国外小径原木加工与利用现状及进展

小径原木是当今世界上主要的木材资源之一,各国均在积极开发利用。文内着重介绍了林业发达国家在研究小径原木的材性特征和主要产品加工工艺特点等方面所取得的成果和经验。     

Forest management and carbon sequestration in wood products

Wood products are considered to contribute to the mitigation of carbon dioxide emissions. A critical gap in the life cycle of wood products is to transfer the raw timber from the forest to the processing wood industry and, thus, the primary wood products. Therefore, often rough estimates are used for this step to obtain total forestry carbon balances. The objectives of this study were (1) to examine the fate of timber harvested in Thuringian state forests (central Germany), representing a large, intensively managed forested region, and (2) to quantify carbon stocks and the lifetime of primary wood products made from this timber. The analyses were based on the amount and assortments of actually sold timber, and production parameters of the companies that bought and processed this timber. In addition, for coniferous stands of a selected Thuringian forest district, we calculated potential effects of management, as expressed by different thinning regimes on wood products and their lifetimes. Total annual timber sale of soft- and hardwoods from Thuringian state forests (195,000 ha) increased from about 136,893 t C (~0.7 t C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) in 1996 to 280,194 t C (~1.4 t C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) in 2005. About 47% of annual total timber harvest went into short-lived wood products with a mean residence time (MRT) < 25 years. Thirty-one per cent of the total harvest went into wood products with an MRT of 25–43 years, and only 22% was used as construction wood and glued wood, products with the longest MRT (50 years). The average MRT of carbon in harvested wood products was 20 years. Thinning from above throughout the rotation of spruce forests would lead to an average MRT in harvested wood products of about 23 years, thinning from below of about 18 years. A comparison of our calculations with estimates that resulted from the products module of the CO2FIX model (Nabuurs et al. 2001) demonstrates the influence of regional differences in forest management and wood processing industry on the lifetime of harvested wood products. To our knowledge, the present study provides for the first time real carbon inputs of a defined forest management unit to the wood product sector by linking data on raw timber production, timber sales and wood processing. With this new approach and using this data, it should be possible to substantially improve the net-carbon balance of the entire forestry sector.     

How to improve the marketing of timber in France?

Large forest estates actively participate in the marketing of timber in France. However, the marketing of wood from private and public large forest estates (over 25 ha) could be improved by better managing price risk in multiannual supply contracts of the timber industry: creation of compensation funds for forest owners or calls to financial markets linked to processed timber products for industrialists. But, the development of supply contracts does not mean that private or public auction procedures should be abandoned. Similarly, by supplementing “forest area development schemes”, it would be possible to increase the mobilisation of timber produced on small (1 to 10 ha) and medium (10 to 25 ha) forest estates: more forestry cooperatives or local forest agencies and a new timber pre-sale mode adapted to small forest estates are necessary (sales subject to the buyer's choice of purchasing standing timber or cut wood delivered to a depot by the seller).     

现代电子称重技术发展对森林收获计测的影响

回顾森林收获计测技术的发展历史,分析现代电子称量技术的发展应用前景,指出木材及木制品以体积计量计价的局限性和以重量计量计价的优势,认为当前一些木材市场上出现的买卖双方以重量而不是以材积计量计价现象有其历史必然性。基于以重量计量计价更为客观、准确、快捷、高效,并大幅降低成本的优势,其在纸浆等工业原料林经营、林业碳汇贸易等方面具有广泛应用潜力。     

Forest product trade,wood consumption,and forest conservation—the case of 61 countries

Trade barriers of forest products are often advocated in the name of protecting forest resources. Whether the promoting of trade of forest products will increase or decrease the global forest resources is still a matter of debate. We offer an assessment of how forest product trade helps shape observed forest change, by relating wood consumption change to trade of forest products based on cross-section data from 61 countries in 2010. The result shows that wood outputs have positive effects on wood consumption. Compared to domestic production, the result suggests that imports of forest products can help reduce wood consumption. This may indicate that trade liberalization can promote the allocation efficiency of timber resources across the global, which can improve the utilization efficiency and reduce the wood consumption in the world to protect the global forest resources. It is suggested that the high-efficient harvest and wood-processing technological transfer should be advocated in the international community to contribute to global forest conservation.     

