essential amino acids but with the same crude protein content and balance between essential amino acids were compared. Lysine contents ranged from 7.6 to 10.5 g/kg (2.3 to 3.2 g/Meal DE) during the growing period (25-60 kg) and 6.6 to 9.6 g/kg (2.0 to 2.9 g/Meal DE) during the finishing period (60-100 kg). The crude protein content was 155 g/kg during the growing period and 145 g/kg during the finishing period. Pigs were housed individually and fed the experimental diets twice daily according to a low energy feeding scale. Crossbred pigs had a lower feed conversion ratio and a higher growth rate, and at slaughter leaner carcasses than Large White pigs. No genotype × dietary sequence interaction was detectable in any criteria measured. In both periods, increasing the essential amino acid content led to a significant increase in growth rate up to a plateau. However, there were few differences in carcass composition, according to dietary sequence. It seems that with fast-growing pigs, under restricted feeding, the use of high levels of balanced amino acids can be advised, up to about 9.5 g lysine/kg (2.9 g/Meal DE) during the growing period and 8.5 g lysine/kg (2.65 g/Meal DE) during the finishing period.     

Cryopreservation of immature oocytes of the indigeneous Vietnamese Ban Pig

We report the cryopreservation of oocytes from Ban miniature pigs which are endemic in Vietnam. Immature cumulus‐oocyte complexes were collected from antral follicles of 7–8 mo old female cyclic Ban pigs and vitrified in micro‐drops. Oocyte morphology, lipid content, post‐warming survival, nuclear maturation, and embryo development were compared to those of oocytes from commercially slaughtered Landrace × Large white hybrid pigs. The size of oocytes in the two breeds was similar. However, significantly lower amounts of intracellular lipid were detected in Ban oocytes. There was no difference (p > 0.05) between Ban and Landrace × Large white oocytes in percentages of post‐warming survival (93.1 ± 3.4% vs. 70.7 ± 16.7%, respectively) and nuclear maturation after in vitro maturation (80.4 ± 5.1% vs. 90.0 ± 1.3% respectively). Similarly, cleavage (30.8 ± 7.8% vs. 10.3 ± 6.1%, respectively) and blastocyst development rates (9.4 ± 5.0% vs. 0.79 ± 0.79, respectively) were not different (p > 0.05) between vitrified Ban and Landrace × Large white oocytes after in vitro fertilization and embryo culture. In conclusion, high survival and maturation rates were achieved after vitrification of immature Ban oocytes and their cryo‐tolerance was similar to that of Landrace × Large white oocytes, despite the difference in lipid content. We succeeded to generate reasonable rates of blastocysts from vitrified Ban oocytes by in vitro fertilization.     

Intravenous Administration of Azumolene to Reverse Malignant Hyperthermia in Swine

Background: The efficacy of intravenous (IV) administration of azumolene (Az), an analogue 30‐fold more soluble than dantrolene, on pigs susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH) is incompletely understood. Objective: To evaluate efficacy of Az on MH crisis in pigs. Animals: Eight normal (MHN) and 7 susceptible to MH (MHS) pigs (Landrace × Large White × Pietran). Methods: Prospective, laboratory trial. Hypermetabolic crisis was observed in MHS pigs, but not in MHN pigs, after a combined administration of inhaled halothane (1.5%) and IV injection of succinylcholine (SCh; 2.5 mg/kg). Susceptibility was confirmed using a caffeine and halothane contracture test. Az was administered 15 minutes after administration of SCh. Results: Respiratory acidosis (pH 7.16 ± 0.02; Pco ₂, 46.2 ± 9.1 mmHg, HCO₃, 22.5 ± 2.3 mmol/L), fever (38.2 ± 1.1°C), cardiac arrhythmias, and muscle contracture were observed in MHS pigs. MHS pigs (n = 5) treated with Az (2 mg/kg IV) survived the crisis with attenuation of signs (pH 7.30 ± 0.10; Pco ₂, 36.3 ± 4.5 mmHg; HCO₃, 22.9 ± 2.3 mmol/L) and recovery of normal muscle tone and cardiac rhythm. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Az represents a possible substitute for dantrolene to reverse MH crisis in susceptible pigs.     

