江苏省沿海地区土地利用变化的生态系统服务价值核算

通过对江苏省沿海地区1990年、2000年、2009年三期遥感影像数据结果的分析,获取了江苏省沿海地区土地利用类型的信息,分析了研究年份该区域土地利用变化,对区域土地利用变化的生态系统服务价值进行了核算。结果表明:1990—2009年江苏省沿海地区耕地、建设用地及盐田面积分别增加了51.25,446.56,95.51km2,其他地类面积处于减少状态,其中未利用地、水域、林地及湿地类型分别减少了288.80,199.42,68.07,37.03km2;江苏省沿海地区生态系统服务总价值从1990年的172.049 9亿元减少到2009年的166.306 0亿元,其中,耕地、建设用地、盐田的生态服务价值分别增加了0.182 5亿元、0.073 8亿元、0.015 8亿元,林地、水域、湿地及未利用地的生态服务价值分别减少了0.859 6亿元、4.065 0亿元、0.911 1亿元、0.180 3亿元。土地利用结构变化深刻影响区域生态系统服务价值,地方政府在制定相关发展规划时应统筹考虑土地利用结构变化带来的生态系统服务价值变化影响,优化土地利用结构,建立环境友好型土地利用格局。     

黄土丘陵区土地利用格局与生态系统服务价值分析——以中庄流域为例

土地利用、生态系统服务价值的研究对区域生态建设具有重要意义,以黄土高原半干旱黄土丘陵区中庄小流域2000年,2005年和2010年3个时期的土地利用类型为研究对象,利用“3S”技术和生态系统服务价值计算方法,对该流域土地利用类型和生态系统服务价值进行了研究,结果表明:2000-2005年土地利用类型发生了较大的变化,2005-2010年土地利用类型变化较小,10a间土地利用变化主要表现为两减两增(农田、水域的减少和草地、林地的增加).研究区域总体生态服务价值呈上升趋势,不同土地利用类型生态服务价值也体现为两减两增(农田、水域的减少和草地、林地的增加),土地利用面积与生态系统服务价值具有较强的相关性,退耕还林工程和国家“十五”、“十一五”项目的实施,增加了区域生态系统服务价值.     

石家庄市土地利用变化及其生态服务功能响应

[目的]探究土地利用变化对生态服务功能的影响,为今后研究区实现社会经济发展与生态环境稳定、土地可持续利用与发展提供理论依据和决策方法。[方法]利用河北省石家庄市2000年和2010年的遥感影像数据,解译该2期土地利用类型图。并对2期土地利用图进行变化速度、内部转移矩阵、空间叠加分析,了解近10a来研究区的土地利用特征。应用谢高地和Costanza的研究经验,结合研究区实际,对生态服务功能价值进行计算,并作敏感性分析。并从单项生态服务功能价值、各土地利用类型生态服务价值对生态服务功能价值影响、生态服务价值流向等方面对土地利用变化的生态服务功能响应进行研究。[结果]土地利用变化是引起生态系统服务价值变化的主要原因,其中林地和低矮灌木及草地生态系统对生态系统服务价值的提高有显著影响。[结论]研究区10a间土地利用变化十分明显,土地利用整体趋势呈平衡状态,土地利用方向基本合理;保护区土地利用变化对生态服务功能影响显著,林地为主要土地利用类型,对生态服务功能影响最为显著。     