中国木材科学研究与国家目标

我国是个少林国家,木材长期供不应求,现木材年缺口量已达到5000万m3,随着天然林保护工程的实施,木材供求矛盾势将更加突出。发展人工林,高效利用人工林是缓解木材供求矛盾的根本途径。加强木材科学基础研究是实现人工林定向培育和高效利用的前提。中国木材科学研究必须与保护天然林、发展并高效利用人工林这一重大国家目标相结合,适应木材资源结构的变化,突破木材材性研究传统内涵,开创新的外延,实行一个中心,两个结合的战略研究对策,以人工林木材性质研究为中心,以其与营林培育和加工利用关系研究为主攻方向,开展科学研究,为人工林林木定向培育和木材资源高效利用提供科学基础。     

The role of the wood mechanical industry in the Swedish forest industry cluster

The forest and forest products form one of the most important basis for the transfer to a bio-based economy in Sweden. About 75% of the area covered by forest in Sweden is used industrially to produce raw material for the wood-refining industries. Every year, this cluster uses 75 million m³ of roundwood and has an export value of €12 billion. This review paper is devoted to the wood mechanical industry, i.e. the industry which turns the forest into sawn timber, packaging, construction wood, furniture and interior fittings. The sawmills consume about half of the volume of softwood which is felled, and about two-thirds of the sawn timber go to export without any further refining within the country. Nevertheless, in spite of the relatively low degree of refinement in the sawmill and the fact that the sawmills in general over time have a very low profitability, they are responsible for 70–80% of the forest owners' profits on the sale of timber. An increased upgrading of the sawn timber within the country is desirable from a national economic viewpoint – increased employment opportunities, increased export income, etc. It should then in the first place be for products with a higher added value, such as furniture and fittings. Today, the refinement value is 15–20 times higher for products from joinery and furniture industries compared to that of the sawn timber, and the added value of the wood within the building industry is only about 1.5 times.     

The Restricting Effects of Forest Certification on the International Trade of Wood Products

Forest certification has increased the cost of companies which has affected the international trade of wood products. This paper examines forest certification costs of companies, and based on this, uses partial equilibrium to analyze its trade restriction effects, and uses space price gradient field model to check whether it is a substitution for tariff barriers. Our conclusion shows that forest certification has restricted the trade of wood products due to its high certified cost, and clarifies that in the case of tariff reduction, trade of wood products are hindered by different levels and different costs of forest certification. This paper implies that efforts should be made to increase the amount of certified forests worldwide. It is necessary to lower the certified cost and important that government policy measures to support certification should include consideration of who bears the cost, support for aggregation of smallholder growers and improved communication in timber supply chains.     

中国木材市场现状、存在问题和发展建议

介绍了中国木材市场供需和进口现状及发展趋势。建议发展木结构房屋和铁路杨木枕木等以人工林为主要原料的木材制品,改变消费观念,促进人造板工业发展,调整人造板消费结构,扩大在建筑方面的应用,以木材工业的发展促进林业的发展。提出扩大非公有制人工林发展,大力进口俄罗斯木材和新西兰木材,以弥补国产木材不足。并建议适当减少热带阔叶木材进口,以保护全球生态环境。     

2008年上半年我国进口木材市场分析

今年上半年我国进口原木数量开始以较大幅度下降,进口锯材数量增幅也变缓。原木和锯材是我国林产品进口中的大宗商品,近年来均以较高的增速连年增长,而今年上半年进口额大幅度下降的趋势,必将对我国的木材进口企业和木材加工企业产生较大的影响,应引起我国木材行业的高度重视。     

Evaluating the impacts of a carbon tax on imported forest products—evidence from Taiwan

Levying a carbon tax is one of the approaches used to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs) and has been adopted in a number of countries since the Kyoto Protocol. Applying such an approach in the forest sector may have important policy implications. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of a carbon tax on imported forest products using Taiwan as an example. Taiwan relies on foreign imported timber and such consumption of harvested wood products (HWPs) lengthens the storage of carbon beyond the life of the tree. This study investigates the impacts of implementing a carbon tax on seven types of HWPs by applying the ARDL approach to imported timber demand functions in Taiwan. The empirical results show that the volumes of imported HWPs as well as carbon dioxide are significantly reduced once a carbon tax is implemented. These empirical outcomes provide some important forest policy implications for countries importing wood products.     

中美贸易摩擦对双边木质林产品贸易的影响

中美贸易摩擦是中美经济关系中的重要问题。2018年中美贸易摩擦爆发后,双边经贸关系曲折不断,木质林产品贸易面临极大考验。文中在梳理2015—2020年中美双边木质林产品贸易数据的基础上,分析贸易摩擦对双边木质林产品贸易的影响。结果显示,中美贸易摩擦对双边贸易规模具有较大影响,贸易总额、进口额和出口额均大幅下降;木家具和人造板等木质林产品贸易受到较大冲击,双方短期内均难以找到替代市场;中国从美国进口原木和锯材大幅下降,但中国木材供应和木材安全未受到威胁。未来,建议从增加国内木材供应、拓展替代市场、优化林业产业结构、建立国际国内双循环的林产品市场方面积极应对贸易摩擦。     

80年代世界林产工业发展概况

文章分别介绍了８０年代发达国家和发展中国家的森林工业政策和实施措施；分析了８０年代世界林产工业发展的特点，对工业材、薪炭材、纸和纸板、人造板等的生产及其增长情况进行了详细论述。     

中国解决木材自给的构想——应从2.5亿t薪材做文章

薪材是当今发展中国家农村的主要能源,消耗量大,热能利用率低,造成森林资源的严重浪费。本文重点从森林资源现有量、消耗量、消费结构、利用水平等方面分析,研究薪材消耗现状、存在的问题,力求找出中国2.5亿t标准煤薪材消耗量的最佳“节流”对策,供研究我国木材自给问题参考。     

展平竹与木材正交胶合材性能研究进展

因我国天然林禁伐,人工速生林木材和竹材成为当前木材加工利用的主要原材料,但人工速生林材质不及天然林材质,且竹材也存在截面尺寸小、用胶量大、原料利用率低等缺点.展平竹与木材正交胶合材(CLBT)由展平竹材和人工林锯材层板正交层叠制成,充分发挥了竹材优异力学性能与木材易加工等优势,既保留竹子和木材的天然纹理与结构特性,又克...     

