肉毒碱和果寡糖对鮸鱼幼鱼消化率影响的研究

<正>鮸鱼(Miichthys miiuy)原产于北太平洋西部,为我国名贵的海洋经济鱼类之一。近年来,由于鮸鱼人工繁育技术取得了较大成功,已逐步成为我国东南沿海养殖的优良品种。试验研究了肉毒碱和果寡糖对鮸鱼基础日粮各主要营养素消化率的影响。     

肉毒碱和果寡糖对鲵鱼幼鱼消化率影响的研究

鲵鱼（Miichthys miiuy）原产于北太平洋西部，为我国名贵的海洋经济鱼类之一。近年来，由于鲵鱼人工繁育技术取得了较大成功，已逐步成为我国东南沿海养殖的优良品种。试验研究了肉毒碱和果寡糖对鲵鱼基础日粮各主要营养素消化率的影响。     

果寡糖对初产母猪生产性能和养分表观消化率及免疫功能的影响

研究初产母猪怀孕后期日粮中果寡糖(FOS)对生产性能、养分利用率及免疫功能的影响。挑选体重相近、健康的怀孕80 d的初产母猪30头,随机分为对照组和FOS组,每组5个重复,每个重复3头猪。对照组母猪饲喂基础日粮,FOS组母猪从怀孕第85天开始,在基础日粮中添加0.3%FOS,至泌乳期结束。结果表明:母猪怀孕后期日粮中添加0.3%FOS,显著提高了健仔数、母猪妊娠后期和哺乳期采食量(P0.05),极显著提高了健仔率、仔猪断奶重和平均日增重(P0.01),显著提高了母猪日粮CP和EE表观消化率(P0.05),显著提高了母猪血清Ig G和Ig A含量(P0.05);显著提高了仔猪血清中Fe、Cu和Ig G含量(P0.05),极显著提高了Ig A含量(P0.01)。由此表明,母猪怀孕后期日粮中添加0.3%FOS,可提高母猪日粮CP和EE表观消化率、提高母猪和仔猪机体免疫功能,进而提高母猪和仔猪生产性能。     

果寡糖对哺乳羔羊营养物质表观消化率及粪便微生物菌群的影响

本试验旨在研究果寡糖对哺乳羔羊营养物质表观消化率及粪便微生物菌群的影响。选择15日龄、体重相近的湖羊羔羊44只,随机分为4组：对照组开食料中不添加果寡糖,Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组开食料中分别添加0.5%、1.0%和1.5%果寡糖。所有羔羊60日龄断奶,记为第0天。羔羊第-7、7天进行消化代谢试验。试验期间记录羔羊腹泻情况并采集直肠粪样。断奶后继续饲喂至74日龄,试验期共59 d。结果表明：1)处理显著影响哺乳羔羊腹泻率以及腹泻频率(P<0.05),对照组哺乳羔羊腹泻率和腹泻频率显著高于各试验组(P<0.05)。时间、处理×时间对羔羊腹泻率和腹泻频率无显著影响(P>0.05)。2)处理对羔羊干物质采食量(DMI)及粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的表观消化率影响显著(P<0.05),对干物质(DM)和粗脂肪(EE)的表观消化率无显著影响(P>0.05)。Ⅱ组DMI显著高于对照组(P<0.05),与Ⅰ、Ⅲ组无显著差异(P>0.05)。对照组羔羊CP表观消化率显著低于各试验组(P<0.05)。时间显著影响了DMI、CP、EE...     

