Pax6 PAI亚结构域在黑色素细胞中对MITF、TYR、TYRP1和TYRP2的影响

【目的】高度保守的PAX转录因子家族在黑色素细胞的分化和黑色素的生成中起重要的作用,其家族共有的PD结构域是其与下游基因结合的主要位点,而PD结构域氨基端的PAI亚结构域在其与下游基因的结合过程中发挥重要的作用。研究表明Pax6在视网膜上皮黑色素细胞的分化中发挥至关重要的作用,本试验借助研究Pax6 PAI亚结构域的功能来对PAX转录因子家族共有的PD结构域和PAI亚结构域进行研究。【方法】首先通过Psipred对Pax6 PD结构域的结构进行分析,使用NCBI对Pax6 PD结构域与下游基因的结合位点进行分析,使用Jaspar对MITF、TYR、TYRP1和TYRP2启动子中Pax6 PD结构域可能的作用位点进行预测。使用普通PCR克隆Pax6PAI亚结构域,将其连入T载体,酶切后连入慢病毒载体,并送公司测序确认。将构建好的PAI亚结构域过表达载体通过细胞转染导入到培养的小鼠黑色素细胞中,使其过量表达。收集细胞,分别通过观察绿色荧光蛋白检测转染效率,使用RT-PCR和Western blot来检测MITF、TYR、TYRP1和TYRP2在m RNA和蛋白水平的变化,同时检测黑色素细胞中黑色素生成量的变化。【结果】通过NCBI分析可知,Pax6 PD结构域与下游基因的作用位点主要集中在氨基端的PAI亚结构域。通过Jaspar预测分析,得知,MITF启动子-695处存在Pax6 PD结构域的结合位点,TYR启动子-873和-1133处存在Pax6 PD结构域的结合位点,TYRP1启动子-629处存在Pax6 PD结构域的结合位点,TYRP2启动子-655处存在Pax6 PD结构域的结合位点。在黑色素细胞中过表达Pax6 PAI亚结构域后,与空载组相比,试验组MITF m RNA升高2.05倍(P0.01),蛋白质升高1.7倍(P0.01);TYR m RNA升高2.09倍,蛋白质升高2倍(P0.05);TYRP1 m RNA升高2.93倍(P0.05),蛋白质升高1.9倍(P0.01);TYRP2 m RNA升高3.62倍(P0.01),蛋白质升高1.37倍。同时试验组的黑色素含量是空载组黑色素含量的1.33倍(P0.001)。【结论】在小鼠黑色素细胞中,过表达Pax6 PAI亚结构域可以促进MITF、TYR、TYRP1和TYRP2的表达,进而使黑色素细胞黑色素的生成量增加。     

黑色素细胞中过量表达Pax6~(10Neu)基因对MITF和TYR的影响

【目的】MITF和β-catenin是黑色素生成通路中重要的调节基因,而Pax6通过调控MITF和β-catenin来调控黑色素细胞的黑色素生成,通过对只含有正常Pax6 paird domain的前102个氨基酸的Pax6~(10Neu)的研究,来探究Pax6~(10Neu)是否还有生物学功能,以及Pax6对其下游基因的作用机理。【方法】根据NCBI查找到的Pax6~(10Neu)基因序列设计PCR引物,克隆Pax6~(10Neu),收集所得基因片段送华大基因测序确认。后通过对Pax6~(10Neu)和慢病毒表达载体的序列分析来筛选合适的酶切位点,通过分析选取Sal I和Xba I作为酶切位点,设计含有Sal I和Xba I酶切位点的PCR引物,大量克隆Pax6~(10Neu)基因,从而通过胶回收得到含有Sal I和Xba I酶切位点的Pax6~(10Neu)基因。将含有酶切位点的目的片段与T载体相连,并送华大基因测序。将与T载体连接成功的质粒导入感受态细胞使其大量扩增,提取质粒,双酶切后,胶回收,得到大量含有Sal I和Xba I酶切位点的Pax6~(10Neu)基因片段,将其与含有小鼠tyrp2特异性启动子和绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的慢病毒表达载体相连接,送华大基因测序确认。将连接好的慢病毒表达载体导入感受态细胞使其大量扩增,通过质粒中提试剂盒获得大量去内毒素的Pax6~(10Neu)慢病毒真核表达载体。将慢病毒真核表达载体通过细胞转染导入到培养的绵羊黑色素细胞中,使其过量表达。收集细胞,分别通过观察绿色荧光蛋白和使用RT-PCR来检测转染效率,使用RT-PCR和Western blot来检测MITF和TYR在m RNA和蛋白水平的变化,同时检测黑色素细胞中黑色素生成量的变化。【结果】与正常组相比,在m RNA水平,MITF显著升高3.2倍(P0.05),TYR升高1.31倍,由此得出,Pax6~(10Neu)可以有效促进MITF m RNA的产生,对TYR m RNA产生的影响不是太显著;在蛋白质水平,MITF显著升高8.24倍(P0.001),TYR显著升高2.09倍(P0.001),由此得出,Pax6~(10Neu)可以显著提高MITF、TYR蛋白的产生;同时黑色素细胞产生黑色素的量显著升高1.22倍(P0.05),由此得出Pax6~(10Neu)可以有效促进黑色素细胞黑色素的生成。【结论】只含有正常Pax6 paird domain前102个氨基酸的Pax6~(10Neu),仍然可以在黑色素细胞中与MITF相互作用,同时间接调控TYR的表达,从而使黑色素细胞黑色素的生成量发生改变。     

