杨树10种miRNA的低氮胁迫差异表达及靶基因的鉴定与分析

microRNA (miRNA)是一类重要的非编码小分子RNA,在植物应对逆境胁迫的响应中起着重要调控作用。为了探讨miRNA在杨树受低氮营养胁迫不同时间段的差异表达模式以初步鉴定参与低氮胁迫响应的miRNA,本研究以重要乡土树种毛白杨为材料,进行不同时间段的低氮胁迫处理,分别提取长度在200 nt以下的小片段RNA,利用实时定量PCR技术研究毛白杨在低氮胁迫后10种miRNA的差异表达模式。结果显示,miRNA的表达在低氮胁迫下有显著变化,部分miRNA的表达呈现动态反应。在低氮胁迫下,miRNA的表达呈现四种模式,大部分miRNA的表达在处理1 d后受到显著抑制。借助生物信息学手段,进一步鉴定到10个miRNA的靶基因,功能注释表明靶基因共分为6大类,降解组实验进一步验证了miR159a对靶基因的切割。该研究初步表明,miRNA在杨树对低氮营养的胁迫响应中可能发挥着重要调控作用。     

论作物育种的科学与艺术

从传统育种（优选法）→常规育种（杂交）→现代育种（基因工程、分子育种）。育种是从一门有艺术的科学,发展成了是一门有科学的艺术。如今育种的科学性比艺术性更加重要。育种学是一门高度抽象和系统综合的哲学,有一定创新理论指导和需要精湛艺术的科学。育种学家必须是一个多面手,要善于发现和利用关键的基因及创造新的基因型,亲本选配和后代选育是关键艺术。育种学是环境学中的优生学,是生态学中的经济学。作物育种应该遵循以下8大原则：克服高产限制因子原则,高产原则,稳产原则,适应性广原则,自然资源高效利用原则,满足社会需求原则,生态选择适应原则,演变进化创新原则。育种学需要不断创新和发展。应该重视各种育种技术的相互结合和合理利用,发展和提高育种的科学和艺术水平,同时提高育种效率,选育出更多的优良品种。     

大豆分子育种现状、挑战与展望

近年来,大豆育种技术取得了重要进展,育种理论和技术也发生了重大变革。通过多种技术的集成与整合,加速了优质大豆培育进程,以分子标记辅助育种、转基因育种等技术逐渐成为大豆遗传改良的重要手段。本研究综述了大豆分子标记辅助育种、大豆转基因及分子设计育种的研究进展,分析了中国大豆分子育种现状和挑战,认为中国大豆分子育种存在优异基因资源匮乏,大豆分子育种技术方法相对落后,分子育种培育的突破性品种过少等问题,提出了未来要加强重要经济性状形成的遗传和分子基础研究,要重视加强多种模型的开发等几点建议。     

A modified method of counting chromosomes in root tip cells of wheat

An outline is given of the method of counting chromosomes in root tip cells of wheat as carried out at the Wheat Breeding Department of the Institute of Plant Breeding, Wageningen.Samenvatting Er wordt een beschrijving gegeven van de methode van het tellen van chromosomen in de worteltopjes van tarwe, zoals die wordt toegepast door de Afdeling Tarweveredeling van het Instituut voor Plantenveredeling, Wageningen.     

The history of distributing starting material by governmental institutes to potato breeders in the Netherlands

Although in the period 1938–1948 the number of potato breeders in the Netherlands increased to ±200 there was not a well designed plan, with the exception of the programmes of breeding for wart disease resistance. In most years the second-year seedlings were severely attacked by diseases because the healthy-born first-year crop had been lifted too late.In 1948 the Foundation for Agricultural Plant Breeding at Wageningen was started, leading to the foundation of the Potato Breeding Station Prof. Broekema Hoeve at Marknesse (N.E.Polder). The seedlings were raised in glasshouses and kept free from diseases. The virus-free clones were distributed to the Dutch potato breeders. In 1963 some 88,000 clones and some 600,000 true seeds were distributed.In developing parent material the Potato Breeding Station depends to a large extend on the work of the departments of potato breeding of the Institute and the Foundation for Agricultural Plant Breeding. The parent material is evaluated through population analysis; annually ca 30,000 seedlings raised from clones are assessed.The distribution of starting material by governmental institutes, has furthered potato breeding in the Netherlands.     