果寡糖的研究和应用

果寡糖 (Ｆｒｕｃｔｏｏｌｉｇｏｓａｃｃｈａｒｉｄｅｓ,ＦＯＳ)又称低聚果糖、蔗果三糖族低聚糖等。天然存在的果寡糖是由微生物或植物中具有果糖转移活性的酶作用而产生的。目前生产的果寡糖是将微生物中呋喃苷酶或果糖转移酶作用于蔗糖而制备获得 (江波 ,1 997)。1　果寡糖的作用1 1　增殖肠内有益菌 ,抑制有害菌　动物肠道不同微生物菌种由于对低聚果糖的利用能力不同 ,因而增殖程度亦不同 ,其中双歧杆菌、乳酸菌及芽孢杆菌等能利用果寡糖较快增殖 ,而沙门氏菌及腐败菌等生长受阻。双歧杆菌和乳酸菌可将肠道内的低聚果糖发酵生成有机…     

果寡糖和甘露寡糖对仔猪生产适宜配比的研究

选择日龄相近、体重15～20kg的健康仔猪(杜长大)60头,随机分成10组,每组6头,分别饲喂不同配比的寡糖日粮,测定各组仔猪的日增重、饲料转化率、死亡率和腹泻率。结果表明:①果寡糖与甘露寡糖能提高仔猪的日增重,其中试验6组和8组仔猪日增重分别比对照组提高22.31%(P<0.01)和19.23%(P<0.05);②果寡糖与甘露寡糖能明显提高仔猪的饲料转化率,试验6组与试验8组的料重比分别比对照组降低18.57%和20.85%;③不同配比果寡糖与甘露寡糖可不同程度的降低仔猪腹泻,试验6组与试验8组腹泻率比对照组分别降低100%和83.33%。从仔猪的日增重,饲料转化率及腹泻率来看,试验6组与试验8组可作为果寡糖和甘露寡糖在仔猪日粮中的适宜配比添加量。     

果寡糖对生长绵羊瘤胃发酵功能(体外)的影响

采用批次培养的方法,研究了体外条件下日粮添加果寡糖对生长绵羊瘤胃发酵功能的影响。果寡糖的添加水平为0(对照组)、0.20%、0.40%、0.60%、0.80%及1.00%。结果表明,日粮添加果寡糖可以显著提高培养液中的挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量(P<0.05),当添加量在0.60%以上时,可以显著提高培养液中的微生物细菌蛋白质(BCP)含量(P<0.05),显著降低培养液中的NH3-N含量和培养残渣中的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量(P<0.05);在本试验所设添加范围内,1.0%的果寡糖对提高瘤胃发酵功能作用最优。研究初步证明,日粮添加果寡糖可以在一定程度上提高生长绵羊的瘤胃发酵功能。     

大豆寡糖对断奶仔猪肠道健康和消化率的影响

由于缺乏内源酶分解寡糖,日粮中高水平的大豆寡糖对断奶仔猪肠道和生产性能产生有害的影响。肠道发酵这些组分提高了肠道微生物的活性和食糜的产量、肠道中易挥发脂肪酸和生物胺的含量。仔猪日粮中大豆寡糖的存在降低了仔猪营养物质的消化率和生产性能,增加了腹泻的发生率。文章旨在分析豆粕日粮中的大豆寡糖的有害影响并通过乙醇萃取的方法消除这些物质,改善断奶仔猪氨基酸消化率和生产性能。     

果寡糖对仔猪细胞免疫功能影响的研究

试验选用约克×荣昌二元杂交仔猪20头,随机分为2组,每组10头。在试验Ⅰ组的基础日粮中添加0.75%的果寡糖,试验Ⅱ组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮。试验期为60 d,分别在30和60日龄2次前腔静脉采血,测定其仔猪的E-玫瑰花环率和植物血凝素淋巴细胞转化率,来监测仔猪免疫功能的变化情况。试验结果表明,30日龄时,试验Ⅰ组仔猪的E-玫瑰花环率（22.46%）与试验Ⅱ组（15.63%）相比,差异不显著（P＞0.05）;试验Ⅰ组仔猪的植物血凝素淋巴细胞转化率（45.22%）与试验Ⅱ组（40.55%）相比,差异显著（P＜0.05）。60日龄时,试验Ⅰ组仔猪的E-玫瑰花环率和植物血凝素淋巴细胞转化率（25.74%,44.32%）与试验Ⅱ组（11.92%,40.22%）相比,差异极显著（P＜0.01）。因此,日粮中添加果寡糖能显著地提高仔猪淋巴细胞的免疫功能。     