杈叶槭生物学特性与苗木培育技术研究

[目的]杈叶槭是我国特有的槭树科槭属秋色叶树种之一,为了使这种珍稀树种资源尽早得到开发利用。[方法]从2006年起,对杈叶槭生物学和生态学特性进行了原产地调查和引种观察,对其种苗繁育和人工栽培技术进行了连续的试验研究。[结果]杈叶槭对土壤、气候等生态条件的适应性较强;杈叶槭种子育苗应采取种子沙藏、催芽和苗期遮荫等技术措施才能成功。[结论]杈叶槭可以作为一种优良的乡土彩叶树种在河南低海拔地区及相似生态类型区进行繁殖和推广应用,今后应加强杈叶槭的选种育种研究。     

血皮槭快繁过程中外植体褐化研究

对血皮槭快繁中外植体褐化问题进行初步研究,结果表明:于6月采集嫩茎进行培养,分化高、褐化少;培养基中蔗糖浓度为25%、6-BA浓度为1.8 mg/L时褐化少;培养基中加入1.2 g/L Na2S2O3对防止褐化、提高腋芽萌发率有促进作用。     

不同基质对葛萝槭叶片生理指标的影响

为探索出适宜葛萝槭移植的最佳生长基质,以不同基质栽培的葛萝槭叶片为材料,采用生化测试的方法,对不同基质栽培的葛萝槭叶片中的PPO、POD活性及可溶性蛋白的变化进行测定分析,结果表明:处理2(主要成分为松针、菇渣、粉煤灰、羊粪)不仅有利于葛萝槭生长发育,而且有利于提高植物的抗性,为最佳基质配方。     

Clonal production and organization of inhibitory interneurons in the neocortex

The neocortex contains excitatory neurons and inhibitory interneurons. Clones of neocortical excitatory neurons originating from the same progenitor cell are spatially organized and contribute to the formation of functional microcircuits. In contrast, relatively little is known about the production and organization of neocortical inhibitory interneurons. We found that neocortical inhibitory interneurons were produced as spatially organized clonal units in the developing ventral telencephalon. Furthermore, clonally related interneurons did not randomly disperse but formed spatially isolated clusters in the neocortex. Individual clonal clusters consisting of interneurons expressing the same or distinct neurochemical markers exhibited clear vertical or horizontal organization. These results suggest that the lineage relationship plays a pivotal role in the organization of inhibitory interneurons in the neocortex.     

Organizing principles for a diversity of GABAergic interneurons and synapses in the neocortex

A puzzling feature of the neocortex is the rich array of inhibitory interneurons. Multiple neuron recordings revealed numerous electrophysiological-anatomical subclasses of neocortical gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic (GABAergic) interneurons and three types of GABAergic synapses. The type of synapse used by each interneuron to influence its neighbors follows three functional organizing principles. These principles suggest that inhibitory synapses could shape the impact of different interneurons according to their specific spatiotemporal patterns of activity and that GABAergic interneuron and synapse diversity may enable combinatorial inhibitory effects in the neocortex.     

Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors in rat forebrain: autoradiographic identification

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors were identified in rat forebrain by autoradiography with an iodine-125-labeled analog of ovine CRF substituted with norleucine and tyrosine at amino acid residues 21 and 32, respectively. High-affinity receptors for CRF were found in discrete areas of rat forebrain, including laminae I and IV of the neocortex, the external layer of the medium eminence, the lateral nucleus of the amygdala, and the striatum. These results are consistent with earlier findings on the immunohistochemical distribution of CRF and suggest that endogenous CRF has a physiological role in regulating activity of the central nervous system.     