生命周期评价在木材产品生产中的应用研究综述

由于经济全球化的迅猛发展,人们对于木材产品的需求量激增,随之带动了木材产品的大量生产,然而伴随而来的却是全球生态环境的不断恶化,这也使得国际上对于生命周期评价产生了更加浓厚的兴趣,并对它的发展进程进行更加深入的研究,从而使它能够更好的应用于木材产品的生产过程。本文简要的介绍LCA的定义、意义以及LCA发展,并对国内外LCA应用于木材产品生产的研究成果进行归纳总结,旨在揭示LCA的实用性和经济性,促进我国经济和环境的健康发展,并为我国深入开展木材产品LCA的研究提供一定的参考。     

2010年世界木材消费预测

据FAO预测,到2010年世界木材总消费量将达46.59亿m3,比以前发表的数字少了4.1亿m3,主要林产品消费结构也有较大的变化。作者着重对2010年世界和10个不同类型国家木材消费量、消费结构和林产品在国民经济中的地位,进行了深入分析和对比研究,并对21世纪初木材消费的特点进行了评估。     

打击木材非法采伐的森林执法管理与贸易国际进程

探讨了世界森林执法管理与贸易国际进程现状, 分析了森林执法管理与贸易进程和打击木材非法采伐存在的主要问题, 并提出推进国际森林公约、参与跨国联合行动、提高木材供给国执法能力、加强消费国木材监管体系建设、重视非政府组织意见、加强行业信用评价、积极开展森林认证和引导消费者的态度等加强森林执法管理与控制木材非法贸易的对策建议。     

Analysis of trade in illegally harvested timber: Accounting for trade via third party countries

The paper presents a model to analyse trade in illegally harvested timber with a particular focus on trade via third party countries. The model is deduced from the conventional input–output-analysis. In contrast to this type of analysis, inverse export coefficients are introduced to analyse the effect of a certain amount of country-specific supply, e.g., of illegally harvested timber, to the use of wood and wood products of all other countries, based on trade relationships. A database has been compiled especially for application of the model. It comprises data on industrial round-wood production in terms of industrial wood harvested and removed from the forest; recovered wood fibre in the form of recovered paper and waste wood; bilateral trade of 272 wood-based commodities in m³ raw wood equivalent (rwe), and domestic use of those commodities. Two scenarios expressing high and low estimates of illegal harvesting for all countries have been employed in the model. The model reveals the trade linkages between all countries of the world and allows quantification of the global supply and use arising from illegal harvesting. Furthermore it allows calculation of the import of illegally harvested timber for each country of the world. And finally, the model likewise allows the quantification of domestic use of illegally harvested timber for each country of the world.The results show that international trade increases the global domestic supply of illegally harvested timber by more than 70% in each scenario. In particular industrial round-wood from Papua New Guinea, Malaysia, Indonesia and Myanmar passes through many countries until it ends in form of finished wood products in the country of final destination. Not only due to suggested illegally harvested timber in the own country, but also due to strongly developed trade relationships, China holds the lead in total supply and use of illegally harvested timber. However this result must be seen against the background of the large population in China. This aspect also helps to explain the predominant position of China, Brazil and Russia with regard to the domestic use of illegally harvested timber. A comparison of import of illegally harvested timber on the basis of “simple” (covering only bilateral trade) and inverse export coefficients demonstrates the model's merit. The hitherto usually simple approach underestimates the “real” trade by a third up to a half.     

中国木材资源结构变化与木材科学研究对策

我国木材资源形势严峻,现木材年缺口量已达到5000万m3,随着天然林资源的减少以及人口、能源、环境问题的日益突出,木材供求矛盾随之加剧。大力定向培育人工林并对木材资源充分合理利用、高效利用是缓解我国21世纪木材供求矛盾的根本途径,而加强木材科学基础研究是实现人工林定向培育及木材资源高效利用的前提。随着木材资源结构的变化,木材科学研究需要突破传统内涵,开创新的外延,实行一个中心,两个结合的战略研究对策,重点开展以人工林木材性质为中心,及其与营林培育和加工利用相结合的基础研究,为实现林木定向培育和木材资源高效利用,以缓解我国21世纪木材供求矛盾提供科学依据和理论指导。