果寡糖和甘露寡糖联用对仔猪生产性能及血液IgG水平影响的研究

试验将32头杜长大仔猪分成4组,每组8头进行饲养试验(3个试验组分别为在基础日粮上添加0.30%果寡糖+0.15%甘露寡糖、0.45%果寡糖+0.10%甘露寡糖、常规抗生素,对照组只喂基础日粮),比较分析各组仔猪的生产指标和血清IgG水平。结果表明:在日粮中添加适宜的寡聚糖与对照组相比能显著(P<0.05)提高仔猪的日增重,改善饲料报酬,并能显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)提高仔猪血清中的IgG水平,在一定程度上说明寡聚糖能替代抗生素对仔猪有一定的促生长作用,其作用机理可能与寡聚糖能诱导各种免疫功能的活化、具有免疫增强剂的功效有关。     

鱼饲料表观消化率测定方法的综述

消化率是评价饲料营养价值的重要指标,也是确定日粮配方的依据。由于鱼所生长环境的特殊性,使得测定鱼的消化率比较困难。体外测定法主要采用酶解法,而体内测定法主要采用间接指示剂的方法进行测定,以酸不溶灰分(AIA)、Cr2O3、Y2O3、La2O3、Yb2O3为指示剂测定表观消化率,不同的指示剂在不同的鱼、不同的饲料中其测定值的精确性有较大的差异。文中简要的介绍了3种体外测定方法并重点叙述了指示剂的使用,为鱼消化率测定方法提供参考。     

饲料中添加紫花苜蓿鲜草对肉牛生长性能及养分表观消化率的影响

为研究紫花苜蓿鲜草对肉牛生长性能及养分表观消化率的影响,采用单因素设计试验,选择体重相近的肉牛90头,随机分成3组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头。1组为空白对照组饲喂基础日粮,2、3组分别在风干物质的基础上添加5%、10%的紫花苜蓿鲜草,预试验10 d,试验期为60 d,在试验期间测定肉牛生长性能和养分表观消化率。结果表明:(1)试验3组的试验末重、平均日增重分别较对照组提高3.30%、14.77%(P <0.05),试验2组和3组的平均日采食量均高于1组(P> 0.05),试验3组的料重比分别较对照组降低7.20%(P <0.05);(2)试验2、3组的粗脂肪、粗灰分、钙、磷的表观消化率均高于1组(P> 0.05);试验3组粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率分别较对照组提高13.85%、18.83%、21.03%(P <0.05)。结论,10%紫花苜蓿鲜草可以提高肉牛的生长性能和养分表观消化率。     

Influence of age on the apparent ileal amino acid digestibility of feed ingredients for broiler chickens

The apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in 8 feed ingredients was determined using 14-, 28- and 42-d-old male broiler chickens. The ingredients included three cereals (wheat, sorghum and maize), one cereal by-product (mill run), three oilseed meals (canola, cottonseed and soybean meals) and one animal protein meal (meat and bone meal). Dietary crude protein in the assay diets was supplied solely by the test ingredient. All diets contained 20 g/kg acid-insoluble ash as an indigestible marker, and each diet was offered ad libitum in mash form to 5 replicate pens from 11 to 14 d, 25 to 28 d and 39 to 42 d post-hatching. There were 12, 6 and 6 birds per pen for the 14, 28 and 42 d samplings, respectively. The results suggest that the age of broilers significantly influenced the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids. The effects, however, varied among amino acids and ingredients. In wheat, the digestibility of most amino acids was higher in 14- than in 28- and 42-d-old broilers. In maize, the digestibility coefficients of amino acids were higher at 28 and 42 d than at 14 d. The digestibility coefficients in maize and wheat at 28 and 42 d were similar. The digestibility of amino acids in sorghum at 42 d was higher than those at 28 d, but similar to those at 14 d except for histidine, lysine, serine and glycine, which were significantly higher at 42 d. Digestibility of amino acids in sorghum was similar between 14 and 28 d except for isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid and alanine. The digestibility of amino acids in mill run at 42 d was significantly higher than those at 14 and 28 d. There were no differences in digestibility between 14 and 28 d. In general, the digestibility of amino acids in canola meal, soybean meal and, meat and bone meal was higher at 28 and 42 d compared to those at 14 d, and similar between 28 and 42 d of age. In cottonseed meal, age had no effect on the digestibility coefficient of amino acids, except for lysine and arginine, which increased with age. Analysis of the combined results for the 8 feed ingredients showed that, in general, the digestibility coefficients of amino acids increased with advancing age of broiler chickens.     