Calculation of protein and energy requirements in beluga sturgeon (Huso huso) using a factorial approach

This study tried to determine the protein and energy requirements of growing beluga sturgeon Huso huso using a factorial approach. The experiment was composed of four small‐scale growth trails covering different weight ranges. The fish fed at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% of satiation. DWG had a steady increase throughout the experiment following a non‐linear equation as Y = 1.433 (±0.056) × Ln(X) ?2.740 (±0.261); r² = 0.99, p < 0.001, where Y = weight gain (g/day) and X = fish weight (g). The daily requirement of digestible energy (DE) for maintenance amounted to 79.09 kJ × BW (kg)^0.8. The daily requirement of DP for maintenance calculated as 0.93 g × BW (kg)^0.7. The relationship between DE intake (X) and DE gain (Y) expressed as Y = ?0.0004 (±0.000) X² + 0.600 (±0.082) X ?44.95 (± 6.72). Also, the relationship between DP intake (X) and protein gain (Y) was expressed as Y = ?0.019 (±0.006) X² + 0.548 (±0.062) X ? 0.498 (±0.121). The daily requirements of energy and protein were estimated as 79.09 kJ × BW (kg)^0.8 + 2.94 × DE gain and 0.93 g × BW (kg)^0.7 + 2.63 × DP gain. Apparently, beluga sturgeon is inefficient in converting energy and protein into body tissue. Therefore, energy content of the diet should be sufficiently high to satisfy large energy demands in beluga sturgeon and also to reduce the catabolism of protein.     

小梅山猪种质指标测定与杂交利用分析

小梅山猪是我国优良的地方品种猪,纯种小梅山猪体型小而紧凑细致、繁殖力高、杂种优势明显,为了更好地保护与利用这一优秀种质资源,本试验对小梅山猪育种中心纯种小梅山猪的种质指标进行测定,并分析其杂交利用情况。结果表明:该猪场现有猪群的群体近交系数为0.1953,头胎平均总产仔数为(13.57±3.70)头,头胎平均产活仔数为(12.75±4.23)头;2胎及2胎以上平均总产仔数为(14.09±4.17)头,2胎及2胎以上平均产活仔数为(13.39±3.92)头,后肢畸形率为0.40%,黑脚为0.60%,杂毛为0.20%,驼背为1.40%;纯种小梅山猪日增重、饲料转化率、胴体瘦肉率分别为324.4g/d、4.01∶1、46.23%,而培育的长白×小梅山二元杂交猪和大约克×长白×小梅山三元杂交猪日增重、饲料转化率、胴体瘦肉率分别为553.7 g/d、3.31、53.33%和622.3g/d、3.18、57.83%。     

Interaction between amino acids on the performances of individually housed piglets

Dietary branched‐chain amino acid and tryptophan concentrations have been associated with effects on daily feed intake; this study is an extension of that research. We evaluated eight dietary treatments in a Latin square cross‐over design with 32 female piglets during 8 weeks (9.9 ± 0.6 kg to 44.9 ± 2.9 kg, mean ± SD). Treatments differed in dietary standardized ileal digestible leucine (10.8 and 21.3 g/kg), valine (7.0 and 7.8 g/kg), isoleucine (6.0 or 7.3 g/kg) and tryptophan (2.0 and 2.5 g/kg) content. A longitudinal model was fitted with the level of valine, leucine, isoleucine, tryptophan and the interactions leucine × tryptophan, valine × leucine, isoleucine × tryptophan as fixed effects. Increasing the dietary leucine content decreased feed intake (?169 g/day) and daily gain (?168 g/day) of the pigs and impaired the feed conversion ratio (+0.49 g/g) (p < 0.01 for all parameters). Adding valine to the high leucine diet counteracted the feed intake reduction partially, while effects on daily gain and feed conversion ratio were largely counteracted by adding extra valine. The positive effect on feed conversion ratio diminished over time (p = 0.001 for age × valine). Adding extra tryptophan to the high leucine diet tended to negatively affect daily gain (p = 0.081) and feed conversion ratio (p = 0.074). Adding extra dietary isoleucine together with extra valine did not further counteract the negative effects of excess dietary leucine. The present results confirmed that, with excess leucine, extra valine benefits performance. Further adding extra tryptophan or isoleucine did not improve performances.