植物源杀螨剂的研究进展

植食性螨类在世界各地的农作物上都有发现,具有体积小、繁殖快、适应性强以及易产生抗药性等特点,是公认的很难防治的有害生物群落.目前中国的农药市场上所用的杀螨剂大多依赖进口,进口杀螨剂的费用占总进口农药费用的88.8%.     

芸香科三种植物精油对家蝇的熏杀活性及其混配增效作用

用水蒸汽蒸馏法从岭南花椒Zanthoxylum austrosinense果实、椿叶花椒Zanthoxylum ailanthoides果实和四数九里香Murraya hunanensis叶中提取植物精油,采用三角瓶密闭熏蒸法测试3种精油对家蝇的熏杀、击倒作用及其混配增效作用。3种植物精油对家蝇的6 h熏杀LC₅₀值分别为岭南花椒果实精油 7.55 μg/cm³、椿叶花椒果实精油11.08 μg/cm³、四数九里香叶精油11.41 μg/cm³;在熏蒸浓度均为10 μL/345 mL时精油对家蝇的熏蒸击倒效果KT₅₀分别为岭南花椒果实精油16.80 min、椿叶花椒果实精油24.69 min、四数九里香叶精油23.33 min。将岭南花椒果实精油与椿叶花椒果实精油以体积比7：3和9：1混配,其共毒系数分别为130.00和136.08;将岭南花椒果实精油与四数九里香叶精油以体积比9：1混配,其共毒系数为123.71。研究结果表明,3种植物精油对家蝇均有熏杀、击倒作用,其中岭南花椒果实精油与椿叶花椒果实精油或四数九里香叶精油以适当比例混配后具有增效作用,可利用其开发高效环保的植物源灭蝇剂。     

5种植物精油抑菌活性及其化学成分研究

从植物精油中寻找新型抑菌剂是植物化学研究的一个方向。本试验提取了丁香、八角、孜然、薄荷和生姜5种药食兼用植物的精油,采用抑制菌丝生长法和96孔板法测试了5种精油对8种植物病原真菌和5种细菌的抑菌活性。结果表明5种植物精油对测试真菌有不同程度的抑制作用,丁香的抑制作用最强,对梨黑星病菌的抑制作用最强,其IC_(50)为93.44 mg/L;5种植物精油对测试细菌的抑菌作用较弱,孜然和生姜精油对青枯菌的抑制最强,最小抑菌浓度(MIC)也仅为125 mg/L。采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析了各精油的主要化学成分,八角主要成分为茴香脑(53.16%),薄荷主要成分为长叶薄荷酮(15.85%),丁香主要成分为丁子香酚(82.68%),生姜主要成分为香叶醛(16.80%),孜然主要成分为茴香甲醛(46.06%)。本研究结果表明丁香具有开发为新型植物源抑菌剂的潜力。     

三种植物精油对致倦库蚊成蚊的熏蒸活性及其混配增效作用

研究了香樟叶、香樟果实、天竺桂叶的水蒸气蒸馏精油对致倦库蚊Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus成蚊的熏蒸活性及其混配增效作用。结果表明:用香樟叶、香樟果实和天竺桂叶精油对致倦库蚊熏蒸20 min后,其24 h的LC50值分别为7.47、4.92和5.70μg/cm3;在设定的熏蒸剂量下,3种精油的半数击倒时间(KT50值)分别为16.62、15.91和16.98 min。将香樟叶精油与天竺桂叶精油以体积比1∶9、3∶7和5∶5混配,其共毒系数分别为152.09、158.20和152.86;将香樟果实精油与天竺桂叶精油以体积比1∶9、5∶5和7:3混配,其共毒系数分别为145.73、146.30和139.79。表明3种植物精油均对致倦库蚊成蚊具有显著的熏蒸活性,将其以适当比例混配后具有增效作用。     