The effect of reduced drinking water supply on feed absorption, apparent digestibility of crude nutrients and rumen fermentation of sheep

Based on the fact that the insufficient supply of agricultural domestic animals with drinking water in tropical and subtropical regions is often the factor limiting their performance, the effect of different drinking water supply of sheep (ad libitum, 54% of ad libitum and 27% of ad libitum) on various parameters was studied. A water supply reduced to 54 and 27% resp. diminished dry matter intake to 84% and 45% resp. A water supply reduced to 54% improved the digestibility of organic matter, crude fibre, crude cellulose and N-free extractives, it was, however, not significant. A reduction to 27% of the ad libitum water supply improved the digestibility of all crude nutrients, significantly, however, only that of organic matter, crude fibre, crude cellulose and N-free extractives. In comparison with a supply of water reduced to 54%, a water supply reduced to 27% also resulted in an improvement of the digestibility of all crude nutrients. Both the reduction of the ad libitum water supply and the increasing time interval for the sampling of rumen fluid resulted in an increased concentration of volatile fatty acids in the rumen fluid, which was sampled 15 min, 1 hour and 2 hours after feeding.     

罗非鱼对木薯粉表现消化率的研究

选择健康的尼罗罗非鱼为试验鱼,以Cr2O3为指示物,以70％参照饲料和30％的试验饲料原料组成试验饲料,测定尼罗罗非鱼对鱼粉、豆粕、木薯粉和次粉中的干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪以及灰分的表观消化率。结果表明：①罗非鱼对木薯粉干物质的表观消化率为73．14％,与鱼粉、豆粕干物质的表观消化率没有显著差异（P〉0．05）,较次粉提高19．71％（P〈0．05）;②罗非鱼对木薯粉蛋白质的表观消化率为84．58％,与豆粕的表观消化率不存在显著差异（P〉0．05）,但显著低于鱼粉（P〈0．05）;③罗非鱼对木薯粉脂肪的表观消化率为93．35％,与豆粕的表观消化率不存在显著差异（P〉0．05）,较鱼粉低5．0％（P〈0．05）;④罗非鱼对木薯粉灰分的表观消化率为67．74％,与鱼粉、豆粕灰分的表观消化率没有显著差异（P〉0．05）,显著高于次粉（P〈0．05）。     

用水飞蓟药渣与果寡糖改进猪饲料配方的研究

为开发新的饲料资源及降低饲料成本,用水飞蓟药渣及果寡糖等对某猪场的饲料配方进行了改进,并以原配方为对照,设计猪的生长试验。试验结果表明,经水飞蓟药渣及果寡糖改进的饲料配方对猪的增重、养分消化率均较对照组有一定的提高(P>0.05),且氮、磷的排泄率显著的低于对照组(P<0.05)。用水飞蓟药渣及果寡糖等改进的饲料配方与原配方相比,不仅降低了饲料成本,增加了经济效益,而且减轻了其对环境的污染。     