小偃麦新品种与中间类型的选育途径、程序和方法

作者从事小偃麦远缘杂交育种工作20余年,已育成7个小偃麦品种及广西260、261等新品系,5个稳定的中间类型(新种)及广西631、632等新八倍体种和新的附加系,它们都是小麦育种的优良桥梁亲本。文中着重介绍了:一、小偃麦新品种的选育途径和方法:(一)一次单交选育法,(二)复交选育法,(三)回交选育法;二、小偃麦中间型的选育途径和方     

Some remarks on the breeding of field crops in the Netherlands

Summary In the Netherlands the home-bred varieties are developed almost entirely by private establishments. The Government institutes (Institute of Agricultural Plant Breeding and Foundation for Agricultural Plant Breeding) at Wageningen give advice to the breeders of field crops.The private plant breeders are informed of the results obtained and the working methods. They receive plant material for their breeding programme.The List of Varieties is the reference guide not only for the farmers but also to the plant breeders and the seedsmen. In the case of field crops it forms the basis for the seed inspection. A close connection exists between the breeding, variety-list and seed inspection.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed in this article:
Bajaj, Y. P. S. (ed.), Rice. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry.
Stalker, H. T, and J. P. Murphy (eds.), Plant Breeding in the 1990s.
Murray, D. R., Advanced Methods in Plant Breeding and Biotechnology.     

Agronomic performance and combining ability estimates of yellow maize inbred lines under adequate and deficit moisture conditions

Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology - Breeding for drought tolerance and increased grain yield is vital in mitigating the threat posed by recurrent drought stress on maize production, as well...     

Breeding components for mixture performance

Summary The problems posed by breeding components for use in binary mixtures are discussed. Breeding and selection strategies designed to overcome some of these problems are outlined.     

The history of the Plant Breeding Institute I.v.P. 1912–1962

Founded in 1912, the Plant Breeding Institute (I.v.P.) has been active in a wide field, particularly since 1923. Many projects have been initiated and developed in this time.Research and instruction in plant breeding have been important items in its working programme. They are supported by a well-organized library.Breeding work and the maintenance of varieties developed by the Institute have been carried out on a modest scale for instructional purposes. Many hybrid populations have been placed at the disposal of Dutch breeders and some important varieties were raised from them.The need of establishing and maintaining international contacts is met by the editing of Euphytica and the co-operation in the European Association for Research on Plant Breeding, Eucarpia.Advice to breeders of agricultural crops, the composition of the List of Varieties of Field Crops, legalisation of varieties and the seed inspection of these varieties were left to the authority of other institutions which were specially founded for those purposes. Close contacts with these organisations were maintained leading to much fruitful co-operation.The successive directors (O. Pitsch, C. Broekema, J. C. Dorst, J. Sneep) have aimed at developing a balanced combination of plant breeding, research on varieties and seed production.     

乐香202B早熟性的遗传分析与基因定位

品种生育期是水稻最重要的农艺性状之一,通过遗传育种方法改变品种的生育期,特别是缩短生育期,对水稻生产的发展具有重要意义。研究材料乐香202B是由乐山市农科所提供的早熟稳定性较好的品种,对其研究表明,乐香202B具显性早熟基因,经遗传分析表明,符合3:1分离比,且不具感光性及胞质效应。将该基因初步定位在染色体第2染色体短臂端,暂定名为Ef-2(x)。与微卫星标记RM279、RM154 有连锁关系,遗传距离分别为13.5cM和8.9cM。该基因的定位为下一步的基因分离和克隆奠定了基础。     

Molecurar Breeding for Resistant Varieties Against Asian Rice Gall Midge in China

Asian rice gall midge （GM） is a major rice pest in South China. Breeding resistance varieties has been a viable and ecologically acceptable approach for managing the pest. This paper reports that the progress of breeding resistant varieties using the markers linked to Gin6 against GM fxom the year 1998 to 2006 in China. The DNA fingerprints of 4 biotypes of GM population fxom 7 locations were analyses by AFLP. Base on the fine mapping of resistance gene Gin6 against all 4 Chinese GM biotypes by RAPD and SSR methods respectively, the STS markers and SSR markers linked to gene Gin6 were used for breeding through MAS. Some new resistant garplasm with Gin6 gene were created. And six cultivars and six two-line or one line three-line hybrid rice against GM were bred and extended to the farmer. The technique system of MAS for resistant varieties against Asian rice gall midge was set up at Guangdong province of China.     