Neocortex patterning by the secreted signaling molecule FGF8

A classic model proposes that the mammalian neocortex is divided into areas early in neurogenesis, but the molecular mechanisms that generate the area map have been elusive. Here we provide evidence that FGF8 regulates development of the map from a source in the anterior telencephalon. Using electroporation-mediated gene transfer in mouse embryos, we show that augmenting the endogenous anterior FGF8 signal shifts area boundaries posteriorly, reducing the signal shifts them anteriorly, and introducing a posterior source of FGF8 elicits partial area duplications, revealed by ectopic somatosensory barrel fields. These findings support a role for FGF signaling in specifying positional identity in the neocortex.     

小麦重要抗源和后备品种对条锈菌突变菌株的抗性研究

以小麦条锈菌条中29号的6个突变菌株测定了我国18个重要抗源品种和31个后备品种的抗锈稳定性。结果表明,5个抗源高感5个突变菌株,3个抗源感染3～4个突变菌株、6个抗源感染1～2个突变菌株,7个抗源抗所有的突变菌株。这7个抗源在目前育种中有应用价值。31个后备品种中有些品种感染1～6个突变菌株,并对这些品种应用和推广前景进行了讨论。     

不同生根剂对葛萝槭扦插繁殖的影响

通过不同生根剂处理葛萝槭插穗,对插穗生根率、苗高、地径、生物量进行测定分析,研究了不同生根剂对葛萝槭扦插繁殖的影响。试验结果表明,不同生根剂处理对葛萝槭的生根率、成活率、苗高、地径都有显著影响。以处理四IBA40 mg.kg-1+La+Mo+Zn+Cu+N+P+K浸泡硬枝插穗2 h的效果最好,生根率、地径都最高,分别为58.33%、0.271 cm,生物量以IBA80 mg.kg-1+La+Mo+Zn+Cu+N+P+K效果最好为14.97 g。     

ER cargo properties specify a requirement for COPII coat rigidity mediated by Sec13p

Eukaryotic secretory proteins exit the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via transport vesicles generated by the essential coat protein complex II (COPII) proteins. The outer coat complex, Sec13-Sec31, forms a scaffold that is thought to enforce curvature. By exploiting yeast bypass-of-sec-thirteen (bst) mutants, where Sec13p is dispensable, we probed the relationship between a compromised COPII coat and the cellular context in which it could still function. Genetic and biochemical analyses suggested that Sec13p was required to generate vesicles from membranes that contained asymmetrically distributed cargoes that were likely to confer opposing curvature. Thus, Sec13p may rigidify the COPII cage and increase its membrane-bending capacity; this function could be bypassed when a bst mutation renders the membrane more deformable.     

太子参药材总DNA提取研究

[目的]从太子参干药材中快速提取高质量基因组DNA。[方法]采用CTAB法和SDS法2种方法提取药材太子参干燥块根总DNA,并用紫外分光光度计和琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测。[结果]2种不同的提取方法均可从太子参中提取到一定纯度的DNA,其中CTAB法提取DNA的A260/A280>1.9,纯度和产率较高,蛋白质、多糖、RNA等杂志去除较为彻底。[结论]利用CTAB法可从太子参干药材中能快速提取到高质量DNA。     

落叶型大丽轮枝菌T-DNA插入突变体库的构建

采用ATMT技术建立大丽轮枝菌落叶型菌株XJ2008菌株的T-DNA插入突变体文库,共获得6 043个突变体。从中随机挑选104个突变体,以野生型XJ2008菌株为参照,评价其致病性、菌落生长速率、分生孢子及微菌核的产生能力等。结果表明,有12.5%的突变体丧失产孢能力,4.8%的突变体的生长速率显著减慢,8.7%的突变体的生长速率显著加快,12.5%的突变体丧失产生微菌核的能力,47.1%的突变体的致病性显著低于野生型菌株XJ2008,且突变体2-736、2-740、2-745的病情指数分别约为野生型菌株XJ2008的0.184、0.168和0.197倍。该突变体库突变体遗传稳定性好,性状多样性丰富。     

Specification of cerebral cortical areas

How the immense population of neurons that constitute the human cerebral neocortex is generated from progenitors lining the cerebral ventricle and then distributed to appropriate layers of distinctive cytoarchitectonic areas can be explained by the radial unit hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, the ependymal layer of the embryonic cerebral ventricle consists of proliferative units that provide a proto-map of prospective cytoarchitectonic areas. The output of the proliferative units is translated via glial guides to the expanding cortex in the form of ontogenetic columns, whose final number for each area can be modified through interaction with afferent input. Data obtained through various advanced neurobiological techniques, including electron microscopy, immunocytochemistry, [3H]thymidine and receptor autoradiography, retrovirus gene transfer, neural transplants, and surgical or genetic manipulation of cortical development, furnish new details about the kinetics of cell proliferation, their lineage relationships, and phenotypic expression that favor this hypothesis. The radial unit model provides a framework for understanding cerebral evolution, epigenetic regulation of the parcellation of cytoarchitectonic areas, and insight into the pathogenesis of certain cortical disorders in humans.     