玉米蛋白饲料对民猪杂交猪生长性能和养分表观消化率的影响

试验旨在研究猪饲粮中添加不同水平的玉米蛋白饲料对民猪杂交猪生长性能和养分表观消化率的影响。将24头试验猪(体重接近)随机分为3个组,每组有8个重复,每个重复1头猪。对照组仅饲喂基础饲粮,试验组的饲粮以玉米蛋白饲料替代玉米和豆粕,替代比例分别是15%、30%,试验全期30 d。结果表明,15%玉米蛋白饲料替代组的日增重较对照组显著提高18.40%(P<0.05);15%玉米蛋白饲料替代组的料重比最低,较对照组显著降低8.31%(P<0.05),与30%玉米蛋白饲料替代组相比显著降低了11.11%(P<0.05)。试验1组和对照组之间的粗蛋白质消化率无显著差异,但试验2组较试验1组显著下降2.25%(P<0.01)。在粗脂肪消化率方面,试验2组较对照组显著降低了3.61%(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,试验组2的钙和磷的消化率分别显著下降7.11%(P<0.05),4.52%(P<0.05)。添加玉米蛋白饲料对民猪杂交猪的干物质和能量的消化率无显著影响。本试验条件下,日粮中添加15%玉米蛋白饲料对民猪杂交猪的采食量和日增重有促进作用,过高比例(30%)则会影响育肥猪的生长速度,降低其对粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、钙和磷的表观消化率。     

The effect of feed intake on ileal rate of passage and apparent amino acid digestibility determined with or without correction factors in pigs

The apparent ileal digestibilities of amino acids and rate of passage were evaluated in pigs (BW = 78.3 +/- 7.4 kg) fed a semipurified diet. The pigs were fed 1.82, 2.73, or 3.65 kg DMI/d. The highest level of feed intake was considered to be ad libitum feeding. The pigs were fed according to a 3 x 3 Latin square design and were allowed to adapt to each experimental diet for 5 d. This was followed by 1 d of continuous collection of ileal digesta and a 2nd d of continuous collection separated into six 2-h postprandial time blocks. Ytterbium chloride hexahydrate was used to determine rate of passage. The ileal digestibilities of amino acids and rate of passage were unaffected (P > 0.05) by level of feed intake. The use of correction factors to more accurately express amino acid concentrations in the diet and digesta affected (P < 0.05) the apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of some amino acids.     

Effect of dental correction on voluntary hay intake,apparent digestibility of feed and faecal particle size in horse

Summary In nine adult Warmblood horses with mild to moderate dental findings (no signs of discomfort during chewing), voluntary hay intake before and after dental correction was examined. In a second experiment, digestibility of feed and faecal particle size were determined (3 days of total faecal collection) before and after dental correction. During both digestion trials including a 3‐day adaptation period, the amount of hay and concentrate (mixture of oats, barley and maize) was kept constant in each individual horse before and after dental correction. Voluntary hay intake in individual horses ranged from 11 to 22 g DM/kg BW/day and did not differ before and after dental treatment. Apparent digestibility of DM, energy, crude fibre and Nfe increased significantly after dental correction (energy digestibility before dental correction 46.8 ± 7.4%, after dental correction 51.5 ± 8.5%). Apparent digestibility of feed was higher in horses eating more concentrates than in those eating less concentrates. Improvement of digestibility was more marked in horses eating larger amounts of grain. There was no relationship between severity or type of dental alterations and improvement of apparent feed digestibility. Dental correction had no effect on faecal particle size.     

微生物制剂对奥尼罗非鱼生长及饲料表观消化率的影响

选用192尾初始体重34.50 g左右的健康奥尼罗非鱼,在基础饲料中分别添加相同剂量(活菌含量为3.0×1011 cfu/kg 饲料)的汉逊德巴利酵母、枯草芽孢杆菌和凝结芽孢杆菌,研究其对奥尼罗非鱼生长和营养物质表现消化率的影响.试验期为56 d.试验结果表明:枯革芽孢杆菌和凝结芽孢杆菌,可使臭尼罗非鱼的增重率分别提高12.27%和8.56%(P<0.05),饵料系数分别降低10.92%和8.18%(P<0.05);饲料干物质表现消化率分别提高10.54%和10.07%(P<0.05).蛋白质表现消化率分别提高4.18%和3.63%(P<0.05);汉逊德巴利酵母对生长性能和饲料表现消化率无影响.结果显示,饲料中添加剂量为3.0×1011 cfu/kg饲料的枯草芽孢杆菌和凝结芽孢杆菌能显著促进奥尼罗非鱼的生长和其对饲料营养物质的利用.