植物农药与植物保护

简要综述了植物源农药的研究概况，阐明了植物源农药的活性，作用机理，作用方式，用途，对植物源农药今后的发展前景和方向进行简述。     

植物源农药的活性成分和作用机理

植物源农药一般具有在环境中生物降解快、不易产生抗性、一般对人畜安全等优点,成为潜在的化学合成农药替代物。本文对植物源农药的活性成分和作用机理做简要综述。     

4种植物精油对米象的熏蒸活性研究

研究了辣根素、香茅醛、1,8-桉叶油素、a-蒎烯等4种植物精油对米象的熏蒸活性。结果表明,这4种精油对米象均具有较好的熏蒸效果,辣根素、香茅醛、1,8-桉叶油素和a-蒎烯对米象的LC50分别为:0.658μL/L、4.466μL/L、4.824μL/L、5.178μL/L。米象对4种精油的敏感性依次为辣根素>香茅醛>1.8-桉叶油素>a-蒎烯。     

植物精油对三种鳞翅目害虫的杀虫活性

测试了27种植物精油对粘虫、棉铃虫和小菜蛾的杀虫活性。结果表明:①用100倍精油丙酮液处理的小麦叶碟饲喂粘虫3龄幼虫48h后,砂地柏果实、玳玳花、甜橙果皮和姜根4种精油对试虫的拒食率均达80％以上;砂地柏果实、玳玳花、甜橙果皮等7种精油对粘虫4龄幼虫历期和蛹重均产生一定的影响,尤以砂地柏果实、玳玳花、甜橙果皮精油致幼虫死亡率最高,砂地柏果实和甜橙果皮精油对蛹重影响最为明显;②以含1％精油的人工饲料饲喂棉铃虫3龄幼虫9天后,山苍子果实、甜橙果皮精油处理组幼虫重量均仅为对照的20％左右,且各精油对幼虫历期、蛹重和化蛹率均有一定的影响;③八角茴香果实精油对小菜蛾的拒食活性达59.1％以上。     

六种植物精油对家蝇的熏蒸及触杀毒力测定

测定了6种植物精油对家蝇的熏蒸及触杀作用。结果表明,6种精油均对家蝇有较强的熏蒸活性,且表现出一定的触杀活性。熏蒸毒力次序为:黄樟油(LC50＝1.7695 μL/L)＞八角叶油(1.8930 μL/L)＞肉桂油(5.8074 μL/L)＞留兰香油(6.2123 μL/L)＞香茅油(6.5801 μL/L)＞薄荷素油(9.4500 μL/L);触杀活性较好的为黄樟油,其次为 留兰香油、香茅油和薄荷素油,而八角叶油和肉桂油对家蝇的触杀作用较差。     

11种植物精油对茶橙瘿螨的触杀和驱避作用研究

分别采用喷雾法和半叶法测定了11种植物精油对茶橙瘿螨的触杀和驱避活性。结果表明, 浓度为1%、0.5%、0.25%、0.125%(V/V)的11种植物精油对茶橙瘿螨都表现出了不同程度的触杀活性。随着作用时间的延长和精油浓度的增加, 其校正死亡率均有不同程度的升高。总体来看, 肉桂精油触杀效果最好, 在不同试验浓度和处理时间条件下校正死亡率均高于其他精油。所试精油对茶橙瘿螨都有一定的驱避作用, 其中百里香等8种精油的驱避率达80%以上。以上结果将为筛选对茶橙瘿螨具有较好防效的新型低毒高效植物源农药提供重要依据。     

7种植物精油对番茄灰霉病的抑制效果

以番茄灰霉病菌为供试对象,系统测试了香茅油、柠檬草油、樟油、黄樟油、天然冬青油、山苍子油、肉桂油等7种植物精油的抑菌效果。结果表明:7种精油中,樟油和肉桂油对番茄灰霉病的抑制效果较好。离体活性测试中,樟油和肉桂油对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝生长抑制作用的EC50分别为126.6205mg/L和128.1587mg/L,对孢子萌发的EC₅₀分别为181.8763mg/L和228.5453mg/L;活体组织法测试表明,2种精油对番茄灰霉病具有较好的保护效果,在500mg/L浓度下,黄瓜子叶法防效均达100%,果实针刺法防效分别为52.42%和50.48%;盆栽试验表明两者在2000mg/L时,对番茄灰霉病的防效分别为59.65%和61.40%。     