Effect of ethylene inhibitor,type of auxin,and type of sugar on anther culture of local East Java aromatic rice varieties

Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology - Breeding using the double haploid approach has been used in accelerating the rice breeding process. However, the main obstacle in the application of this...     

Quantitative genetics in an apple breeding strategy

Summary Open-pollinated seed of 500 genotypes of commercial cultivars, breeding selections and wild species of apples (Malus × domestica) was collected from overseas mixed-clone repositories. This is to generate the first generation of the new Apple Breeding Population.Subsequent generations will be intercrossed in a pair-crossing design. Recurrent selection for general combining ability (GCA) is the breeding method used for genetic improvement of the Breeding Population. Every parent in the control-pollinated breeding population is tested for GCA using a polycross mating design.The best individuals of the Breeding Population, intensively selected between families using the polycross GCA estimates, and also within families are intermated to produce a Cultivar Production Population. Trees selected from this have then to be evaluated in grafted clonal tests before commercial release.Each generation, a new Breeding Population of 500 genotypes is selected from the pair-cross families, based on parental GCA values (from polycross tests), full-sib family means and individual performance and then intercrossed. Greatest emphasis will be on within-family selection not between-family, so as to avoid reducing the effective population size.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed in this article:
Ahuja, M.R.(ed): Somatic Cell Genetics of Woody Plants(Forestry Sciences).
Lichtenthler, H. K (ed.): Applications of Chlorophyl Fluorescence.
Iwanami, Y., T. Sasakuma, and Y. yamada: Pollen: Illustrations and Scanning Electronmicrographics.
Klingmüller, W., Risk Assessment for Deliberate Releases. The Possible Impact of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms on the Environment.
Broertjes, C., and A. M. van Harten: Applied Mutation Breeding for Vegetatively Propagated Crops (Developments in Crop Science, 12).
Hawkes, J.G., and J.P. Hjerting: The Potatoes of Bolivia: Their Breeding Value and Evolutionary Relationships.     

Progress check of yielding ability and stability of selected pre-release bread-wheat cultivars in Zimbabwe

Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology - The Crop Breeding Institute (CBI) develops new bread-wheat varieties as part of its research mandate. These are tested every year in multi-environmental...     

大豆GmGLDH基因的克隆、表达及生物信息学分析

为了探究大豆L-半乳糖酸-1,4-内酯脱氢酶基因Gm GLDH-Glyma.02G166300 (以下简称GmGLDH)的功能,本研究采用同源克隆法获得大豆GmGLDH基因,开展了相关生物信息学分析,并对其非生物胁迫下表达模式进行调查。结果表明,GmGLDH基因包含一个长度为1 752 bp的ORF序列,编码584个氨基酸。GmGLDH蛋白为亲水性较强的蛋白;二级结构中以无规则卷曲和α螺旋结构为主;预测亚细胞定位GmGLDH主要分布在线粒体中,分析结果并未发现跨膜结构域和信号肽结构;该蛋白序列中存在磷酸化位点56个。进化分析表明,克隆的GmGLDH氨基酸序列与菜豆、苜蓿的同源关系较近。基因上游顺式调控元件分析表明该基因可能参与光应答、激素响应、高温响应等,但光处理下大豆子叶中Gm GLDH基因的表达变化不大,且和子叶中抗坏血酸含量无相关性;4种非生物胁迫处理下大豆叶片中Gm GLDH基因是先下调后上调表达,和抗坏血酸含量变化呈反相关。本研究为进一步研究GmGLDH基因在大豆抗逆中的作用提供了重要的帮助。     

良种肉牛MOET育种技术研究

通过MOET育种技术 ,在研究期间选育出良种肉牛 80头 ,其中德国黄牛 4 2头 ,皮埃蒙特牛 2 0头 ,比利时蓝白花牛 1 8头     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed in this article:
Grierson, D., and S. N. Covey, Plant Molecular Biology, 2nd edition.
De Jong, Gerdina (ed.), Population Genetics and Evolution.
Krieg, A., and J. M. Franz, Lehrbuch der biologischen Schädlingsbekämpfung.
Neal F. Jensen, plant Breeding Methodology.
Gelvin, St. B., R. A. Schilperoort, and D.P.S. Verma (eds.), Plant Molecular Biology Manual, Update 1.
Namkoong, Gene, Hyun Chung Kang, and Jean Sébastien Brouard, Tree Breeding: Principles and Strategies.