华北农牧交错区LUCC对生态系统服务及生态环境质量的影响——以内蒙古自治区多伦县为例

[目的]探究华北农牧交错区土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)对区域生态环境的影响,为类似地区国土空间用途管制和生态文明建设提供理论参考。[方法]基于华北典型农牧交错区内蒙古多伦县2004年、2009年和2014年3期土地利用现状数据及其变更调查资料,获取该区2004—2014年LUCC时空数据。参考Costanza和谢高地等的研究成果,选取生态系统服务价值、生态环境质量指数和LUCC生态贡献率等,构建LUCC与生态环境质量评价体系。[结果]①2004—2014年,研究区土地利用/覆被类型发生明显改变。②生态系统服务价值总量不断提高,主要由林地增加而来;草地、耕地、水域和未利用地生态服务价值的减少在一定程度上削弱了这种增加趋势;10 a来研究区各土地利用/覆被类型生态系统服务价值变化与各自面积变化规律一致。③从生态环境质量指数变化来看,区域生态环境质量不断改善。但从变化细节上分析,生态环境存在改善和恶化双向变动;草地转向耕地和建设用地是该区生态环境恶化的主导因素,未利用地向草地和林地转换则促进生态环境质量的改善。[结论]生态文明建设过程中要切实重视生态脆弱区土地利用变化对区域生态环境之影响;从提高土地利用效率,加强"山水田林湖草"生命共同体建设,构建合理的国土空间规划体系入手,引导区域人口、经济、资源和环境持续高质量发展。     

坝上高原生态用地时空格局演变与生态系统服务价值分析

为了给当地的生态用地保护和区域间生态补偿提供科学依据,该研究在坝上高原地区1990、1995、2000、2005、2010和2015年6期土地利用解译数据的基础上,通过GIS等工具分析了研究区域1990-2015年间生态用地格局演变的基本特征,并对生态用地的生态系统服务价值进行了计算。主要结论如下:1990-2015年期间,研究区域生态用地数量呈减少趋势,其中林地和其他生态用地数量在增加,草地和湿地数量在减少。生态用地活跃程度在2000-2015年比1990-2000年期间更高。林地的空间稳定性最好,然后为草地和湿地,其他生态用地稳定性最差。生态用地生态系统服务价值由46.01亿元上升到428.26亿元,增加了8.31倍,林地和湿地提供的生态系统服务价值最大,其次为草地,其他生态用地最小,应当继续加强生态防护林建设,采取生物恢复技术,人工补水,科学禁牧、休牧、轮牧,调整产业结构等措施恢复和增加林地、湿地和草地的生态系统服务功能。     

基于GIS的黄土高原生态系统服务价值对土地利用变化的响应及生态补偿

以黄土高原为研究对象,基于GIS技术,采用土地利用转移矩阵、土地利用动态度方法,研究1985-2005年黄土高原地区土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响以及相应的生态补偿标准。结果表明：1）1985-2005年,黄土高原地区土地利用类型主要为草地和农地,占土地利用方式的75％以上,但农地面积总体在减少,林地面积在不断增加;2）聚落为最活跃的土地利用类型,聚落和湿地＋水体呈扩张的发展趋势;3）土地利用变化引起区域生态环境效应,20年间黄土高原地区生态系统服务总价值上涨约0．01％,其中森林增加最多,约为0．09％,农地的生态服务价值下降最多,约为-0．02％,而生态服务功能中,除了与农地和荒漠相关的废物处理和食物生产服务功能下降外,其他生态服务功能均表现为增加;4）根据黄土高原生态系统服务价值,确定该地区的生态补偿标准约为4亿2732万元。     

基于遥感的生态服务价值测算与土地利用动态变化

生态服务价值是反映一个区域生态环境状况的优劣和整体生态效益大小的重要概念与指标。根据研究区土地利用特点和生态系统类型特征,选取适合研究区的植被净初级生产力、植被覆盖度等生态参数,利用Landsat TM遥感影像、地面观测、气象数据、统计资料等数据,建立了基于遥感定量测算的生态服务价值评估指标与评估模型,对研究区单项和单位面积生态服务价值进行了定量计算。结果表明:研究区在2000-2010年10年间,随着不同土地利用类型之间的相互转换,研究区生态服务价值总量呈逐渐减少的趋势。其中,耕地生态服务价值减少了11.92%,湿地减少了11.75%,总价值减少了5.74%,虽然林地、水域和滩涂的生态服务价值有一定程度的增加,但是未能改变研究区总体生态服务价值不断减少的趋势。在此基础上分析了研究区生态服务价值时空变化规律,揭示了其土地利用与生态服务价值变化之间的内在关系。     