拟南芥AtGDPD-like6和AtGDPD-like7基因突变体鉴定

[目的]鉴定拟南芥AtGDPD-like6和AtGDPD-like7基因的突变体。[方法]以拟南芥AtGDPD-like6和AtGDPD-like7为研究对象,采用半定量RT-PCR法进行分析,并用3引物PCR扩增法进行筛选和鉴定。[结果]各得到2个AtGDPD-like6和AtGDPD-like67独立T-DNA插入纯合突变体。半定量RT-PCR结果显示,4个纯合突变体中目标基因转录表达都被完全敲除。[结论]AtGDPDlike6和AtGDPD-like67突变体材料的获得为生理功能的鉴定提供了反向遗传学材料。     

植物TGA转录因子研究进展

TGA基因家族是bZIP转录因子家族中十分重要的一组,其能够与靶基因启动子上的as-1区域相结合,激活或抑制下游靶标基因的转录,从而调控植株抗性或花器官发育。自烟草中首个TGA基因被鉴定以来,从拟南芥、水稻和苹果等多个物种中均有该家族基因被分离和鉴定出来。拟南芥基因组中共有10个TGA转录因子,依据其序列相似性可将其分为5组（Ⅰ组包含TGA1与TGA4;TGA2、TGA5与TGA6组成第Ⅱ组;TGA3与TGA7组成第Ⅲ组;TGA9和TGA10构成第Ⅳ组;PAN为第Ⅴ组）。其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ与Ⅲ组成员广泛参与植株的抗病反应。酵母双杂交和pull-down等结果显示,TGA1-TGA7均可与水杨酸信号途径关键调节因子NPR1相互作用。EMSA结果表明,这种相互作用能够促进TGA对下游PR1启动子的结合并上调其表达,提高植株抗病性。但这3组基因在植物基础抗性与系统获得抗性中的作用有所不同：tga3突变体对病菌的基础抗性存在缺陷,但植株诱导抗性却并不受影响;TGA1与TGA4对基础抗性和系统抗性均有一定影响;TGA2、TGA5与TGA6之间存在功能冗余,仅tga2/5/6三突变体才表现出与npr1突变体类似的系统获得性抗性缺乏的表型。酵母双杂交筛选发现：Ⅱ组TGA能够与谷氧还蛋白GRX480相互作用并介导SA对JA途径标记基因的抑制作用,同时,该组蛋白还能够与GRAS家族蛋白SCL14相互作用,增强下游CYP81D11与GSTU7等解毒相关基因的表达,以一种不依赖于NPR1的信号途径提高植物对外源化学物质毒害的耐性。此外,tga1/4双突变体与nrt2.1/2.2双突变体的初生根和侧生根生长在低氮条件下较野生型显著下降,ChIP和酵母单杂交结果显示,TGA1能够与硝酸盐转运蛋白基因NRT2.1及NRT2.2的启动子相互结合,通过调节这两个基因的表达来调节植物的氮响应。而TGA3在镉长距离运输中发挥重要作用。Ⅳ与Ⅴ组成员在调控花器官发育中具有重要作用。tga9/10表现出与roxy1/2双突变体类似的花药发育缺陷的表型;PAN能够与NPR1类蛋白BOP1和BOP2相互作用,并且pan与bop1/2双突变体均可表现出5枚萼片的表型,暗示花发育与抗病可能具有类似的信号调节机制。在文章最后介绍了翻译后修饰对TGA功能的影响,并对TGA未来的研究方向进行了探讨,以期为该领域研究者提供参考。     

不同培养基成分对两种球花报春继代培养的影响

探讨了不同培养基成分对两种球花报春继代培养的影响。结果表明:在MS基本培养基中添加不同的激素种类和浓度对两种报春丛生芽的诱导效果有很大的影响,滇北球花报春的最佳继代培养基为MS+6-BA 0.1mg/L+NAA0.1 mg/L+KT 0.1mg/L,其增殖系数为6.60;滇海水仙花的最佳继代培养基为MS+6-BA 0.2mg/L+NAA 0.1mg/L,其增殖系数为5.17;在这两种培养基中植株粗壮,叶片翠绿,长势好。