几种植物精油对长角扁谷盗成虫的熏蒸作用

通过对红桔油、柠檬叶油、红河橙油、山苍子油、留兰香油、松节油、黄樟油、互叶白千层油、蓝桉叶油9种植物精油,在浓度为40μL/L及熏蒸时间为12、24、36、48、60h下,对长角扁谷盗成虫的熏蒸活性测定,结果表明蓝桉叶油、互叶白千层油、柠檬叶油、留兰香油及红桔油的熏杀效果较好,尤以蓝桉叶油的效果最佳。蓝桉叶油在浓度40μL/L,经12、24、36、48h和60h不同熏蒸时间,对长角扁谷盗的LC50分别为15.29,6.44,6.55,3.32、1.29μL/L;当蓝桉叶油熏蒸浓度为4、8、12μL/L时,其LT50分别为45.48、27.28、17.64h。     

The potential of botanical essential oils for insect pest control

Today,Insect Pest management (IPM) has to face up to the economic andecological consequences of the use of pest control measures.Fifty years of sustained struggle against harmful insects usingsynthetic and oil-derivative molecules has produced perversesecondary effects (mammalian toxicity, insect resistance andecological hazards). The diversification of the approachesinherent in IPM is necessary for better environmental protection.Among the alternative strategies, the use of plants, insecticidal allelochemicals appears to be promising. Aromatic plants, and their essential oils, are among the most efficient botanicals. Their activities are manifold. They induce fumigant and topical toxicity as well as antifeedant or repellent effects. They are toxic to adults but also inhibit reproduction. Although mechanisms depend on phytochemical patterns and are not yet well known, this widespread range of activities is more and more being considered for both industrial and household uses: essential oils are presently regarded as a new class of ecological products for controlling insect pests     

Botanical insecticides: for richer, for poorer

Botanical insecticides presently play only a minor role in insect pest management and crop protection; increasingly stringent regulatory requirements in many jurisdictions have prevented all but a handful of botanical products from reaching the marketplace in North America and Europe in the past 20 years. Nonetheless, the regulatory environment and public health needs are creating opportunities for the use of botanicals in industrialized countries in situations where human and animal health are foremost--for pest control in and around homes and gardens, in commercial kitchens and food storage facilities and on companion animals. Botanicals may also find favour in organic food production, both in the field and in controlled environments. In this review it is argued that the greatest benefits from botanicals might be achieved in developing countries, where human pesticide poisonings are most prevalent. Recent studies in Africa suggest that extracts of locally available plants can be effective as crop protectants, either used alone or in mixtures with conventional insecticides at reduced rates. These studies suggest that indigenous knowledge and traditional practice can make valuable contributions to domestic food production in countries where strict enforcement of pesticide regulations is impractical.     

Nematicidal activity of some essential plant oils from tropical West Africa

Abstract

Plant parasitic nematodes are among the most destructive plant pathogens worldwide and their control is very challenging. Plant essential oils (EOs) have showed a great potential in nematode control. In this work, EOs from 10 aromatic plants acclimatized in Togo were assessed in vitro for their nematicidal activity on the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. EOs were subsequently analyzed by GC-MS and compounds were tested individually on nematodes. The most potent EOs were: Ocimum sanctum L., Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng and Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume with EC_50/72h values of 282?±?53, 288?±?30 and 355?±?126?mg/L, respectively. The EC_50/48h values of tested compounds were 81?±?14, 117?±?33, 128?±?42, 141?±?47, 168?±?40, 216?±?86 and 235?±?43?mg/L for cinnamyl acetate, methyl eugenol, cinnamyl alcohol, acetyl eugenol, isoeugenol, eugenol and benzyl benzoate, respectively. Furthermore, we found a synergistic nematicidal activity when we combined phenylpropanoids compounds with carvone. EOs and their constituents described herein merit further studies, especially in pot experiments before serving as nematicides.     