大理河流域退耕还林工程对生态系统服务功能的影响

以大理河流域为研究区,应用InVEST生态系统服务功能评估模型,结合1980年、1985年、1990年、1995年、2000年、2005年、2010年该流域的土地利用/土地覆被资料,定量评价了退耕还林工程对碳储量、土壤保持和水源涵养生态服务功能的影响。结果表明:(1)研究区30年间土地利用/土地覆被情况变化显著,其中林地和建设用地面积分别增加了31.52,0.65km~2,耕地、草地和水域的面积分别减少了2.49,27.32,2.36km~2;(2)研究区30年间碳储量值略有增加,不同土地利用类型碳储存能力从大到小的排序分别为林地草地耕地;(3)研究区30年间土壤保持量整体上以增加为主,耕地土壤保持能力明显低于林地和草地;(4)研究区30年间水源涵养量略有减少,不同土地利用/土地覆被类型的水源涵养量各有不同,且与当年降雨量关系密切。本研究通过对大理河流域生态系统服务功能进行评估,获得了研究区退耕还林工程的生态效果,可以为日后生态规划提供科学依据。     

鄂尔多斯高原泊江海子流域土地利用动态变化及驱动因素分析

土地作为陆地生态系统的载体,其利用方式的变化直接影响着陆地生态系统服务功能的种类和强度。泊江海子流域位于鄂尔多斯高原干旱半干旱区,生态系统脆弱,流域生态系统服务功能在近十几年严重退化。本文基于Landsat影像数据提取了研究区1990—2015年间的6期土地利用数据,分析研究区土地利用时空变化特征及其驱动因素。结果显示:研究期内主要的土地利用类型为草地、耕地和未利用地,土地利用总体变化显著。空间变化上呈东西部及中北部耕地增加、南部未利用地减少的主要趋势。各土地利用类型面积变化及转换特征不一。草地整体处于动态转换平衡状态,约占流域总面积的70%。耕地和未利用地分别呈增加和减少的趋势,变化面积分别占流域总面积的6.05%和7.62%,其各自的主要来源或去向均为草地。水域面积减少了总面积的1.45%,主要转出去向为滩地。1995—2000年是土地利用转换最为频繁的时段,2005—2010年间土地利用变化呈动态不平衡状态的表现最为突出。研究期内流域土地利用变化受降雨减少、气温升高等气候变化和生态恢复工程建设、水利工程建设等人类活动的综合驱动影响。合理规划土地利用,限制种植高耗水树种及作物,减少河流上游汇水区耕地等,是保障研究区生态系统可持续健康发展的重要措施。     

黑河中游土地生态价值及生态风险动态研究——以甘肃省民乐县为例

生态系统服务的价值评估是可持续发展评估研究的关键内容和焦点。甘肃省民乐县位于黑河中游,水资源贫乏,土地利用/覆被变化剧烈且具有独特的区域特征。为此基于GIS软件,参考Costanza生态系统服务价值计算方法和中国陆地生态系统单位面积服务价值表,研究了民乐县1996—2009年土地利用、生态服务价值及土地生态风险指数变化。研究结果表明：①耕地、林地、草地是研究区土地利用变化的重点。总趋势为耕地、草地和未利用地的面积减少,林地和建筑用地的面积显著增加。这一变化直接影响到生态服务价值的变化。②近13年来,生态系统服务价值减少了12.01%。2009年民乐县提供的生态服务仍然以土壤形成与保护为主,其次是生物多样性保护、废物处理、气体调节、水源涵养和气侯调节,而原材料、食物生产和娱乐文化功能比较弱。③各项生态系统服务价值对生态价值系数的敏感性指数均小于1,说明研究区内的生态系统服务价值缺乏弹性,研究结果可信。④生态服务价值与生态风险的研究结果相互印证。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.