6种植物精油对黑腹果蝇行为影响及活性成分研究

黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster 是多种水果生产中为害最为严重的害虫。植物精油可影响多种昆虫的行为。本试验提取了辣椒Capsicum annuum、小香葱Allium cepiforme、韭菜A.tuberosum 、洋葱A.cepa 、薄荷Mentha canadensis及大黄Rheum officinale 的精油,测试了各精油对黑腹果蝇行为的影响并分析了主要化学成分,在此基础上,测试了5种精油中主要化合物对黑腹果蝇行为的影响。结果表明:6种植物精油均对黑腹果蝇表现出一定的驱避活性,活性次序为:薄荷＞洋葱＞韭菜＞大黄＞小香葱＞辣椒。各精油中所含的主要化合物为长叶薄荷酮、草蒿脑、茴香脑、大黄酸、3-甲氧基苯酚。长叶薄荷酮、草蒿脑及茴香脑对黑腹果蝇表现出显著的驱避活性,当浓度为62.5 mg/L时,它们对黑腹果蝇的驱避率均高于90%,15.62 mg/L的大黄酸和3-甲氧基苯酚表现出显著的引诱活性,驱避率分别为-87.50%和-117.76%。长叶薄荷酮、草蒿脑、3-甲氧基苯酚具有开发为昆虫驱避剂和引诱剂的潜力。     

7种植物精油对黑腹果蝇驱避/引诱活性及其化学成分分析

黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster Meigen为害多种水果, 化学农药对其防控效果较差, 从具有特殊气味的植物中寻找可有效驱避或引诱黑腹果蝇的化合物是防控黑腹果蝇的有效方法之一。本试验采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取了青蒿Artemisia caruifolia、花椒Zanthoxylum bungeanum、番茄Lycopersicon esculentum、蒲公英Taraxacum mongolicum、艾蒿Artemisia argyi、蕺菜Houttuynia cordata、万寿菊Tagetes erecta 等7种植物的精油, 并测定了这些精油对黑腹果蝇的驱避及引诱活性。结果表明:青蒿精油的驱避活性最好, 浓度为500 mg/L时驱避率为88.58%; 其次为花椒和艾蒿精油, 浓度为500 mg/L时驱避率分别为73.33%和68.58%。高浓度(500 mg/L)的番茄精油表现为驱避作用, 随着浓度降低(20~100 mg/L)则表现出一定的引诱作用。气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)对各精油的化学成分分析结果表明:青蒿精油和艾蒿精油中以烷烃类化合物和醇类化合物为主要组分, 石竹烯氧化物和萘嵌戊烷分别是两种精油中含量最高的化合物; 花椒精油和万寿菊精油中主要组分为萜类化合物, 芳樟醇-L和胡椒酮分别是两种精油中含量最高的化合物; 番茄精油中主要化合物种类是萜类和醇类化合物, 薄荷脑是其中含量最高的化合物; 蒲公英精油中以酚类化合物为主, 其中丁子香酚含量最高; 蕺菜精油中以萜类和烷酮类化合物为主, 其中2-十一烷酮是含量最高的化合物。对其中含量较多的化合物进行活性测定, 发现苯乙醇对黑腹果蝇的驱避活性最好, 浓度为1 000 mg/L时, 驱避率为89.87%; 丁子香酚、α-萜品醇、萘嵌戊烷在低浓度时表现为引诱活性, 浓度为62.5 mg/L时, 驱避率分别为-71.11%、-46.30%、-27.30%。     

微胶囊技术在植物源杀虫剂中的应用研究进展

对微胶囊技术在植物源杀虫剂中的应用进行总结,采用微胶囊技术制备植物源杀虫剂可提高其稳定性,通过控制释放时间及释放速度来提高其活性。微胶囊技术也是植物源杀虫剂在实际应用中最能模仿自然植物灭虫过程的技术。     

Effects of plant essential oils and components from Oriental sweetgum (Liquidambar orientalis) on growth and morphogenesis of three phytopathogenic fungi

Commercial plant essential oils obtained from 40 plant species were tested for their antifungal activity against Phytophthora cactorum, Cryphonectria parasitica, and Fusarium circinatum. Strong antifungal activity against Phytophthora cactorum was achieved with the essential oil derived from Oriental sweetgum, Liquidambar orientalis at 28 × 10⁻³ mg/mL air concentration. In a test with C. parasitica, inhibition rate of patchouli was 51.0%, whereas the other essential oils showed weak activity. Essential oils of manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) and patchouli (Pagostemon patchouli) showed moderate activity against F. circinatum. Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry led to identification of 11 compounds in the oil of L. orientalis. The antifungal activity of identified compounds was tested singularly by using standard or synthesized compounds. Inhibition rates of cinnamyl aldehyde and benzaldehyde were 100% against P. cactorum at 28 × 10⁻³ mg/mL air concentration. There was a significant morphological alternation in three phytopathogenic fungi after oil or compound treatment.